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Title: Beowulf
Author: James A. Harrison and Robert Sharp, eds.
Release Date: January, 2006 [EBook #9700]?[Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule]?[This file was first posted on October 12, 2003]
Edition: 10
Language: English
Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
	?	START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BEOWULF ***
Produced by Karl Hagen and PG Distributed Proofreaders
	?	Preface to the Project Gutenberg Edition of Beowulf **
This text is a corrected version of the fourth edition of Harrison and Sharp in its entirety. It comes in two basic versions. The base version, available in 8-bit (Latin-1) text and HTML, presents the original text as printed. This file contains the original version. It preserves the source-text's idiosyncratic use of accented vowels with the exception of y-circumflex, which is replaced by y-acute (y) to fit within the Latin-1 character set. Manifestly unintentional errors in the text have been corrected. In general, this has only been done when the text is internally inconsistent (e.g., a quotation in the glossary does not match the main text). Forms that represent deliberate editorial choice have not been altered, even where they appear wrong. (For example, some of the markings of vowel length do not reflect current scholarly consensus.) Where an uncorrected problem may confuse the reader, I have inserted a note explaining the difficulty, signed KTH. A complete list of the changes made is appended at the end of the file. In order to make the text more useful to modern readers, I have also produced a revised edition, available in Unicode (UTF-8) and HTML. Notes from the source text that indicate changes adopted in later editions have been incorporated directly into the text and apparatus. Further, long vowels are indicated with macrons, as is the common practice of most modern editions. Finally, the quantity of some words has been altered to the values currently accepted as correct. Quantities have not been changed when the difference is a matter of editorial interpretation (e.g., g?st vs. g?st in l. 102, etc.) A list of these altered quantities appears at the end of the list of corrections. Your browser must support the Unicode character set to use the revised version.
Explanation of the Vowel Accenting
In general, Harrison and Sharp use circumflex accents over vowels to mark long vowels. For ash, however, the actual character '?' represents the long vowel. Short ash is rendered with a-umlaut (?). The long diphthongs (eo, ea, etc.) are indicated with an acute accent over the second vowel (e車, e芍, etc.).
	?	End of PG Preface ** I. BE車WULF:
AN ANGLO-SAXON POEM.
II. THE FIGHT AT FINNSBURH:
A FRAGMENT.
WITH TEXT AND GLOSSARY ON THE BASIS OF M. HEYNE.
EDITED, CORRECTED, AND ENLARGED, BY
JAMES A. HARRISON, LL.D., LITT. D.,
PROFESSOR OF ENGLISH AND MODERN LANGUAGES, WASHINGTON AND LEE UNIVERSITY,
AND
ROBERT SHARP (PH.D. LIPS.),
PROFESSOR OF GREEK AND ENGLISH, TULANE UNIVERSITY OF LOUISIANA.
FOURTH EDITION. REVISED, WITH NOTES.
GINN & COMPANY
BOSTON--NEW YORK--CHICAGO--LONDON
Entered according to Act of Congress in the year 1883, by
JAMES ALBERT HARRISON AND ROBERT SHARP
in the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington.
DEDICATED
TO
PROFESSOR F. A. MARCH, OF LAFAYETTE COLLEGE, PA.,
AND
FREDERICK J. FURNIVALL, ESQ. FOUNDER OF THE "NEW SHAKSPERE SOCIETY," THE "CHAUCER SOCIETY," ETC., ETC.
PREFACE TO THE FOURTH EDITION.
The favor with which the successive editions of "Be車wulf" have been received during the past thirteen years emboldens the editors to continue the work of revision in a fourth issue, the most noticeable feature of which is a considerable body of explanatory Notes, now for the first time added. These Notes mainly concern themselves with new textual readings, with here and there grammatical, geographical, and arch?ological points that seemed worthy of explanation. Parallelisms and parallel passages are constantly compared, with the view of making the poem illustrate and explain itself. A few emendations and textual changes are suggested by the editors with all possible diffidence; numerous corrections have been made in the Glossary and List of Names; and the valuable parts of former Appendices have been embodied in the Notes.
For the Notes, the editors are much indebted to the various German periodicals mentioned on page 116, to the recent publications of Professors Earle and J. L. Hall, to Mr. S. A. Brooke, and to the Heyne-Socin edition of "Be車wulf." No change has been made in the system of accentuation, though a few errors in quantity have been corrected. The editors are looking forward to an eventual fifth edition, in which an entirely new text will be presented.
October, 1893.
NOTE TO THE THIRD EDITION.
This third edition of the American issue of Be車wulf will, the editors hope, be found more accurate and useful than either of the preceding editions. Further corrections in text and glossary have been made, and some additional new readings and suggestions will be found in two brief appendices at the back of the book. Students of the metrical system of Be車wulf will find ample material for their studies in Sievers' exhaustive essay on that subject (Beitr?ge, X. 209-314).
Socin's edition of Heyne's Be車wulf (called the fifth edition) has been utilized to some extent in this edition, though it unfortunately came too late to be freely used. While it repeats many of the omissions and inaccuracies of Heyne's fourth edition, it contains much that is valuable to the student, particularly in the notes and commentary. Students of the poem, which has been subjected to much searching criticism during the last decade, will also derive especial help from the contributions of Sievers and Kluge on difficult questions appertaining to it. W邦lker's new edition (in the Grein Bibliothek) is of the highest value, however one may dissent from particular textual views laid down in the 'Berichtigter Text.' Paul and Braune's Beitr?ge contain a varied miscellany of hints, corrections, and suggestions principally embodying the views of Kluge, Cosijn, Sievers, and Bugge, some of the more important of which are found in the appendices to the present and the preceding edition. Holder and Zupitza, Sarrazin and Hermann M?ller (Kiel, 1883), Heinzel (Anzeiger f.d. Alterthum, X.), Gering (Zacher's Zeitschrift, XII.), Brenner (Eng. Studien, IX.), and the contributors to Anglia, have assisted materially in the textual and metrical interpretation of the poem.
The subject of Anglo-Saxon quantity has been discussed in several able essays by Sievers, Sweet, Ten Brink (Anzeiger, f.d. Alterthum, V.), Kluge (Beitr?ge, XI.), and others; but so much is uncertain in this field that the editors have left undisturbed the marking of vowels found in the text of their original edition, while indicating in the appendices the now accepted views of scholars on the quantity of the personal pronouns (m那, w那, t?, t那, g那, h那); the adverb n?, etc. Perhaps it would be best to banish absolutely all attempts at marking quantities except in cases where the Ms. has them marked.
An approximately complete Bibliography of Be車wulf literature will be found in W邦lker's Grundriss and in Garnett's translation of the poem.
JAMES A. HARRISON,
ROBERT SHARP.
WASHINGTON AND LEE UNIVERSITY,?LEXINGTON, VA., May, 1888.
NOTE TO THE SECOND REVISED EDITION.
The editors feel so encouraged at the kind reception accorded their edition of Be車wulf (1883), that, in spite of its many shortcomings, they have determined to prepare a second revised edition of the book, and thus endeavor to extend its sphere of usefulness. About twenty errors had, notwithstanding a vigilant proof-reading, crept into the text,--errors in single letters, accents, and punctuation. These have been corrected, and it is hoped that the text has been rendered generally accurate and trustworthy. In the List of Names one or two corrections have been made, and in the Glossary numerous mistakes in gender, classification, and translation, apparently unavoidable in a first edition, have been rectified. Wherever these mistakes concern single letters, or occupy very small space, they have been corrected in the plates; where they are longer, and the expense of correcting them in the plates would have been very great, the editors have thought it best to include them in an Appendix of Corrections and Additions, which will be found at the back of the book. Students are accordingly referred to this Appendix for important longer corrections and additions. It is believed that the value of the book has been much enhanced by an Appendix of Recent Readings, based on late criticisms and essays from the pens of Sievers, Kluge, Cosijn, Holder, W邦lker, and Sweet. A perplexed student, in turning to these suggested readings, will often find great help in unravelling obscure or corrupt passages.
The objectionable ? and ?, for the short and the long diphthong, have been retained in the revised edition, owing to the impossibility of removing them without entirely recasting the plates.
In conclusion, the editors would acknowledge their great indebtedness to the friends and critics whose remarks and criticisms have materially aided in the correction of the text,--particularly to Profs. C.P.G. Scott, Baskervill, Price, and J.M. Hart; to Prof. J.W. Bright; and to the authorities of Cornell University, for the loan of periodicals necessary to the completeness of the revision. While the second revised edition still contains much that might be improved, the editors cannot but hope that it is an advance on its predecessor, and that it will continue its work of extending the study of Old English throughout the land.
JUNE, 1885.
NOTE I.
The present work, carefully edited from Heyne's fourth edition, (Paderborn, 1879), is designed primarily for college classes in Anglo-Saxon, rather than for independent investigators or for seekers after a restored or ideal text. The need of an American edition of "Be車wulf" has long been felt, as, hitherto, students have had either to send to Germany for a text, or secure, with great trouble, one of the scarce and expensive English editions. Heyne's first edition came out in 1863, and was followed in 1867 and 1873 by a second and a third edition, all three having essentially the same text.
So many important contributions to the "Be車wulf" literature were, however, made between 1873 and 1879 that Heyne found it necessary to put forth a new edition (1879). In this new, last edition, the text was subjected to a careful revision, and was fortified by the views, contributions, and criticisms of other zealous scholars. In it the collation of the unique "Be車wulf" Ms. (Vitellius A. 15: Cottonian Mss. of the British Museum), as made by E. K?lbing in Herrig's Archiv (Bd. 56; 1876), was followed wherever the present condition of the Ms. had to be discussed; and the researches of Bugge, Bieger, and others, on single passages, were made use of. The discussion of the metrical structure of the poem, as occurring in the second and third editions, was omitted in the fourth, owing to the many controversies in which the subject is still involved. The present editor has thought it best to do the same, though, happily, the subject of Old English Metrik is undergoing a steady illumination through the labors of Schipper and others.
Some errors and misplaced accents in Heyne's text have been corrected in the present edition, in which, as in the general revision of the text, the editor has been most kindly aided by Prof. J.M. Garnett, late Principal of St. John's College, Maryland.
In the preparation of the present school edition it has been thought best to omit Heyne's notes, as they concern themselves principally with conjectural emendations, substitutions of one reading for another, and discussions of the condition of the Ms. Until W邦lker's text and the photographic fac-simile of the original Ms. are in the hands of all scholars, it will be better not to introduce such matters in the school room, where they would puzzle without instructing.
For convenience of reference, the editor has added a head-line to each "fit" of the poem, with a view to facilitate a knowledge of its episodes.
WASHINGTON AND LEE UNIVERSITY,?LEXINGTON, VA., June, 1882.
NOTE II.
The editors now have the pleasure of presenting to the public a complete text and a tolerably complete glossary of "Be車wulf." The edition is the first published in America, and the first of its special kind presented to the English public, and it is the initial volume of a "Library of Anglo-Saxon Poetry," to be edited under the same auspices and with the co?peration of distinguished scholars in this country. Among these scholars may be mentioned Professors F.A. March of Lafayette College, T.K. Price of Columbia College, and W.M. Baskervill of Vanderbilt University.
In the preparation of the Glossary the editors found it necessary to abandon a literal and exact translation of Heyne for several reasons, and among others from the fact that Heyne seems to be wrong in the translation of some of his illustrative quotations, and even translates the same passage in two or three different ways under different headings. The orthography of his glossary differs considerably from the orthography of his text. He fails to discriminate with due nicety the meanings of many of the words in his vocabulary, while criticism more recent than his latest edition (1879) has illustrated or overthrown several of his renderings. The references were found to be incorrect in innumerable instances, and had to be verified in every individual case so far as this was possible, a few only, which resisted all efforts at verification, having to be indicated by an interrogation point (?). The references are exceedingly numerous, and the labor of verifying them was naturally great. To many passages in the Glossary, where Heyne's translation could not be trusted with entire certainty, the editors have added other translations of phrases and sentences or of special words; and in this they have been aided by a careful study of the text and a comparison and utilization of the views of Kemble and Professor J.M. Garnett (who takes Grein for his foundation). Many new references have been added; and the various passages in which Heyne fails to indicate whether a given verb is weak or strong, or fails to point out the number, etc., of the illustrative form, have been corrected and made to harmonize with the general plan of the work. Numerous misprints in the glossary have also been corrected, and a brief glossary to the Finnsburh-fragment, prepared by Dr. Wm. Hand Browne, and supplemented and adapted by the editor-in-chief, has been added.
The editors think that they may without immodesty put forth for themselves something more than the claim of being re-translators of a translation: the present edition is, so far as they were able to make it so, an adaptation, correction, and extension of the work of the great German scholar to whose loving appreciation of the Anglo-Saxon epic all students of Old English owe a debt of gratitude. While following his usually sure and cautious guidance, and in the main appropriating his results, they have thought it best to deviate from him in the manner above indicated, whenever it seemed that he was wrong. The careful reader will notice at once the marks of interrogation which point out these deviations, or which introduce a point of view illustrative of, or supplementary to, the one given by the German editor. No doubt the editors are wrong themselves in many?places,--"Be車wulf" is a most difficult poem,--but their view may at least be defended by a reference to the original text, which they have faithfully and constantly consulted.
A good many cognate Modern English words have been introduced here and there in the Glossary with a view to illustration, and other addenda will be found between brackets and parenthetical marks.
It is hoped that the present edition of the most famous of Old English poems will do something to promote a valuable and interesting study.
JAMES A. HARRISON,?Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Va.
ROBERT SHARP,?University of Louisiana, New Orleans.
April, 1883.
The responsibility of the editors is as follows: H. is responsible for the Text, and for the Glossary from hr?nan on; S. for the List of Names, and for the Glossary as far as hr?nan.
ARGUMENT.
The only national [Anglo-Saxon] epic which has been preserved entire is Be車wulf. Its argument is briefly as follows:--The poem opens with a few verses in praise of the Danish Kings, especially Scild, the son of Sceaf. His death is related, and his descendants briefly traced down to Hroegar. Hroegar, elated with his prosperity and success in war, builds a magnificent hall, which he calls Heorot. In this hall Hroegar and his retainers live in joy and festivity, until a malignant fiend, called Grendel, jealous of their happiness, carries off by night thirty of Hroegar's men, and devours them in his moorland retreat. These ravages go on for twelve years. Be車wulf, a thane of Hygelac, King of the Goths, hearing of Hroegar's calamities, sails from Sweden with fourteen warriors--to help him. They reach the Danish coast in safety; and, after an animated parley with Hroegar's coastguard, who at first takes them for pirates, they are allowed to proceed to the royal hall, where they are well received by Hroegar. A banquet ensues, during which Be車wulf is taunted by the envious Hunferhe about his swimming-match with Breca, King of the Brondings. Be車wulf gives the true account of the contest, and silences Hunferhe. At night-fall the King departs, leaving Be車wulf in charge of the hall. Grendel soon breaks in, seizes and devours one of Be車wulf's companions; is attacked by Be車wulf, and, after losing an arm, which is torn off by Be車wulf, escapes to the fens. The joy of Hroegar and the Danes, and their festivities, are described, various episodes are introduced, and Be車wulf and his companions receive splendid gifts. The next night Grendel's mother revenges her son by carrying off ?schere, the friend and councillor of Hroegar, during the absence of Be車wulf. Hroegar appeals to Be車wulf for vengeance, and describes the haunts of Grendel and his mother. They all proceed thither; the scenery of the lake, and the monsters that dwell in it, are described. Be車wulf plunges into the water, and attacks Grendel's mother in her dwelling at the bottom of the lake. He at length overcomes her, and cuts off her head, together with that of Grendel, and brings the heads to Hroegar. He then takes leave of Hroegar, sails back to Sweden, and relates his adventures to Hygelac. Here the first half of the poem ends. The second begins with the accession of Be車wulf to the throne, after the fall of Hygelac and his son Heardred. He rules prosperously for fifty years, till a dragon, brooding over a hidden treasure, begins to ravage the country, and destroys Be車wulf's palace with fire. Be車wulf sets out in quest of its hiding-place, with twelve men. Having a presentiment of his approaching end, he pauses and recalls to mind his past life and exploits. He then takes leave of his followers, one by one, and advances alone to attack the dragon. Unable, from the heat, to enter the cavern, he shouts aloud, and the dragon comes forth. The dragon's scaly hide is proof against Be車wulf's sword, and he is reduced to great straits. Then Wiglaf, one of his followers, advances to help him. Wiglaf's shield is consumed by the dragon's fiery breath, and he is compelled to seek shelter under Be車wulf's shield of iron. Be車wulf's sword snaps asunder, and he is seized by the dragon. Wiglaf stabs the dragon from underneath, and Be車wulf cuts it in two with his dagger. Feeling that his end is near, he bids Wiglaf bring out the treasures from the cavern, that he may see them before he dies. Wiglaf enters the dragon's den, which is described, returns to Be車wulf, and receives his last commands. Be車wulf dies, and Wiglaf bitterly reproaches his companions for their cowardice. The disastrous consequences of Be車wulf's death are then foretold, and the poem ends with his funeral.--H. Sweet, in Warton's History of English Poetry, Vol. II. (ed. 1871). Cf. also Ten Brink's History of English Literature.
BE車WULF.
I. THE PASSING OF SCYLD.
Hw?t! we Gar-Dena in gear-dagum?te車d-cyninga trym gefrunon,?h? ta ?eelingas ellen fremedon.?Oft Scyld Sc那fing sceaeena tre芍tum,?5 monegum m?geum meodo-setla ofte芍h.
Egsode eorl, syeean ?rest weare?fe芍-sceaft funden: he t?s fr?fre gebad,?we?x under wolcnum, weore-myndum eah,??e t?t him ?ghwylc tara ymb-sittendra?10 ofer hron-rade hyran scolde,
gomban gyldan: t?t w?s g?d cyning!?t?m eafera w?s ?fter cenned?geong in geardum, tone god sende?folce t? fr?fre; fyren-tearfe ongeat,?15 t?t hie ?r drugon aldor-le芍se
lange hw?le. Him t?s l?f-fre芍,?wuldres wealdend, worold-are forgeaf;?Be車wulf w?s breme (bl?d w?de sprang),?Scyldes eafera Scede-landum in.?20 Swa sceal geong guma, g?de gewyrcean,
fromum feoh-giftum on f?der wine,?t?t hine on ylde eft gewunigen?wil-ges?eas, tonne w?g cume,?le車de gel?sten: lof-d?dum sceal?25 in m?gea gehw?re man gete車n.
Him ta Scyld gewat t? gesc?p-hw?le?fela-hr?r f那ran on fre芍n w?re;?hi hyne ta ?tb?ron t? brimes faroee.?sw?se ges?eas, swa he selfa b?d,?30 tenden wordum we車ld wine Scyldinga,
le車f land-fruma lange ahte.?T?r ?t hyee st?d hringed-stefna,??sig and ?tf?s, ?eelinges f?r;?a-l那don ta le車fne te車den,?35 be芍ga bryttan on bearm scipes,
m?rne be m?ste. T?r w?s madma fela,?of feor-wegum fr?twa gel?ded:?ne hyrde ic cyml?cor ce車l gegyrwan?hilde-w?pnum and heaeo-w?dum,?40 billum and byrnum; him on bearme l?g
madma m?nigo, ta him mid scoldon?on fl?des ?ht feor gew?tan.?Nalas hi hine l?ssan lacum te車dan,?te車d-gestre車num, tonne ta dydon,?45 te hine ?t frumsceafte fore onsendon
?nne ofer yee umbor wesende:?ta gyt hie him asetton segen gyldenne?he芍h ofer he芍fod, l那ton holm beran,?geafon on gar-secg: him w?s ge?mor sefa,?50 murnende m?d. Men ne cunnon
secgan t? soee sele-r?dende,?h?lee under heofenum, hwa t?m hl?ste onf那ng.
II. THE HALL HEOROT.
Ta w?s on burgum Be車wulf Scyldinga,?le車f le車d-cyning, longe trage?55 folcum gefr?ge (f?der ellor hwearf,
aldor of earde), ?e t?t him eft onw?c?he芍h Healfdene; he車ld tenden lifde,?gamol and g?e-re車w, gl?de Scyldingas.?T?m fe車wer bearn fore-ger?med?60 in worold w?cun, weoroda r?swan,
Heorogar and Hr?egar and Halga til;?hyrde ic, tat Elan cw那n Ongente車wes w?s?Heaeoscilfinges heals-gebedde.?Ta w?s Hr?egare here-sp那d gyfen,?65 w?ges weore-mynd, t?t him his wine-magas
georne hyrdon, ?e t?t se車 geogoe gewe?x,?mago-driht micel. Him on m?d bearn,?t?t heal-reced hatan wolde,?medo-?rn micel men gewyrcean,?70 tone yldo bearn ?fre gefrunon,
and t?r on innan eall ged?lan?geongum and ealdum, swylc him god sealde,?b?ton folc-scare and feorum gumena.?Ta ic w?de gefr?gn weorc gebannan?75 manigre m?gee geond tisne middan-geard,
folc-stede fr?twan. Him on fyrste gelomp??dre mid yldum, t?t hit weare eal gearo,?heal-?rna m?st; sc?p him Heort naman,?se te his wordes geweald w?de h?fde.?80 He be車t ne al那h, be芍gas d?lde,
sinc ?t symle. Sele hlifade?he芍h and horn-ge芍p: heaeo-wylma bad,?laean l?ges; ne w?s hit lenge ta gen?t?t se ecg-hete aeum-swerian?85 ?fter w?l-n?ee w?cnan scolde.
Ta se ellen-g?st earfoel?ce?trage getolode, se te in tystrum bad,?t?t he d?gora gehwam dre芍m gehyrde?hl?dne in healle; t?r w?s hearpan sw那g,?90 swutol sang sc?pes. S?gde se te c?ee
frum-sceaft fira feorran reccan,?cw?e t?t se ?lmihtiga eorean worhte,?wlite-beorhtne wang, swa w?ter beb?gee,?gesette sige-hr那eig sunnan and m?nan?95 le車man t? le車hte land-b?endum,
and gefr?twade foldan sce芍tas?leomum and le芍fum; l?f e芍c gesce?p?cynna gehwylcum, tara te cwice hwyrfae.?Swa ta driht-guman dre芍mum lifdon?100 e芍digl?ce, ?e t?t an ongan
fyrene fremman, fe車nd on helle:?w?s se grimma g?st Grendel haten,?m?re mearc-stapa, se te m?ras he車ld,?fen and f?sten; f?fel-cynnes eard?105 won-s?lig wer weardode hw?le,
sieean him scyppend forscrifen h?fde.?In Caines cynne tone cwealm gewr?c,?那ce drihten, t?s te he Abel sl?g;?ne gefeah he t?re f?hee, ac he hine feor forwr?c, 110 metod for ty mane man-cynne fram.
Tanon untydras ealle onw?con,?eotenas and ylfe and orcn那as,?swylce gigantas, ta wie gode wunnon?lange trage; he him t?s le芍n forgeald.
III. GRENDEL'S VISITS.
115 Gewat ta ne車sian, syeean niht becom,
he芍n h?ses, h? hit Hring-Dene??fter be車r-tege geb?n h?fdon.?Fand ta t?r inne ?eelinga gedriht?swefan ?fter symble; sorge ne c?eon,?120 won-sceaft wera. Wiht unh?lo
grim and gr?dig gearo s?na w?s,?re車c and r那ee, and on r?ste genam?tritig tegna: tanon eft gewat?h?ee hr那mig t? ham faran,?125 mid t?re w?l-fylle w?ca ne車san.
Ta w?s on uhtan mid ?r-d?ge?Grendles g?e-cr?ft gumum undyrne:?ta w?s ?fter wiste w?p up ahafen,?micel morgen-sw那g. M?re te車den,?130 ?eeling ?r-g?d, unbl?ee s?t,
tolode trye-swye, tegn-sorge dre芍h,?syeean hie t?s laean last sce芍wedon,?wergan gastes; w?s t?t gewin t? strang,?lae and longsum. N?s hit lengra fyrst,?135 ac ymb ane niht eft gefremede
more-beala mare and n? mearn fore?f?hee and fyrene; w?s t? f?st on tam.?Ta w?s e芍e-fynde, te him elles hw?r?ger?ml?cor r?ste s?hte,?140 bed ?fter b?rum, ta him gebe芍cnod w?s,
ges?gd s?el?ce sweotolan tacne?heal-tegnes hete; he車ld hine syeean?fyr and f?stor, se t?m fe車nde ?twand.?Swa r?xode and wie rihte wan?145 ana wie eallum, ?e t?t ?del st?d
h?sa s那lest. W?s se車 hw?l micel:?twelf wintra t?d torn getolode?wine Scyldinga, we芍na gehwelcne,?s?dra sorga; fortam syeean weare?150 ylda bearnum undyrne c?e,
gyddum ge?more, t?tte Grendel wan,?hw?le wie Hr?egar;-- hete-n?eas w?g,?fyrene and f?hee fela missera,?singale s?ce, sibbe ne wolde?155 wie manna hwone m?genes Deniga
feorh-bealo feorran, fe車 tingian,?ne t?r n?nig witena w那nan torfte?beorhtre b?te t? banan folmum;?atol ?gl?ca 那htende w?s,?160 deorc de芍e-sc?a duguee and geogoee
seomade and syrede. Sin-nihte he車ld?mistige m?ras; men ne cunnon,?hwyder hel-r?nan hwyrftum scr?eae.?Swa fela fyrena fe車nd man-cynnes,?165 atol an-gengea, oft gefremede
heardra hynea; Heorot eardode,?sinc-fage sel sweartum nihtum?(n? he tone gif-st?l gr那tan m?ste,?maeeum for metode, ne his myne wisse);?170 t?t w?s wr?c micel wine Scyldinga,
m?des brecea. Monig-oft ges?t?r?ce t? r?ne; r?d eahtedon,?hw?t sw?e-ferheum s那lest w?re?wie f?r-gryrum t? gefremmanne.?175 Hw?lum hie geh那ton ?t h?rg-trafum
wig-weoreunga, wordum b?don,?t?t him gast-bona ge車ce gefremede?wie te車d-tre芍um. Swylc w?s te芍w hyra,?h?eenra hyht; helle gemundon?180 in m?d-sefan, metod hie ne c?eon,
d?da d那mend, ne wiston hie drihten god,?ne hie h?ru heofena helm h那rian ne c?eon,?wuldres waldend. Wa bie t?m te sceal?turh sl?ene n?e sawle besc?fan?185 in fyres f?em, fr?fre ne w那nan,
wihte gewendan; wel bie t?m te m?t??fter de芍e-d?ge drihten s那cean?and t? f?der f?emum freoeo wilnian.
IV. HYGELAC'S THANE.
Swa ta m?l-ceare maga Healfdenes?190 singala se芍e; ne mihte snotor h?lee
we芍n onwendan: w?s t?t gewin t? swye,?lae and longsum, te on ta le車de becom,?nyd-wracu n?e-grim, niht-bealwa m?st.?T?t fram ham gefr?gn Higelaces tegn,?195 g?d mid Ge芍tum, Grendles d?da:
se w?s mon-cynnes m?genes strengest?on t?m d?ge tysses l?fes,??eele and e芍cen. H那t him ye-lidan?g?dne gegyrwan; cw?e he g?e-cyning?200 ofer swan-rade s那cean wolde,
m?rne te車den, ta him w?s manna tearf.?Tone s?e-f?t him snotere ceorlas?lyt-hw?n l?gon, te芍h he him le車f w?re;?hwetton higer?fne, h?l sce芍wedon.?205 H?fde se g?da Ge芍ta le車da
cempan gecorone, tara te he c那noste?findan mihte; f?ftena sum?sund-wudu s?hte; secg w?sade,?lagu-cr?ftig mon, land-gemyrcu.?210 Fyrst fore gewat: flota w?s on yeum,
bat under beorge. Beornas gearwe?on stefn stigon; stre芍mas wundon?sund wie sande; secgas b?ron?on bearm nacan beorhte fr?twe,?215 g?e-searo geatol?c; guman ?t scufon,
weras on wil-s?e wudu bundenne.?Gewat ta ofer w?g-holm winde gefysed?flota famig-heals fugle gel?cost,??e t?t ymb an-t?d ?eres d?gores?220 wunden-stefna gewaden h?fde,
t?t ta l?eende land gesawon,?brim-clifu bl?can, beorgas ste芍pe,?s?de s?-n?ssas: ta w?s sund liden,?eoletes ?t ende. Tanon up hraee?225 Wedera le車de on wang stigon,
s?-wudu s?ldon (syrcan hrysedon,?g?e-gew?do); gode tancedon,?t?s te him ye-lade e芍ee wurdon.?Ta of wealle geseah weard Scildinga,?230 se te holm-clifu healdan scolde,
beran ofer bolcan beorhte randas,?fyrd-searu f?sl?cu; hine fyrwyt br?c?m?d-gehygdum, hw?t ta men w?ron.?Gewat him ta t? waroee wicge r?dan?235 tegn Hr?egares, trymmum cwehte
m?gen-wudu mundum, meeel-wordum fr?gn:?"Hw?t syndon ge searo-h?bbendra?"byrnum werede, te tus brontne ce車l?"ofer lagu-str?te l?dan cw?mon,?240 "hider ofer holmas helmas b?ron?
"Ic w?s ende-s?ta, ?g-wearde he車ld,?"t?t on land Dena laera n?nig?"mid scip-herge sceeean ne meahte.?"N? her c?el?cor cuman ongunnon?245 "lind-h?bbende; ne ge le芍fnes-word
"g?e-fremmendra gearwe ne wisson,?"maga gem那du. N?fre ic maran geseah?"eorla ofer eorean, tonne is e車wer sum,?"secg on searwum; nis t?t seld-guma?250 "w?pnum geweoread, n?fne him his wlite le車ge,
"?nl?c an-syn. Nu ic e車wer sceal?"frum-cyn witan, ?r ge fyr heonan?"le芍se sce芍weras on land Dena?"fureur f那ran. Nu ge feor-b?end,?255 "mere-l?eende, m?nne gehyrae
"an-fealdne get?ht: ?fost is s那lest?"t? gecyeanne, hwanan e車wre cyme syndon."
V. THE ERRAND.
Him se yldesta andswarode,?werodes w?sa, word-hord onle芍c:?260 "We synt gum-cynnes Ge芍ta le車de
"and Higelaces heore-gene芍tas.?"W?s m?n f?der folcum gecyeed,?"?eele ord-fruma Ecgte車w haten;?"gebad wintra worn, ?r he on weg hwurfe,?265 "gamol of geardum; hine gearwe geman
"witena wel-hwylc w?de geond eorean.--?"We turh holdne hige hlaford tinne,?"sunu Healfdenes, s那cean cw?mon,?"le車d-gebyrgean: wes tu ?s larena g?d!?270 "Habbae we t? t?m m?ran micel ?rende
"Deniga fre芍n; ne sceal t?r dyrne sum?"wesan, t?s ic w那ne. Tu wast, gif hit is,?"swa we s?elice secgan hyrdon,?"t?t mid Scyldingum sceaea ic nat hwylc,?275 "de車gol d?d-hata, deorcum nihtum
"e芍wee turh egsan unc?ene n?e,?"hyneu and hra-fyl. Ic t?s Hr?egar m?g?"turh r?mne sefan r?d gel?ran,?"h? he fr?d and g?d fe車nd oferswyeee,?280 "gyf him ed-wendan ?fre scolde
"bealuwa bisigu, b?t eft cuman?"and ta cear-wylmas c?lran wureae;?"oeee a syeean earfoe-trage,?"tre芍-nyd tolae, tenden t?r wunae?285 "on he芍h-stede h?sa s那lest."
Weard maeelode, t?r on wicge s?t?ombeht unforht: "?ghw?eres sceal?"scearp scyld-w?ga gescad witan,?"worda and worca, se te wel tencee.?290 "Ic t?t gehyre, t?t tis is hold weorod
"fre芍n Scyldinga. Gew?tae fore beran?"w?pen and gew?du, ic e車w w?sige:?"swylce ic magu-tegnas m?ne hate?"wie fe車nda gehwone flotan e車werne,?295 "niw-tyrwedne nacan on sande
"arum healdan, ?e t?t eft byree?"ofer lagu-stre芍mas le車fne mannan?"wudu wunden-hals t? Weder-mearce.?"G?e-fremmendra swylcum gifeee bie,?300 "t?t tone hilde-r?s hal ged?gee."
Gewiton him ta f那ran (flota stille bad,?seomode on sale s?d-f?emed scyp,?on ancre f?st); eofor-l?c scionon?ofer hle車r-beran gehroden golde?305 fah and fyr-heard, ferh wearde he車ld.
G?em?de grummon, guman onetton,?sigon ?tsomne, ?e t?t hy s?l timbred?geatol?c and gold-fah ongytan mihton;?t?t w?s fore-m?rost fold-b?endum?310 receda under roderum, on t?m se r?ca bad;
lixte se le車ma ofer landa fela.?Him ta hilde-de車r hof m?digra?torht get?hte, t?t hie him t? mihton?gegnum gangan; g?e-beorna sum?315 wicg gewende, word ?fter cw?e:
"M?l is me t? f那ran; f?der alwalda?"mid ar-stafum e車wic gehealde?"s?ea gesunde! ic t? s? wille,?"wie wrae werod wearde healdan."
VI. BE車WULF'S SPEECH.
320 Str?t w?s stan-fah, st?g w?sode
gumum ?tg?dere. G?e-byrne scan?heard hond-locen, hring-?ren sc?r?song in searwum, ta hie t? sele fureum?in hyra gryre-geatwum gangan cw?mon.?325 Setton s?-m那ee s?de scyldas,
rondas regn-hearde wie t?s recedes weal,?bugon ta t? bence; byrnan hringdon,?g?e-searo gumena; garas st?don,?s?-manna searo, samod ?tg?dere,?330 ?sc-holt ufan gr?g: w?s se ?ren-tre芍t
w?pnum gewuread. Ta t?r wlonc h?lee?oret-mecgas ?fter ?eelum fr?gn:?"Hwanon ferigeae ge f?tte scyldas,?"gr?ge syrcan and gr?m-helmas,?335 "here-sceafta he芍p?-- Ic eom Hr?egares
"ar and ombiht. Ne seah ic el-te車dige?"tus manige men m?digl?cran.?"W那n' ic t?t ge for wlenco, nalles for wr?c-s?eum, "ac for hige-trymmum Hr?egar s?hton."?340 Him ta ellen-r?f andswarode,
wlanc Wedera le車d word ?fter spr?c,?heard under helme: "We synt Higelaces?"be車d-gene芍tas; Be車wulf is m?n nama.?"Wille ic asecgan suna Healfdenes,?345 "m?rum te車dne m?n ?rende,
"aldre t?num, gif he ?s geunnan wile,?"t?t we hine swa g?dne gr那tan m?ton."?Wulfgar maeelode (t?t w?s Wendla le車d,?w?s his m?d-sefa manegum gecyeed,?350 w?g and w?s-d?m): "ic t?s wine Deniga,
"fre芍n Scildinga frinan wille,?"be芍ga bryttan, swa tu b那na eart,?"te車den m?rne ymb t?nne s?e ;?"and te ta andsware ?dre gecyean,?355 "te me se g?da agifan tencee."
Hwearf ta hr?dl?ce, t?r Hr?egar s?t,?eald and unhar mid his eorla gedriht;?eode ellen-r?f, t?t he for eaxlum gest?d?Deniga fre芍n, c?ee he duguee te芍w.?360 Wulfgar maeelode t? his wine-drihtne:
"Her syndon geferede feorran cumene?"ofer geofenes begang Ge芍ta le車de:?"tone yldestan oret-mecgas?"Be車wulf nemnae. Hy b那nan synt,?365 "t?t hie, te車den m?n, wie te m?ton
"wordum wrixlan; n? tu him wearne gete車h,?"t?nra gegn-cwida gl?dnian, Hr?egar!?"Hy on w?g-geatwum wyree tinceae?"eorla ge?htlan; h?ru se aldor de芍h,?370 "se t?m heaeo-rincum hider w?sade."
VII. HROTHGAR'S WELCOME.
Hr?egar maeelode, helm Scyldinga:?"Ic hine c?ee cniht-wesende.?"W?s his eald-f?der Ecgte車 haten,?"t?m t? ham forgeaf Hr那eel Ge芍ta?375 "angan d?htor; is his eafora nu
"heard her cumen, s?hte holdne wine.?"tonne s?gdon t?t s?-l?eende,?"ta te gif-sceattas Ge芍ta fyredon?"tyder t? tance, t?t he trittiges?380 "manna m?gen-cr?ft on his mund-gr?pe
"heaeo-r?f h?bbe. Hine halig god?"for ar-stafum us onsende,?"t? West-Denum, t?s ic w那n h?bbe,?"wie Grendles gryre: ic t?m g?dan sceal?385 "for his m?d-tr?ce madmas be車dan.
"Be車 tu on ?feste, hat hig in gan,?"se車n sibbe-gedriht samod ?tg?dere;?"gesaga him e芍c wordum, t?t hie sint wil-cuman?"Deniga le車dum." Ta wie duru healle?390 Wulfgar eode, word inne abe芍d:
"E車w h那t secgan sige-drihten m?n,?"aldor E芍st-Dena, t?t he e車wer ?eelu can?"and ge him syndon ofer s?-wylmas,?"heard-hicgende, hider wil-cuman.?395 "Nu ge m?ton gangan in e車wrum gue-geatawum,
"under here-gr?man, Hr?egar gese車n;?"l?tae hilde-bord her onbidian,?"wudu w?l-sceaftas, worda getinges."??ras ta se r?ca, ymb hine rinc manig,?400 tryel?c tegna he芍p; sume t?r bidon,
heaeo-re芍f he車ldon, swa him se hearda bebe芍d.?Snyredon ?tsomne, ta secg w?sode?under Heorotes hr?f; hyge-r?f eode,?heard under helme, t?t he on heoee gest?d.?405 Be車wulf maeelode (on him byrne scan,
searo-net se車wed smiees or-tancum):?"Wes tu Hr?egar hal! ic eom Higelaces?"m?g and mago-tegn; h?bbe ic m?rea fela?"ongunnen on geogoee. Me weare Grendles ting?410 "on m?nre 那eel-tyrf undyrne c?e:
"secgae s?-l?eend, t?t tes sele stande,?"reced s那lesta, rinca gehwylcum?"?del and unnyt, sieean ?fen-le車ht?"under heofenes hador beholen weoreee.?415 "Ta me t?t gel?rdon le車de m?ne,
"ta s那lestan, snotere ceorlas,?"te車den Hr?egar, t?t ic te s?hte;?"fortan hie m?genes cr?ft m?nne c?eon:?"selfe ofersawon, ta ic of searwum cwom,?420 "fah from fe車ndum, t?r ic f?fe geband,
"yede eotena cyn, and on yeum sl?g?"niceras nihtes, nearo-tearfe dre芍h,?"wr?c Wedera n?e (we芍n ahsodon)?"forgrand gramum; and nu wie Grendel sceal,?425 "wie tam agl?can, ana gehegan
"ting wie tyrse. Ic te nu ta,?"brego Beorht-Dena, biddan wille,?"eodor Scyldinga, anre b那ne;?"t?t tu me ne forwyrne, w?gendra hle車,?430 "fre車-wine folca, nu ic tus feorran com,
"t?t ic m?te ana and m?nra eorla gedryht,?"tes hearda he芍p, Heorot f?lsian.?"H?bbe ic e芍c geahsod, t?t se ?gl?ca?"for his won-hydum w?pna ne r那cee;?435 "ic t?t tonne forhicge, swa me Higelac s?e,
"m?n mon-drihten, m?des bl?ee,?"t?t ic sweord bere oeee s?dne scyld?"geolo-rand t? g?ee; ac ic mid grape sceal?"f?n wie fe車nde and ymb feorh sacan,?440 "lae wie laeum; t?r gelyfan sceal
"dryhtnes d?me se te hine de芍e nimee.?"W那n' ic t?t he wille, gif he wealdan m?t,?"in t?m g?e-sele Ge芍tena le車de?"etan unforhte, swa he oft dyde?445 "m?gen Hr那emanna. Na tu m?nne tearft
"hafalan hydan, ac he me habban wile?"dre車re fahne, gif mec de芍e nimee;?"byree bl?dig w?l, byrgean tencee,?"etee an-genga unmurnl?ce,?450 "mearcae m?r-hopu: n? tu ymb m?nes ne tearft
"l?ces feorme leng sorgian.?"Onsend Higelace, gif mec hild nime,?"beadu-scr?da betst, t?t m?ne bre車st weree,?"hr?gla s那lest; t?t is Hr那elan laf,?455 "W那landes geweorc. G?e a Wyrd swa hi車 scel!"
VIII. HROTHGAR TELLS OF GRENDEL.
Hr?egar maeelode, helm Scyldinga:?"for were-fyhtum tu, wine m?n Be車wulf,?"and for ar-stafum ?sic s?htest.?"Gesl?h tin f?der f?hee m?ste,?460 "weare he Heaeolafe t? hand-bonan
"mid Wilfingum; ta hine Wedera cyn?"for here-br?gan habban ne mihte.?"Tanon he ges?hte S?e-Dena folc?"ofer yea gewealc, ?r-Scyldinga;?465 "ta ic fureum we車ld folce Deninga,
"and on geogoee he車ld gimme-r?ce?"hord-burh h?leea: ta w?s Heregar de芍d,?"m?n yldra m?g unlifigende,?"bearn Healfdenes. Se w?s betera tonne ic!?470 "Sieean ta f?hee fe車 tingode;
"sende ic Wylfingum ofer w?teres hrycg?"ealde madmas: he me aeas sw?r.?"Sorh is me t? secganne on sefan m?num?"gumena ?ngum, hw?t me Grendel hafae?475 "hyneo on Heorote mid his hete-tancum,
"f?r-n?ea gefremed. Is m?n flet-werod,?"w?g-he芍p gewanod; hie Wyrd forswe車p?"on Grendles gryre. God e芍ee m?g?"tone dol-scaean d?da getw?fan!?480 "Ful oft gebe車tedon be車re druncne
"ofer ealo-w?ge oret-mecgas,?"t?t hie in be車r-sele b?dan woldon?"Grendles g?ee mid gryrum ecga.?"Tonne w?s te車s medo-heal on morgen-t?d,?485 "driht-sele dre車r-fah, tonne d?g lixte,
"eal benc-telu bl?de bestymed,?"heall heoru-dre車re: ahte ic holdra ty l?s,?"de車rre duguee, te ta de芍e fornam.?"Site nu t? symle and ons?l meoto,?490 "sige-hr那e secgum, swa t?n sefa hwette!"
Ta w?s Ge芍t-m?cgum geador ?tsomne?on be車r-sele benc gerymed;?t?r sw?e-ferhee sittan eodon?tryeum dealle. Tegn nytte behe車ld,?495 se te on handa b?r hroden ealo-w?ge,
scencte sc?r wered. Sc?p hw?lum sang?hador on Heorote; t?r w?s h?leea dre芍m,?dugue unlytel Dena and Wedera.
IX. HUNFERTH OBJECTS TO BE車WULF.
?nfere maeelode, Ecglafes bearn,?500 te ?t f?tum s?t fre芍n Scyldinga;
onband beadu-r?ne (w?s him Be車wulfes s?e,?m?dges mere-faran, micel ?f-tunca,?forton te he ne ?ee, t?t ?nig ?eer man??fre m?rea ton ma middan-geardes?505 geh那dde under heofenum tonne he sylfa):
"Eart tu se Be車wulf, se te wie Brecan wunne,?"on s?dne s? ymb sund flite,?"t?r git for wlence wada cunnedon?"and for dol-gilpe on de車p w?ter?510 "aldrum n那edon? Ne inc ?nig mon,
"ne le車f ne lae, bele芍n mihte?"sorh-fullne s?e; ta git on sund re車n,?"t?r git e芍gor-stre芍m earmum tehton,?"m?ton mere-str?ta, mundum brugdon,?515 "glidon ofer gar-secg; geofon yeum we車l,
"wintres wylme. Git on w?teres ?ht?"seofon niht swuncon; he te ?t sunde oferflat,?"h?fde mare m?gen. Ta hine on morgen-t?d?"on Heaeo-r?mas holm up ?tb?r,?520 "tonon he ges?hte sw?sne 那eel
"le車f his le車dum lond Brondinga,?"freoeo-burh f?gere, t?r he folc ahte,?"burg and be芍gas. Be車t eal wie te?"sunu Be芍nstanes s?ee gel?ste.?525 "Tonne w那ne ic t? te wyrsan getinges,
"te芍h tu heaeo-r?sa gehw?r dohte,?"grimre g?ee, gif tu Grendles dearst?"niht-longne fyrst ne芍n b?dan!"?Be車wulf maeelode, bearn Ecgte車wes:?530 "Hw?t tu worn fela, wine m?n ?nfere,
"be車re druncen ymb Brecan spr?ce,?"s?gdest from his s?ee! S?e ic talige,?"t?t ic mere-strengo maran ahte,?"earfeeo on yeum, tonne ?nig ?eer man.?535 "Wit t?t gecw?don cniht-wesende
"and gebe車tedon (w?ron begen ta git?"on geogoe-feore) t?t wit on gar-secg ?t?"aldrum n那edon; and t?t ge?fndon swa.?"H?fdon swurd nacod, ta wit on sund re車n,?540 "heard on handa, wit unc wie hron-fixas
"werian t?hton. N? he wiht fram me?"fl?d-yeum feor fle車tan meahte,?"hraeor on holme, n? ic fram him wolde.?"Ta wit ?tsomne on s? w?ron?545 "f?f nihta fyrst, ?e t?t unc fl?d t?draf,
"wado weallende, wedera cealdost,?"n?pende niht and norean wind?"heaeo-grim andhwearf; hre車 w?ron yea,?"W?s mere-fixa m?d onhr那red:?550 "t?r me wie laeum l?c-syrce m?n,
"heard hond-locen, helpe gefremede;?"beado-hr?gl broden on bre車stum l?g,?"golde gegyrwed. Me t? grunde te芍h?"fah fe車nd-scaea, f?ste h?fde?555 "grim on grape: hw?ere me gyfeee weare,
"t?t ic agl?can orde ger?hte,?"hilde-bille; heaeo-r?s fornam?"mihtig mere-de車r turh m?ne hand.
X. BE車WULF'S CONTEST WITH BRECA.--THE FEAST.
"Swa mec gel?me lae-gete車nan?560 "tre芍tedon tearle. Ic him t那node
"de車ran sweorde, swa hit ged那fe w?s;?"n?s hie t?re fylle gefe芍n h?fdon,?"man-ford?dlan, t?t hie me t那gon,?"symbel ymb-s?ton s?-grunde ne芍h,?565 "ac on mergenne m那cum wunde
"be ye-lafe uppe l?gon,?"sweordum aswefede, t?t syeean na?"ymb brontne ford brim-l?eende?"lade ne letton. Le車ht e芍stan com,?570 "beorht be芍cen godes; brimu swaeredon,
"t?t ic s?-n?ssas gese車n mihte,?"windige weallas. Wyrd oft neree?"unf?gne eorl, eonne his ellen de芍h!?"Hw?eere me ges?lde, t?t ic mid sweorde ofsl?h?575 "niceras nigene. N? ic on niht gefr?gn
"under heofones hwealf heardran feohtan,?"ne on 那g-stre芍mum earmran mannan;?"hw?eere ic fara feng feore ged?gde,?"siees w那rig. Ta mec s? ?eb?r,?580 "fl?d ?fter faroee, on Finna land,
"wadu weallendu. N? ic wiht fram te?"swylcra searo-n?ea secgan hyrde,?"billa br?gan: Breca n?fre git?"?t heaeo-lace, ne gehw?eer incer?585 "swa de車rl?ce d?d gefremede
"fagum sweordum . . . . . . .?". . . . . . . n? ic t?s gylpe;?"te芍h tu t?num br?erum t? banan wurde,?"he芍fod-m?gum; t?s tu in helle scealt?590 "werheo dre車gan, te芍h t?n wit duge,
"Secge ic te t? s?ee, sunu Ecglafes,?"t?t n?fre Grendel swa fela gryra gefremede,?"atol ?gl?ca ealdre t?num,?"hyneo on Heorote, gif t?n hige w?re,?595 "sefa swa searo-grim, swa tu self talast.
"Ac he hafae onfunden, t?t he ta f?hee ne tearf,?"atole ecg-tr?ce e車wer le車de?"sw?ee onsittan, Sige-Scyldinga;?"nymee nyd-bade, n?negum arae?600 "le車de Deniga, ac he on lust w?gee,
"swefee ond sendee, secce ne w那nee?"t? Gar-Denum. Ac him Ge芍ta sceal?"eafoe and ellen ungeara nu?"g?ee gebe車dan. G?e eft se te m?t?605 "t? medo m?dig, sieean morgen-le車ht
"ofer ylda bearn ?eres d?gores,?"sunne swegl-wered s?ean sc?nee!"?Ta w?s on salum sinces brytta?gamol-feax and g?e-r?f, ge車ce gelyfde?610 brego Beorht-Dena; gehyrde on Be車wulfe
folces hyrde f?st-r?dne get?ht.?T?r w?s h?leea hleahtor; hlyn swynsode,?word w?ron wynsume. Eode Wealhte車w fore,?cw那n Hr?egares, cynna gemyndig,?615 gr那tte gold-hroden guman on healle,
and ta fre車l?c w?f ful gesealde??rest E芍st-Dena 那eel-wearde,?b?d hine bl?ene ?t t?re be車r-tege,?le車dum le車fne; he on lust geteah?620 symbel and sele-ful, sige-r?f kyning.
Ymb-eode ta ides Helminga?duguee and geogoee d?l ?ghwylcne;?sinc-fato sealde, ?e t?t s?l alamp,?t?t hi車 Be車wulfe, be芍g-hroden cw那n,?625 m?de getungen, medo-ful ?tb?r;
gr那tte Ge芍ta le車d, gode tancode?w?s-f?st wordum, t?s te hire se willa gelamp,?t?t he車 on ?nigne eorl gelyfde?fyrena fr?fre. He t?t ful geteah,?630 w?l-re車w w?ga ?t Wealhte車n,
and ta gyddode g?ee gefysed,?Be車wulf maeelode, bearn Ecgte車wes:?"Ic t?t hogode, ta ic on holm gestah,?"s?-bat ges?t mid m?nra secga gedriht,?635 "t?t ic anunga e車wra le車da
"willan geworhte, oeee on w?l crunge,?"fe車nd-grapum f?st. Ic gefremman sceal?"eorl?c ellen, oeee ende-d?g?"on tisse meodu-healle m?nne geb?dan."?640 Tam w?fe ta word wel l?codon,
gilp-cwide Ge芍tes; eode gold-hroden?fre車l?cu folc-cw那n t? hire fre芍n sittan.?Ta w?s eft swa ?r inne on healle?trye-word sprecen, te車d on s?lum,?645 sige-folca sw那g, ?e t?t semninga
sunu Healfdenes s那cean wolde??fen-r?ste; wiste ?t t?m ahl?can?t? t?m he芍h-sele hilde getinged,?sieean hie sunnan le車ht gese車n ne meahton,?650 oeee n?pende niht ofer ealle,
scadu-helma gesceapu scr?ean cw?man,?wan under wolcnum. Werod eall aras.?Gr那tte ta giddum guma ?eerne,?Hr?egar Be車wulf, and him h?l abe芍d,?655 w?n-?rnes geweald and t?t word acw?e:
"N?fre ic ?negum men ?r alyfde,?"sieean ic hond and rond hebban mihte,?"trye-?rn Dena b?ton te nu ta.?"Hafa nu and geheald h?sa s那lest;?660 "gemyne m?reo, m?gen-ellen cye,
"waca wie wraeum! Ne bie te wilna gad,?"gif tu t?t ellen-weorc aldre ged?gest."
XI. THE WATCH FOR GRENDEL.
Ta him Hr?egar gewat mid his h?leea gedryht,?eodur Scyldinga ?t of healle;?665 wolde w?g-fruma Wealhte車 s那can,
cw那n t? gebeddan H?fde kyninga wuldor?Grendle t?-ge芍nes, swa guman gefrungon,?sele-weard aseted, sundor-nytte behe車ld?ymb aldor Dena, eoton weard abe芍d;?670 h?ru Ge芍ta le車d georne tr?wode
m?dgan m?gnes, metodes hyldo.?Ta he him of dyde ?sern-byrnan,?helm of hafelan, sealde his hyrsted sweord,??rena cyst ombiht-tegne,?675 and gehealdan h那t hilde-geatwe.
Gespr?c ta se g?da gylp-worda sum?Be車wulf Ge芍ta, ?r he on bed stige:?"N? ic me an here-w?smum hnagran talige?"g?e-geweorca, tonne Grendel hine;?680 "fortan ic hine sweorde swebban nelle,
"aldre bene車tan, te芍h ic eal m?ge.?"Nat he tara g?da, t?t he me on-ge芍n sle芍,?"rand gehe芍we, te芍h te he r?f s?e?"n?e-geweorca; ac wit on niht sculon?685 "secge ofersittan, gif he ges那cean dear
"w?g ofer w?pen, and sieean witig god?"on swa hw?eere hond halig dryhten?"m?reo d那me, swa him gemet tince."?Hylde hine ta heaeo-de車r, hle車r-bolster onf那ng?690 eorles andwlitan; and hine ymb monig
snell?c s?-rinc sele-reste gebe芍h.?N?nig heora t?hte t?t he tanon scolde?eft eard-lufan ?fre ges那cean,?folc oeee fre車-burh, t?r he af那ded w?s,?695 ac hie h?fdon gefrunen, t?t hie ?r t? fela micles
in t?m w?n-sele w?l-de芍e fornam,?Denigea le車de. Ac him dryhten forgeaf?w?g-sp那da gewiofu, Wedera le車dum?fr?for and fultum, t?t hie fe車nd heora?700 turh anes cr?ft ealle oferc?mon,
selfes mihtum: s?e is gecyeed,?t?t mihtig god manna cynnes?we車ld w?de-ferhe. Com on wanre niht?scr?ean sceadu-genga. Sce車tend sw?fon,?705 ta t?t horn-reced healdan scoldon,
ealle b?ton anum. T?t w?s yldum c?e,?t?t hie ne m?ste, ta metod nolde,?se syn-scaea under sceadu bregdan;?ac he w?ccende wraeum on andan?710 bad bolgen-m?d beadwa getinges.
XII. GRENDEL'S RAID.
Ta com of m?re under mist-hleoeum?Grendel gongan, godes yrre b?r.?Mynte se man-scaea manna cynnes?sumne besyrwan in sele tam he芍n;?715 w?d under wolcnum, t? t?s te he w?n-reced,
gold-sele gumena, gearwost wisse?f?ttum fahne. Ne w?s t?t forma s?e,?t?t he Hr?egares ham ges?hte:?n?fre he on aldor-dagum ?r ne sieean?720 heardran h?le, heal-tegnas fand!
Com ta t? recede rinc s?eian?dre芍mum bed?led. Duru s?na onarn?fyr-bendum f?st, syeean he hire folmum hran;?onbr?d ta bealo-hydig, ta he abolgen w?s,?725 recedes m?ean. Raee ?fter ton
on fagne fl?r fe車nd treddode,?eode yrre-m?d; him of e芍gum st?d?l?ge gel?cost le車ht unf?ger.?Geseah he in recede rinca manige,?730 swefan sibbe-gedriht samod ?tg?dere,
mago-rinca he芍p: ta his m?d ahl?g,?mynte t?t he ged?lde, ?r ton d?g cw?me,?atol agl?ca, anra gehwylces?l?f wie l?ce, ta him alumpen w?s?735 wist-fylle w那n. Ne w?s t?t wyrd ta gen,
t?t he ma m?ste manna cynnes?ticgean ofer ta niht. Trye-swye behe車ld?m?g Higelaces, h? se man-scaea?under f?r-gripum gefaran wolde.?740 Ne t?t se agl?ca yldan t?hte,
ac he gef那ng hraee forman siee?sl?pendne rinc, slat unwearnum,?bat ban-locan, bl?d 那drum dranc,?syn-sn?dum swealh: s?na h?fde?745 unlyfigendes eal gefeormod
f那t and folma. Fore ne芍r ?tst?p,?nam ta mid handa hige-tihtigne?rinc on r?ste; r?hte onge芍n?fe車nd mid folme, he onf那ng hraee?750 inwit-tancum and wie earm ges?t.
S?na t?t onfunde fyrena hyrde,?t?t he ne m那tte middan-geardes?eorean sce芍ta on elran men?mund-gripe maran: he on m?de weare?755 forht on ferhee, n? ty ?r fram meahte;
hyge w?s him hin-f?s, wolde on heolster fle車n,?s那can de車fla gedr?g: ne w?s his drohtoe t?r,?swylce he on ealder-dagum ?r gem那tte.?Gemunde ta se g?da m?g Higelaces?760 ?fen-spr?ce, up-lang ast?d
and him f?ste wief那ng. Fingras burston;?eoten w?s ?t-weard, eorl fureur st?p.?Mynte se m?ra, t?r he meahte swa,?w?dre gewindan and on weg tanon?765 fle車n on fen-hopu; wiste his fingra geweald
on grames grapum. T?t w?s ge車cor s?e,?t?t se hearm-scaea t? Heorute ate芍h:?dryht-sele dynede, Denum eallum weare,?ceaster-b?endum, c那nra gehwylcum,?770 eorlum ealu-scerwen. Yrre w?ron begen,
r那ee r那n-weardas. Reced hlynsode;?ta w?s wundor micel, t?t se w?n-sele?wieh?fde heaeo-de車rum, t?t he on hrusan ne fe車l,?f?ger fold-bold; ac he t?s f?ste w?s?775 innan and ?tan ?ren-bendum
searo-toncum besmieod. T?r fram sylle abe芍g?medu-benc monig m?ne gefr?ge,?golde geregnad, t?r ta graman wunnon;?t?s ne w那ndon ?r witan Scyldinga,?780 t?t hit a mid gemete manna ?nig
betl?c and ban-fag t?brecan meahte,?listum t?l?can, nymee l?ges f?em?swulge on swaeule. Sw那g up astag?niwe geneahhe; Nore-Denum st?d?785 atel?c egesa anra gehwylcum
tara te of wealle w?p gehyrdon,?gryre-le車e galan godes andsacan,?sige-le芍sne sang, sar wanigean?helle h?ftan. He車ld hine t? f?ste?790 se te manna w?s m?gene strengest
on t?m d?ge tysses l?fes.
XIII. BE車WULF TEARS OFF GRENDEL'S ARM.
Nolde eorla hle車 ?nige tinga?tone cwealm-cuman cwicne forl?tan,?ne his l?f-dagas le車da ?nigum?795 nytte tealde. T?r genehost br?gd
eorl Be車wulfes ealde lafe,?wolde fre芍-drihtnes feorh ealgian?m?res te車dnes, t?r hie meahton swa;?hie t?t ne wiston, ta hie gewin drugon,?800 heard-hicgende hilde-mecgas,
and on healfa gehwone he芍wan t?hton,?sawle s那can, t?t tone syn-scaean??nig ofer eorean ?renna cyst,?g?e-billa nan gr那tan nolde;?805 ac he sige-w?pnum forsworen h?fde,
ecga gehwylcre. Scolde his aldor-gedal?on t?m d?ge tysses l?fes?earml?c wurean and se ellor-gast?on fe車nda geweald feor s?eian.?810 Ta t?t onfunde se te fela ?ror
m?des myree manna cynne?fyrene gefremede (he w?s fag wie god)?t?t him se l?c-homa l?stan nolde,?ac hine se m?dega m?g Hygelaces?815 h?fde be honda; w?s gehw?eer ?erum
lifigende lae. L?c-sar gebad?atol ?gl?ca, him on eaxle weare?syn-dolh sweotol, seonowe onsprungon?burston ban-locan. Be車wulfe weare?820 g?e-hr那e gyfeee; scolde Grendel tonan
feorh-se車c fle車n under fen-hleoeu,?s那cean wyn-le芍s w?c; wiste t那 geornor,?t?t his aldres w?s ende gegongen,?d?gera d?g-r?m. Denum eallum weare?825 ?fter tam w?l-r?se willa gelumpen.
H?fde ta gef?lsod, se te ?r feorran com,?snotor and swye-ferhe sele Hr?egares,?genered wie n?ee. Niht-weorce gefeh,?ellen-m?reum; h?fde E芍st-Denum?830 Ge芍t-mecga le車d gilp gel?sted,
swylce oncyeee ealle geb那tte,?inwid-sorge, te hie ?r drugon?and for tre芍-nydum tolian scoldon,?torn unlytel. T?t w?s tacen sweotol,?835 syeean hilde-de車r hond alegde,
earm and eaxle (t?r w?s eal geador?Grendles grape) under ge芍pne hr?f.
XIV. THE JOY AT HEOROT.
Ta w?s on morgen m?ne gefr?ge?ymb ta gif-healle g?e-rinc monig:?840 f那rdon folc-togan feorran and ne芍n
geond w?d-wegas wundor sce芍wian,?laees lastas. N? his l?f-gedal?sarl?c t?hte secga ?negum,?tara te t?r-le芍ses trode sce芍wode,?845 h? he w那rig-m?d on weg tanon,
n?ea ofercumen, on nicera mere?f?ge and geflymed feorh-lastas b?r.?T?r w?s on bl?de brim weallende,?atol yea geswing eal gemenged?850 hatan heolfre, heoro-dre車re we車l;
de芍e-f?ge de車g, sieean dre芍ma le芍s?in fen-freoeo feorh alegde?h?eene sawle, t?r him hel onf那ng.?Tanon eft gewiton eald-ges?eas,?855 swylce geong manig of gomen-waee,
fram mere m?dge, mearum r?dan,?beornas on blancum. T?r w?s Be車wulfes?m?reo m?ned; monig oft gecw?e,?t?tte s?e ne nore be s?m tweonum?860 ofer eormen-grund ?eer n?nig
under swegles begong s那lra n?re?rond-h?bbendra, r?ces wyrera.?Ne hie h?ru wine-drihten wiht ne l?gon,?gl?dne Hr?egar, ac t?t w?s g?d cyning.?865 Hw?lum heaeo-r?fe hle芍pan l那ton,
on gefl?t faran fealwe mearas,?t?r him fold-wegas f?gere t?hton,?cystum c?ee; hw?lum cyninges tegn,?guma gilp-hl?den gidda gemyndig,?870 se te eal-fela eald-gesegena
worn gemunde, word ?eer fand?s?ee gebunden: secg eft ongan?s?e Be車wulfes snyttrum styrian?and on sp那d wrecan spel gerade,?875 wordum wrixlan, wel-hwylc gecw?e,
t?t he fram Sigemunde secgan hyrde,?ellen-d?dum, unc?ees fela,?W?lsinges gewin, w?de s?eas,?tara te gumena bearn gearwe ne wiston,?880 f?hee and fyrene, b?ton Fitela mid hine,
tonne he swylces hw?t secgan wolde?e芍m his nefan, swa hie a w?ron??t n?ea gehwam nyd-gesteallan:?h?fdon eal-fela eotena cynnes?885 sweordum ges?ged. Sigemunde gesprong
?fter de芍e-d?ge d?m unlytel,?syeean w?ges heard wyrm acwealde,?hordes hyrde; he under harne stan,??eelinges bearn, ana gen那ede?890 fr那cne d?de; ne w?s him Fitela mid.
Hw?ere him ges?lde, t?t t?t swurd turhw?d?wr?tl?cne wyrm, t?t hit on wealle ?tst?d,?dryhtl?c ?ren; draca morere swealt.?H?fde agl?ca elne gegongen,?895 t?t he be芍h-hordes br?can m?ste
selfes d?me: s?-bat gehl?d,?b?r on bearm scipes beorhte fr?twa,?W?lses eafera; wyrm hat gemealt.?Se w?s wreccena w?de m?rost?900 ofer wer-te車de, w?gendra hle車
ellen-d?dum: he t?s aron tah.?Sieean Herem?des hild sweerode?eafoe and ellen. He mid eotenum weare?on fe車nda geweald fore forlacen,?905 sn?de forsended. Hine sorh-wylmas
lemede t? lange, he his le車dum weare,?eallum ?eelingum t? aldor-ceare;?swylce oft bemearn ?rran m?lum?sw?e-ferhees s?e snotor ceorl monig,?910 se te him bealwa t? b?te gelyfde,
t?t t?t te車dnes bearn gete車n scolde,?f?der-?eelum onf?n, folc gehealdan,?hord and hle車-burh, h?leea r?ce,?那eel Scyldinga. He t?r eallum weare,?915 m?g Higelaces manna cynne,
fre車ndum gef?gra; hine fyren onw?d.
Hw?lum fl?tende fealwe str?te?mearum m?ton. Ta w?s morgen-le車ht?scofen and scynded. Eode scealc monig?920 sw?e-hicgende t? sele tam he芍n,
searo-wundor se車n, swylce self cyning,?of bryd-b?re be芍h-horda weard,?tryddode t?r-f?st getrume micle,?cystum gecyeed, and his cw那n mid him?925 medo-st?g gem?t m?gea h?se.
XV. HROTHGAR'S GRATULATION.
Hr?egar maeelode (he t? healle ge車ng,?st?d on stapole, geseah ste芍pne hr?f?golde fahne and Grendles hond):?"tisse ansyne al-wealdan tanc?930 "lungre gelimpe! Fela ic laees gebad,
"grynna ?t Grendle: a m?g god wyrcan?"wunder ?fter wundre, wuldres hyrde!?"T?t w?s ungeara, t?t ic ?nigra me?"we芍na ne w那nde t? w?dan feore?935 "b?te geb?dan tonne bl?de fah
"h?sa s那lest heoro-dre車rig st?d;?"we芍 w?d-scofen witena gehwylcne?"tara te ne w那ndon, t?t hie w?de-ferhe?"le車da land-geweorc laeum beweredon?940 "scuccum and scinnum. Nu scealc hafae
"turh drihtnes miht d?d gefremede,?"te we ealle ?r ne meahton?"snyttrum besyrwan. Hw?t! t?t secgan m?g?"efne swa hwylc m?gea, swa tone magan cende?945 "?fter gum-cynnum, gyf he車 gyt lyfae,
"t?t hyre eald-metod 那ste w?re?"bearn-gebyrdo. Nu ic Be車wulf?"tec, secg betsta, me for sunu wylle?"fre車gan on ferhee; heald fore tela?950 "niwe sibbe. Ne bie te n?nigra gad
"worolde wilna, te ic geweald h?bbe.?"Ful-oft ic for l?ssan le芍n teohhode?"hord-weoreunge hnahran rince,?"s?mran ?t s?cce. Tu te self hafast?955 "d?dum gefremed, t?t t?n d?m lyfae
"awa t? aldre. Alwalda tec?"g?de forgylde, swa he nu gyt dyde!"?Be車wulf maeelode, bearn Ecgte車wes:?"We t?t ellen-weorc 那stum miclum,?960 "feohtan fremedon, fr那cne gen那edon
"eafoe unc?ees; ?ee ic sw?eor,?"t?t tu hinc selfne gese車n m?ste,?"fe車nd on fr?tewum fyl-w那rigne!?"Ic hine hr?dl?ce heardan clammum?965 "on w?l-bedde wr?ean t?hte,
"t?t he for mund-gripe m?num scolde?"licgean l?f-bysig, b?tan his l?c swice;?"ic hine ne mihte, ta metod nolde,?"ganges getw?man, n? ic him t?s georne ?tfealh,?970 "feorh-gen?elan; w?s t? fore-mihtig
"fe車nd on f那ee. Hw?eere he his folme forl那t?"t? l?f-wraee last weardian,?"earm and eaxle; n? t?r ?nige swa te芍h?"fe芍-sceaft guma fr?fre gebohte:?975 "n? ty leng leofae lae-gete車na
"synnum geswenced, ac hyne sar hafae?"in nyd-gripe nearwe befongen,?"balwon bendum: t?r ab?dan sceal?"maga mane fah miclan d?mes,?980 "h? him sc?r metod scr?fan wille."
Ta w?s sw?gra secg, sunu Ecglafes,?on gylp-spr?ce g?e-geweorca,?sieean ?eelingas eorles cr?fte?ofer he芍hne hr?f hand sce芍wedon,?985 fe車ndes fingras, foran ?ghwylc;
w?s st那de n?gla gehwylc, style gel?cost,?h?eenes hand-sporu hilde-rinces?egle unhe車ru; ?g-hwylc gecw?e,?t?t him heardra nan hr?nan wolde?990 ?ren ?r-g?d, t?t t?s ahl?can
bl?dge beadu-folme onberan wolde.
XVI. THE BANQUET AND THE GIFTS.
Ta w?s haten hreee Heort innan-weard?folmum gefr?twod: fela t?ra w?s?wera and w?fa, te t?t w?n-reced,?995 gest-sele gyredon. Gold-fag scinon
web ?fter wagum, wundor-si車na fela?secga gehwylcum tara te on swylc starae?W?s t?t beorhte bold t?brocen sw?ee?eal inne-weard ?ren-bendum f?st,?1000 heorras t?hlidene; hr?f ana gen?s
ealles ansund, ta se agl?ca?fyren-d?dum fag on fle芍m gewand,?aldres or-w那na. N? t?t yee bye?t? befle車nne (fremme se te wille!)?1005 ac gesacan sceal sawl-berendra
nyde genydde nieea bearna?grund-b?endra gearwe st?we,?t?r his l?c-homa leger-bedde f?st?swefee ?fter symle. Ta w?s s?l and m?l,?1010 t?t t? healle gang Healfdenes sunu;
wolde self cyning symbel ticgan.?Ne gefr?gen ic ta m?gee maran weorode?ymb hyra sinc-gyfan s那l geb?ran.?Bugon ta t? bence bl?d-agende,?1015 fylle gef?gon. F?gere get?gon
medo-ful manig magas + tara?sw?e-hicgende on sele tam he芍n,?Hr?egar and Hr?eulf. Heorot innan w?s?fre車ndum afylled; nalles facen-stafas?1020 Te車d-Scyldingas tenden fremedon.
Forgeaf ta Be車wulfe bearn Healfdenes?segen gyldenne sigores t? le芍ne,?hroden hilte-cumbor, helm and byrnan;?m?re maeeum-sweord manige gesawon?1025 beforan beorn beran. Be車wulf getah
ful on flette; n? he t?re feoh-gyfte?for sce車tendum scamigan torfte,?ne gefr?gn ic fre車ndl?cor fe車wer madmas?golde gegyrede gum-manna fela?1030 in ealo-bence ?erum gesellan.
Ymb t?s helmes hr?f he芍fod-beorge?w?rum bewunden walan ?tan he車ld,?t?t him f那la lafe fr那cne ne meahton?sc?r-heard sceeean, tonne scyld-freca?1035 onge芍n gramum gangan scolde.
H那ht ta eorla hle車 eahta mearas,?f?ted-hle車re, on flet te車n?in under eoderas; tara anum st?d?sadol searwum fah since gewuread,?1040 t?t w?s hilde-setl he芍h-cyninges,
tonne sweorda gelac sunu Healfdenes?efnan wolde; n?fre on ?re l?g?w?d-c?ees w?g, tonne walu fe車llon.?And ta Be車wulfe bega gehw?eres?1045 eodor Ingwina onweald gete芍h,
wicga and w?pna; h那t hine wel br?can.?Swa manl?ce m?re te車den,?hord-weard h?leea heaeo-r?sas geald?mearum and madmum, swa hy n?fre man lyhe,?1050 se te secgan wile s?e ?fter rihte.
XVII. SONG OF HROTHGAR'S POET--THE LAY OF HNAEF AND HENGEST.
Ta gyt ?ghwylcum eorla drihten?tara te mid Be車wulfe brim-lade te芍h,?on t?re medu-bence maeeum gesealde,?yrfe-lafe, and tone ?nne h那ht?1055 golde forgyldan, tone te Grendel ?r
mane acwealde, swa he hyra ma wolde,?nefne him witig god wyrd forst?de?and t?s mannes m?d: metod eallum we車ld?gumena cynnes, swa he nu git d那e;?1060 fortan bie andgit ?ghw?r s那lest,
ferhees fore-tanc! fela sceal geb?dan?le車fes and laees, se te longe her?on tyssum win-dagum worolde br?cee.?T?r w?s sang and sw那g samod ?tg?dere?1065 fore Healfdenes hilde-w?san,
gomen-wudu gr那ted, gid oft wrecen,?tonne heal-gamen Hr?egares sc?p??fter medo-bence m?nan scolde?Finnes eaferum, ta hie se f?r begeat:?1070 "H?lee Healfdenes, Hn?f Scyldinga,
"in Fr..es w?le feallan scolde.?"Ne h?ru Hildeburh h那rian torfte?"Eotena tre車we: unsynnum weare?"beloren le車fum ?t tam lind-plegan?1075 "bearnum and br?erum; hie on gebyrd hruron
"gare wunde; t?t w?s ge?muru ides.?"Nalles h?linga H?ces d?htor?"meotod-sceaft bemearn, syeean morgen com,?"ta he車 under swegle gese車n meahte?1080 "moreor-bealo maga, t?r he車 ?r m?ste he車ld
"worolde wynne: w?g ealle fornam?"Finnes tegnas, nemne fe芍um anum,?"t?t he ne mehte on t?m meeel-stede?"w?g Hengeste wiht gefeohtan,?1085 "ne ta we芍-lafe w?ge fortringan
"te車dnes tegne; ac hig him getingo budon,?"t?t hie him ?eer flet eal gerymdon,?"healle and he芍h-setl, t?t hie healfre geweald?"wie Eotena bearn agan m?ston,?1090 "and ?t feoh-gyftum Folcwaldan sunu
"d?gra gehwylce Dene weoreode,?"Hengestes he芍p hringum wenede,?"efne swa sw?ee sinc-gestre車num?"f?ttan goldes, swa he Fresena cyn?1095 "on be車r-sele byldan wolde.
"Ta hie getr?wedon on twa healfa?"f?ste frioeu-w?re; Fin Hengeste?"elne unflitme aeum benemde,?"t?t he ta we芍-lafe weotena d?me?1100 "arum heolde, t?t t?r ?nig mon
"wordum ne worcum w?re ne br?ce,?"ne turh inwit-searo ?fre gem?nden,?"te芍h hie hira be芍g-gyfan banan folgedon?"te車den-le芍se, ta him swa getearfod w?s:?1105 "gyf tonne Frysna hwylc fr那cnan spr?ce
"t?s moreor-hetes myndgiend w?re,?"tonne hit sweordes ecg syeean scolde.?"?e w?s ge?fned and icge gold?"ah?fen of horde. Here-Scyldinga?1110 "betst beado-rinca w?s on b?l gearu;
"?t t?m ade w?s 那e-gesyne?"swat-fah syrce, swyn eal-gylden,?"eofer ?ren-heard, ?eeling manig?"wundum awyrded; sume on w?le crungon.?1115 "H那t ta Hildeburh ?t Hn?fes ade
"hire selfre sunu sweoloee bef?stan,?"ban-fatu b?rnan and on b?l d?n.?"Earme on eaxle ides gnornode,?"ge?mrode giddum; g?e-rinc astah.?1120 "Wand t? wolcnum w?l-fyra m?st,
"hlynode for hlawe; hafelan multon,?"ben-geato burston, tonne bl?d ?tspranc?"lae-bite l?ces. L?g ealle forswealg,?"g?sta g?frost, tara te t?r g?e fornam?1125 "bega folces; w?s hira bl?d scacen.
XVIII. THE GLEEMAN'S TALE IS ENDED.
"Gewiton him ta w?gend w?ca ne車sian,?"fre車ndum befeallen Frysland gese車n,?"hamas and he芍-burh. Hengest ta gyt?"w?l-fagne winter wunode mid Finne?1130 "ealles unhlitme; eard gemunde,
"te芍h te he ne meahte on mere dr?fan?"hringed-stefnan; holm storme we車l,?"won wie winde; winter yee bele芍c?"?s-gebinde ?e t?t ?eer com?1135 "gear in geardas, swa nu gyt d那e,
"ta te syngales s那le bewitiae,?"wuldor-torhtan weder. Ta w?s winter scacen,?"f?ger foldan bearm; fundode wrecca,?"gist of geardum; he t? gyrn-wr?ce?1140 "sw?eor t?hte, tonne t? s?-lade,
"gif he torn-gem?t turhte車n mihte,?"t?t he Eotena bearn inne gemunde.?"Swa he ne forwyrnde worold-r?denne,?"tonne him H?nlafing hilde-le車man,?1145 "billa s那lest, on bearm dyde:
"t?s w?ron mid Eotenum ecge c?ee.?"Swylce ferhe-frecan Fin eft begeat?"sweord-bealo sl?een ?t his selfes ham,?"sieean grimne gripe G?elaf ond ?slaf?1150 "?fter s?-siee sorge m?ndon,
"?twiton we芍na d?l; ne meahte w?fre m?d?"forhabban in hreere. Ta w?s heal hroden?"fe車nda feorum, swilce Fin sl?gen,?"cyning on corere, and se車 cw那n numen.?1155 "Sce車tend Scyldinga t? scypum feredon
"eal in-gesteald eore-cyninges,?"swylce hie ?t Finnes ham findan meahton?"sigla searo-gimma. Hie on s?-lade?"drihtl?ce w?f t? Denum feredon,?1160 "l?ddon t? le車dum." Le車e w?s asungen,
gle車-mannes gyd. Gamen eft astah,?beorhtode benc-sw那g, byrelas sealdon?w?n of wunder-fatum. Ta cwom Wealhte車 fore?gan under gyldnum be芍ge, t?r ta g?dan twegen?1165 s?ton suhter-gef?deran; ta gyt w?s hiera sib ?tg?dere
?ghwylc ?erum trywe. Swylce t?r ?nfere tyle??t f?tum s?t fre芍n Scyldinga: gehwylc hiora his ferhee tre車wde, t?t he h?fde m?d micel, te芍h te he his magum n?re arf?st ?t ecga gelacum. Spr?c ta ides Scyldinga:?1170 "Onf?h tissum fulle, fre車-drihten m?n,
"sinces brytta; tu on s?lum wes,?"gold-wine gumena, and t? Ge芍tum sprec?"mildum wordum! Swa sceal man d?n.?"Be車 wie Ge芍tas gl?d, geofena gemyndig;?1175 "ne芍n and feorran tu nu frieu hafast.
"Me man s?gde, t?t tu te for sunu wolde?"here-rinc habban. Heorot is gef?lsod,?"be芍h-sele beorhta; br?c tenden tu m?te?"manigra m那da and t?num magum l?f?1180 "folc and r?ce, tonne tu fore scyle
"metod-sceaft se車n. Ic m?nne can?"gl?dne Hr?eulf, t?t he ta geogoee wile?"arum healdan, gyf tu ?r tonne he,?"wine Scildinga, worold ofl?test;?1185 "w那ne ic, t?t he mid g?de gyldan wille
"uncran eaferan, gif he t?t eal gemon,?"hw?t wit t? willan and t? wore-myndum?"umbor wesendum ?r arna gefremedon."?Hwearf ta b? bence, t?r hyre byre w?ron,?1190 Hr那er?c and Hr?emund, and h?leea bearn,
giogoe ?tg?dere; t?r se g?da s?t?Be車wulf Ge芍ta be t?m gebr?erum tw?m.
XIX. BE車WULF'S JEWELLED COLLAR. THE HEROES REST.
Him w?s ful boren and fre車nd-laeu?wordum bew?gned and wunden gold?1195 那stum gee芍wed, earm-hre芍de twa,
hr?gl and hringas, heals-be芍ga m?st?tara te ic on foldan gefr?gen h?bbe.?N?nigne ic under swegle s那lran hyrde?hord-maeeum h?leea, syeean Hama ?tw?g?1200 t? t?re byrhtan byrig Brosinga mene,
sigle and sinc-f?t, searo-n?eas fealh?Eormenr?ces, gece芍s 那cne r?d.?Tone hring h?fde Higelac Ge芍ta,?nefa Swertinges, nyhstan s?ee,?1205 sieean he under segne sinc ealgode,
w?l-re芍f werede; hyne Wyrd fornam,?syeean he for wlenco we芍n ahsode,?f?hee t? Frysum; he ta fr?twe w?g,?eorclan-stanas ofer yea ful,?1210 r?ce te車den, he under rande gecranc;
gehwearf ta in Francna f?em feorh cyninges,?bre車st-gew?du and se be芍h somod:?wyrsan w?g-frecan w?l re芍fedon??fter g?e-sceare, Ge芍ta le車de?1215 hrea-w?c he車ldon. Heal sw那ge onf那ng.
Wealhte車 maeelode, he車 fore t?m werede spr?c:?"Br?c tisses be芍ges, Be車wulf, le車fa?"hyse, mid h?le, and tisses hr?gles ne車t?"te車d-gestre車na, and gete車h tela,?1220 "cen tec mid cr?fte and tyssum cnyhtum wes
"lara l?ee! ic te t?s le芍n geman.?"Hafast tu gef那red, t?t te feor and ne芍h?"ealne w?de-ferhe weras ehtigae,?"efne swa s?de swa s? beb?gee?1225 "windige weallas. Wes, tenden tu lifige,
"?eeling e芍dig! ic te an tela?"sinc-gestre車na. Be車 tu suna m?num?"d?dum ged那fe dre芍m healdende!?"Her is ?ghwylc eorl ?erum getrywe,?1230 "m?des milde, man-drihtne hold,
"tegnas syndon getw?re, te車d eal gearo:?"druncne dryht-guman, d?e swa ic bidde!"?Eode ta t? setle. T?r w?s symbla cyst,?druncon w?n weras: wyrd ne c?eon,?1235 ge車-sceaft grimme, swa hit agangen weare
eorla manegum, syeean ?fen cwom?and him Hr?egar gewat t? hofe s?num,?r?ce t? r?ste. Reced weardode?unr?m eorla, swa hie oft ?r dydon:?1240 benc-telu beredon, hit geond-br?ded weare
beddum and bolstrum. Be車r-scealca sum?f?s and f?ge flet-r?ste gebe芍g.?Setton him t? he芍fdum hilde-randas,?bord-wudu beorhtan; t?r on bence w?s?1245 ofer ?eelinge ye-ges那ne
heaeo-ste芍pa helm, hringed byrne,?trec-wudu tryml?c. W?s te芍w hyra,?t?t hie oft w?ron an w?g gearwe,?ge ?t ham ge on herge, ge gehw?eer tara?1250 efne swylce m?la, swylce hira man-dryhtne
tearf ges?lde; w?s se車 te車d tilu.
XX. GRENDEL'S MOTHER ATTACKS THE RING-DANES.
Sigon ta t? sl?pe. Sum sare angeald??fen-r?ste, swa him ful-oft gelamp,?sieean gold-sele Grendel warode,?1255 unriht ?fnde, ?e t?t ende becwom,
swylt ?fter synnum. T?t gesyne weare,?w?d-c?e werum, t?tte wrecend ta gyt?lifde ?fter laeum, lange trage??fter g?e-ceare; Grendles m?dor,?1260 ides agl?c-w?f yrmee gemunde,
se te w?ter-egesan wunian scolde,?cealde stre芍mas, sieean Cain weare?t? ecg-banan angan br那eer,?f?deren-m?ge; he ta fag gewat,?1265 morere gemearcod man-dre芍m fle車n,
w那sten warode. Tanon w?c fela?ge車sceaft-gasta; w?s t?ra Grendel sum,?heoro-wearh hetel?c, se ?t Heorote fand?w?ccendne wer w?ges b?dan,?1270 t?r him agl?ca ?t-gr?pe weare;
hw?ere he gemunde m?genes strenge,?gim-f?ste gife, te him god sealde,?and him t? anwaldan are gelyfde,?fr?fre and fultum: ty he tone fe車nd ofercwom,?1275 gehn?gde helle gast: ta he he芍n gewat,
dre芍me bed?led de芍e-w?c se車n,?man-cynnes fe車nd. And his m?dor ta gyt?g?fre and galg-m?d gegan wolde?sorh-fulne s?e, suna de芍e wrecan.?1280 Com ta t? Heorote, t?r Hring-Dene
geond t?t s?ld sw?fun. Ta t?r s?na weare?ed-hwyrft eorlum, sieean inne fealh?Grendles m?dor; w?s se gryre l?ssa?efne swa micle, swa bie m?gea cr?ft,?1285 w?g-gryre w?fes be w?pned-men,
tonne heoru bunden, hamere geturen,?sweord swate fah sw?n ofer helme,?ecgum dyhtig andweard sciree.?Ta w?s on healle heard-ecg togen,?1290 sweord ofer setlum, s?d-rand manig
hafen handa f?st; helm ne gemunde,?byrnan s?de, te hine se br?ga angeat.?He車 w?s on ?fste, wolde ?t tanon?feore beorgan, ta he車 onfunden w?s;?1295 hraee he車 ?eelinga anne h?fde
f?ste befangen, ta he車 t? fenne gang;?se w?s Hr?egare h?leea le車fost?on ges?ees had be s?m tweonum,?r?ce rand-w?ga, tone te he車 on r?ste abre芍t,?1300 bl?d-f?stne beorn. N?s Be車wulf t?r,
ac w?s ?eer in ?r geteohhod??fter maeeum-gife m?rum Ge芍te.?Hre芍m weare on Heorote. He車 under heolfre genam?c?ee folme; cearu w?s geniwod?1305 geworden in w?cum: ne w?s t?t gewrixle til,
t?t hie on ba healfa bicgan scoldon?fre車nda feorum. Ta w?s fr?d cyning,?har hilde-rinc, on hre車n m?de,?syeean he aldor-tegn unlyfigendne,?1310 tone de車restan de芍dne wisse.
Hraee w?s t? b?re Be車wulf fetod,?sigor-e芍dig secg. Samod ?r-d?ge?eode eorla sum, ?eele cempa?self mid ges?eum, t?r se snottra bad,?1315 hw?ere him al-walda ?fre wille
?fter we芍-spelle wyrpe gefremman.?Gang ta ?fter fl?re fyrd-wyree man?mid his hand-scale (heal-wudu dynede)?t?t he tone w?san wordum hn?gde?1320 fre芍n Ingwina; fr?gn gif him w?re
?fter ne車d-laeu niht get?se.
XXI. SORROW AT HEOROT: ?SCHERE'S DEATH.
Hr?egar maeelode, helm Scildinga:?"Ne frin tu ?fter s?lum! Sorh is geniwod?"Denigea le車dum. De芍d is ?sc-here,?1325 "Yrmenlafes yldra br?eor,
"m?n r?n-wita and m?n r?d-bora,?"eaxl-gestealla, tonne we on orlege?"hafelan weredon, tonne hniton f那ean,?"eoferas cnysedan; swylc scolde eorl wesan?1330 "?eeling ?r-g?d, swylc ?sc-here w?s.
"Weare him on Heorote t? hand-banan?"w?l-g?st w?fre; ic ne wat hw?der?"atol ?se wlanc eft-s?eas te芍h,?"fylle gefr?gnod. He車 ta f?hee wr?c,?1335 "te tu gystran niht Grendel cwealdest
"turh h?stne had heardum clammum,?"fortan he t? lange le車de m?ne?"wanode and wyrde. He ?t w?ge gecrang?"ealdres scyldig, and nu ?eer cwom?1340 "mihtig man-scaea, wolde hyre m?g wrecan,
"ge feor hafae f?hee gest?led,?"t?s te tincean m?g tegne monegum,?"se te ?fter sinc-gyfan on sefan gre車tee,?"hreeer-bealo hearde; nu se車 hand ligee,?1345 "se te e車w wel-hwylcra wilna dohte.
"Ic t?t lond-b?end le車de m?ne?"sele-r?dende secgan hyrde,?"t?t hie gesawon swylce twegen?"micle mearc-stapan m?ras healdan,?1350 "ellor-g?stas: t?ra ?eer w?s,
"t?s te hie gewisl?cost gewitan meahton,?"idese onl?cnes, ?eer earm-sceapen?"on weres w?stmum wr?c-lastas tr?d,?"n?fne he w?s mara tonne ?nig man ?eer,?1355 "tone on gear-dagum Grendel nemdon
"fold-b?ende: n? hie f?der cunnon,?"hw?eer him ?nig w?s ?r acenned?"dyrnra gasta. Hie dygel lond?"warigeae, wulf-hleoeu, windige n?ssas,?1360 "fr那cne fen-gelad, t?r fyrgen-stre芍m
"under n?ssa genipu nieer gew?tee,?"fl?d under foldan; nis t?t feor heonon?"m?l-gemearces, t?t se mere standee,?"ofer t?m hongiae hr?mge bearwas,?1365 "wudu wyrtum f?st, w?ter oferhelmae.
"T?r m?g nihta gehw?m n?e-wundor se車n,?"fyr on fl?de; n? t?s fr?d leofae?"gumena bearna, t?t tone grund wite;?"te芍h te h?e-stapa hundum geswenced,?1370 "heorot hornum trum holt-wudu s那ce,
"feorran geflymed, ?r he feorh selee,?"aldor on ?fre, ?r he in wille,?"hafelan hydan. Nis t?t he車ru st?w:?"tonon ye-geblond up ast?gee?1375 "won t? wolcnum, tonne wind styree
"lae gewidru, ?e t?t lyft drysmae,?"roderas re車tae. Nu is r?d gelang?"eft ?t te anum! Eard git ne const,?"fr那cne st?we, t?r tu findan miht?1380 "sinnigne secg: s那c gif tu dyrre!
"Ic te ta f?hee fe車 le芍nige,?"eald-gestre車num, swa ic ?r dyde,?"wundnum golde, gyf tu on weg cymest."
XXII. BE車WULF SEEKS THE MONSTER IN THE HAUNTS OF THE NIXIES.
Be車wulf maeelode, bearn Ecgte車wes:?1385 "Ne sorga, snotor guma! s那lre bie ?ghw?m,
"t?t he his fre車nd wrece, tonne he fela murne;?"?re ?ghwylc sceal ende geb?dan?"worolde l?fes; wyrce se te m?te?"d?mes ?r de芍ee! t?t bie driht-guman?1390 "unlifgendum ?fter s那lest.
"?r?s, r?ces weard; uton hraee f那ran,?"Grendles magan gang sce芍wigan!?"Ic hit te gehate: n? he on helm losae,?"ne on foldan f?em, ne on fyrgen-holt,?1395 "ne on gyfenes grund, ga t?r he wille.
"Tys d?gor tu getyld hafa?"we芍na gehwylces, swa ic te w那ne t?!"??hle車p ta se gomela, gode tancode,?mihtigan drihtne, t?s se man gespr?c.?1400 Ta w?s Hr?egare hors geb?ted,
wicg wunden-feax. W?sa fengel?geatol?c gengde; gum-f那ea st?p?lind-h?bbendra. Lastas w?ron??fter wald-swaeum w?de gesyne,?1405 gang ofer grundas; gegnum f?r ta
ofer myrcan m?r, mago-tegna b?r?tone s那lestan sawol-le芍sne,?tara te mid Hr?egare ham eahtode.?Ofer-eode ta ?eelinga bearn?1410 ste芍p stan-hlieo, st?ge nearwe,
enge an-paeas, un-c?e gelad,?neowle n?ssas, nicor-h?sa fela;?he fe芍ra sum beforan gengde?w?sra monna, wong sce芍wian,?1415 ?e t?t he f?ringa fyrgen-be芍mas
ofer harne stan hleonian funde,?wyn-le芍sne wudu; w?ter under st?d?dre車rig and gedr那fed. Denum eallum w?s,?winum Scyldinga, weorce on m?de,?1420 t? getolianne tegne monegum,
oncye eorla gehw?m, syeean ?sc-heres?on tam holm-clife hafelan m那tton.?Fl?d bl?de we車l (folc t? s?gon)?hatan heolfre. Horn stundum song?1425 f?sl?c fyrd-le車e. F那ea eal ges?t;
gesawon ta ?fter w?tere wyrm-cynnes fela,?sell?ce s?-dracan sund cunnian,?swylce on n?s-hleoeum nicras licgean,?ta on undern-m?l oft bewitigae?1430 sorh-fulne s?e on segl-rade,
wyrmas and wil-de車r; hie on weg hruron?bitere and gebolgne, bearhtm ongeaton,?g?e-horn galan. Sumne Ge芍ta le車d?of flan-bogan feores getw?fde,?1435 ye-gewinnes, t?t him on aldre st?d
here-str?l hearda; he on holme w?s?sundes te s?nra, te hyne swylt fornam.?Hr?ee weare on yeum mid eofer-spre車tum?heoro-h?cyhtum hearde genearwod,?1440 n?ea gen?ged and on n?s togen
wundorl?c w?g-bora; weras sce芍wedon?gryrel?cne gist. Gyrede hine Be車wulf?eorl-gew?dum, nalles for ealdre mearn:?scolde here-byrne hondum gebroden,?1445 s?d and searo-fah, sund cunnian,
se車 te ban-c?fan beorgan c?ee,?t?t him hilde-grap hreere ne mihte,?eorres inwit-feng, aldre gesceeean;?ac se hw?ta helm hafelan werede,?1450 se te mere-grundas mengan scolde,
s那can sund-gebland since geweoread,?befongen fre芍-wrasnum, swa hine fyrn-dagum?worhte w?pna smie, wundrum te車de,?besette sw?n-l?cum, t?t hine syeean n??1455 brond ne beado-m那cas b?tan ne meahton.
N?s t?t tonne m?tost m?gen-fultuma,?t?t him on tearfe lah tyle Hr?egares;?w?s t?m h?ft-m那ce Hrunting nama,?t?t w?s an foran eald-gestre車na;?1460 ecg w?s ?ren ater-te芍rum fah,
ahyrded heaeo-swate; n?fre hit ?t hilde ne swac?manna ?ngum tara te hit mid mundum bewand,?se te gryre-s?eas gegan dorste,?folc-stede fara; n?s t?t forma s?e,?1465 t?t hit ellen-weorc ?fnan scolde.
H?ru ne gemunde mago Ecglafes?eafoees cr?ftig, t?t he ?r gespr?c?w?ne druncen, ta he t?s w?pnes onlah?s那lran sweord-frecan: selfa ne dorste?1470 under yea gewin aldre gen那ean,
driht-scype dre車gan; t?r he d?me forle芍s,?ellen-m?reum. Ne w?s t?m ?erum swa,?syeean he hine t? g?ee gegyred h?fde.
XXIII. THE BATTLE WITH THE WATER-DRAKE.
Be車wulf maeelode, bearn Ecgte車wes:?1475 "getenc nu, se m?ra maga Healfdenes,
"snottra fengel, nu ic eom s?ees f?s,?"gold-wine gumena, hw?t wit ge車 spr?con,?"gif ic ?t tearfe t?nre scolde?"aldre linnan, t?t tu me a w?re?1480 "fore-gewitenum on f?der st?le;
"wes tu mund-bora m?num mago-tegnum,?"hond-gesellum, gif mec hild nime:?"swylce tu ta madmas, te tu me sealdest,?"Hr?egar le車fa, Higelace onsend.?1485 "M?g tonne on t?m golde ongitan Ge芍ta dryhten,
"gese車n sunu Hr那eles, tonne he on t?t sinc starae, "t?t ic gum-cystum g?dne funde?"be芍ga bryttan, bre芍c tonne m?ste.?"And tu ?nfere l?t ealde lafe,?1490 "wr?tl?c w?g-sweord w?d-c?ene man
"heard-ecg habban; ic me mid Hruntinge?"d?m gewyrce, oeee mec de芍e nimee."??fter t?m wordum Weder-Ge芍ta le車d?那fste mid elne, nalas andsware?1495 b?dan wolde; brim-wylm onf那ng
hilde-rince. Ta w?s hw?l d?ges,??r he tone grund-wong ongytan mehte.?S?na t?t onfunde, se te fl?da begong?heoro-g?fre behe車ld hund missera,?1500 grim and gr?dig, t?t t?r gumena sum
?l-wihta eard ufan cunnode.?Grap ta t?ge芍nes, g?e-rinc gef那ng?atolan clommum; n? ty ?r in gesc?d?halan l?ce: hring ?tan ymb-bearh,?1505 t?t he車 tone fyrd-hom turh-f?n ne mihte,
locene leoeo-syrcan laean fingrum.?B?r ta se車 brim-wylf, ta he車 t? botme com,?hringa tengel t? hofe s?num,?swa he ne mihte n? (he t?s m?dig w?s)?1510 w?pna gewealdan, ac hine wundra t?s fela
swencte on sunde, s?-de車r monig?hilde-tuxum here-syrcan br?c,?那hton agl?can. Ta se eorl ongeat,?t?t he in nie-sele nat-hwylcum w?s,?1515 t?r him n?nig w?ter wihte ne sceeede,
ne him for hr?f-sele hr?nan ne mehte?f?r-gripe fl?des: fyr-le車ht geseah,?blacne le車man beorhte sc?nan.?Ongeat ta se g?da grund-wyrgenne,?1520 mere-w?f mihtig; m?gen-r?s forgeaf
hilde-bille, hond swenge ne ofte芍h,?t?t hire on hafelan hring-m?l ag?l?gr?dig g?e-le車e. Ta se gist onfand,?t?t se beado-le車ma b?tan nolde,?1525 aldre sceeean, ac se車 ecg geswac
te車dne ?t tearfe: tolode ?r fela?hond-gem?ta, helm oft gesc?r,?f?ges fyrd-hr?gl: t?t w?s forma s?e?de車rum maeme, t?t his d?m al?g.?1530 Eft w?s an-r?d, nalas elnes l?t,
m?rea gemyndig m?g Hygelaces;?wearp ta wunden-m?l wr?ttum gebunden?yrre oretta, t?t hit on eorean l?g,?st?e and styl-ecg; strenge getr?wode,?1535 mund-gripe m?genes. Swa sceal man d?n,
tonne he ?t g?ee gegan tencee?longsumne lof, na ymb his l?f cearae.?Gef那ng ta be eaxle (nalas for f?hee mearn)?G?e-Ge芍ta le車d Grendles m?dor;?1540 br?gd ta beadwe heard, ta he gebolgen w?s,
feorh-gen?elan, t?t he車 on flet gebe芍h.?He車 him eft hraee and-le芍n forgeald?grimman grapum and him t?ge芍nes f那ng;?oferwearp ta w那rig-m?d w?gena strengest,?1545 f那ee-cempa, t?t he on fylle weare.
Ofs?t ta tone sele-gyst and hyre seaxe gete芍h,?brad and br?n-ecg wolde hire bearn wrecan,?angan eaferan. Him on eaxle l?g?bre車st-net broden; t?t gebearh feore,?1550 wie ord and wie ecge ingang forst?d.
H?fde ta fors?eod sunu Ecgte車wes?under gynne grund, Ge芍ta cempa,?nemne him heaeo-byrne helpe gefremede,?here-net hearde, and halig god?1555 gewe車ld w?g-sigor, witig drihten;
rodera r?dend hit on ryht gesc那d,?yeel?ce syeean he eft ast?d.
XXIV. BE車WULF SLAYS THE SPRITE.
Geseah ta on searwum sige-e芍dig bil,?eald sweord eotenisc ecgum tyhtig,?1560 w?gena weore-mynd: t?t w?s w?pna cyst,
b?ton hit w?s mare tonne ?nig mon ?eer?t? beadu-lace ?tberan meahte?g?d and geatol?c giganta geweorc.?He gef那ng ta fetel-hilt, freca Scildinga,?1565 hre車h and heoro-grim hring-m?l gebr?gd,
aldres orw那na, yrringa sl?h,?t?t hire wie halse heard grapode,?ban-hringas br?c, bil eal turh-w?d?f?gne fl?sc-homan, he車 on flet gecrong;?1570 sweord w?s swatig, secg weorce gefeh.
Lixte se le車ma, le車ht inne st?d,?efne swa of hefene hadre sc?nee?rodores candel. He ?fter recede wlat,?hwearf ta be wealle, w?pen hafenade?1575 heard be hiltum Higelaces tegn,
yrre and an-r?d. N?s se車 ecg fracod?hilde-rince, ac he hraee wolde?Grendle forgyldan g?e-r?sa fela?tara te he geworhte t? West-Denum?1580 oftor micle tonne on ?nne s?e,
tonne he Hr?egares heore-gene芍tas?sl?h on sweofote, sl?pende fr?t?folces Denigea fyf-tyne men?and ?eer swylc ?t of-ferede,?1585 lael?cu lac. He him t?s le芍n forgeald,
r那ee cempa, t? t?s te he on r?ste geseah?g?e-w那rigne Grendel licgan,?aldor-le芍sne, swa him ?r gesc?d?hild ?t Heorote; hra w?de sprong,?1590 syeean he ?fter de芍ee drepe trowade,
heoro-sweng heardne, and hine ta he芍fde becearf,?S?na t?t gesawon snottre ceorlas,?ta te mid Hr?egare on holm wliton,?t?t w?s ye-geblond eal gemenged,?1595 brim bl?de fah: blonden-feaxe
gomele ymb g?dne ongeador spr?con,?t?t hig t?s ?eelinges eft ne w那ndon,?t?t he sige-hr那eig s那cean c?me?m?rne te車den; ta t?s monige geweare,?1600 t?t hine se車 brim-wylf abroten h?fde.
Ta com n?n d?ges. N?s ofgeafon?hwate Scyldingas; gewat him ham tonon?gold-wine gumena. Gistas s那tan,?m?des se車ce, and on mere staredon,?1605 wiston and ne w那ndon, t?t hie heora wine-drihten
selfne gesawon. Ta t?t sweord ongan??fter heaeo-swate hilde-gicelum?w?g-bil wanian; t?t w?s wundra sum,?t?t hit eal gemealt ?se gel?cost,?1610 tonne forstes bend f?der onl?tee,
onwindee w?l-rapas, se te geweald hafae?s?la and m?la; t?t is s?e metod.?Ne nom he in t?m w?cum, Weder-Ge芍ta le車d,?maem-?hta ma, t那h he t?r monige geseah,?1615 b?ton tone hafelan and ta hilt somod,
since fage; sweord ?r gemealt,?forbarn broden m?l: w?s t?t bl?d t? t?s hat,??ttren ellor-g?st, se t?r inne swealt.?S?na w?s on sunde, se te ?r ?t s?cce gebad?1620 w?g-hryre wraera, w?ter up turh-de芍f;
w?ron ye-gebland eal gef?lsod,?e芍cne eardas, ta se ellor-gast?ofl那t l?f-dagas and tas l?nan gesceaft.?Com ta t? lande lid-manna helm?1625 sw?e-m?d swymman, s?-lace gefeah,
m?gen-byreenne tara te he him mid h?fde.?Eodon him ta t?ge芍nes, gode tancodon,?tryel?c tegna he芍p, te車dnes gef那gon,?t?s te hi hyne gesundne gese車n m?ston.?1630 Ta w?s of t?m hr?ran helm and byrne
lungre alysed: lagu drusade,?w?ter under wolcnum, w?l-dre車re fag.?F那rdon fore tonon f那ee-lastum?ferheum f?gne, fold-weg m?ton,?1635 c?ee str?te; cyning-balde men
from t?m holm-clife hafelan b?ron?earfoel?ce heora ?ghw?erum?fela-m?digra: fe車wer scoldon?on e?m w?l-stenge weorcum geferian?1640 t? t?m gold-sele Grendles he芍fod,
?e t?t semninga t? sele c?mon?frome fyrd-hwate fe車wer-tyne?Ge芍ta gongan; gum-dryhten mid?m?dig on gemonge meodo-wongas tr?d.?1645 Ta com in gan ealdor tegna,
d?d-c那ne mon d?me gewuread,?h?le hilde-de車r. Hr?egar gr那tan:?Ta w?s be feaxe on flet boren?Grendles he芍fod, t?r guman druncon,?1650 egesl?c for eorlum and t?re idese mid:
wlite-se車n wr?tl?c weras onsawon.
XXV. HROTHGAR'S GRATITUDE: HE DISCOURSES.
Be車wulf maeelode, bearn Ecgte車wes:?"Hw?t! we te tas s?-lac, sunu Healfdenes,?"le車d Scyldinga, lustum br?hton,?1655 "t?res t? tacne, te tu her t? l?cast.
"Ic t?t uns?fte ealdre ged?gde:?"w?ge under w?tere weorc gen那ede?"earfoel?ce, ?t-rihte w?s?"g?e getw?fed, nymee mec god scylde.?1660 "Ne meahte ic ?t hilde mid Hruntinge
"wiht gewyrcan, te芍h t?t w?pen duge,?"ac me ge?ee ylda waldend,?"t?t ic on wage geseah wlitig hangian?"eald sweord e芍cen (oftost w?sode?1665 "winigea le芍sum) t?t ic ty w?pne gebr?d.
"Ofsl?h ta ?t t?re s?cce (ta me s?l ageald)?"h?ses hyrdas. Ta t?t hilde-bil?"forbarn, brogden m?l, swa t?t bl?d gesprang,?"hatost heaeo-swata: ic t?t hilt tanan?1670 "fe車ndum ?tferede; fyren-d?da wr?c,
"de芍e-cwealm Denigea, swa hit ged那fe w?s.?"Ic hit te tonne gehate, t?t tu on Heorote m?st?"sorh-le芍s swefan mid t?nra secga gedryht,?"and tegna gehwylc t?nra le車da,?1675 "duguee and iogoee, t?t tu him ondr?dan ne tearft,
"te車den Scyldinga, on ta healfe,?"aldor-bealu eorlum, swa tu ?r dydest."?Ta w?s gylden hilt gamelum rince.?harum hild-fruman, on hand gyfen,?1680 enta ?r-geweorc, hit on ?ht gehwearf
?fter de車fla hryre Denigea fre芍n,?wundor-smiea geweorc, and ta tas worold ofgeaf?grom-heort guma, godes andsaca,?moreres scyldig, and his m?dor e芍c;?1685 on geweald gehwearf worold-cyninga
t?m s那lestan be s?m twe車num?tara te on Sceden-igge sceattas d?lde.?Hr?egar maeelode, hylt sce芍wode,?ealde lafe, on t?m w?s ?r writen?1690 fyrn-gewinnes: syeean fl?d ofsl?h,
gifen ge車tende, giganta cyn,?fr那cne gef那rdon: t?t w?s fremde te車d?那cean dryhtne, him t?s ende-le芍n?turh w?teres wylm waldend sealde.?1695 Swa w?s on t?m scennum sc?ran goldes
turh r?n-stafas rihte gemearcod,?geseted and ges?d, hwam t?t sweord geworht,??rena cyst ?rest w?re,?wreoeen-hilt and wyrm-fah. Ta se w?sa spr?c?1700 sunu Healfdenes (sw?gedon ealle):
"T?t la m?g secgan, se te s?e and riht?"fremee on folce, (feor eal gemon?"eald 那eel-weard), t?t tes eorl w?re?"geboren betera! Bl?d is ar?red?1705 "geond w?d-wegas, wine m?n Be車wulf,
"t?n ofer te車da gehwylce. Eal tu hit getyldum healdest, "m?gen mid m?des snyttrum. Ic te sceal m?ne gel?stan "fre車de, swa wit fureum spr?con; tu scealt t? fr?fre weorean "eal lang-twidig le車dum t?num,?1710 "h?leeum t? helpe. Ne weare Herem?d swa
"eaforum Ecgwelan, ?r-Scyldingum;?"ne gewe?x he him t? willan, ac t? w?l-fealle?"and t? de芍e-cwalum Deniga le車dum;?"bre芍t bolgen-m?d be車d-gene芍tas,?1715 "eaxl-gesteallan, ?e t?t he ana hwearf,
"m?re te車den. mon-dre芍mum from:?"te芍h te hine mihtig god m?genes wynnum,?"eafeeum st那pte, ofer ealle men?"fore gefremede, hw?eere him on ferhee gre車w?1720 "bre車st-hord bl?d-re車w: nallas be芍gas geaf
"Denum ?fter d?me; dre芍m-le芍s gebad,?"t?t he t?s gewinnes weorc trowade,?"le車d-bealo longsum. Tu te l?r be ton,?"gum-cyste ongit! ic tis gid be te?1725 "awr?c wintrum fr?d. Wundor is t? secganne,
"h? mihtig god manna cynne?"turh s?dne sefan snyttru bryttae,?"eard and eorl-scipe, he ah ealra geweald.?"Hw?lum he on lufan l?tee hworfan?1730 "monnes m?d-getonc m?ran cynnes,
"selee him on 那ele eorean wynne,?"t? healdanne hle車-burh wera,?"ged那e him swa gewealdene worolde d?las,?"s?de r?ce, t?t he his selfa ne m?g?1735 "for his un-snyttrum ende getencean;
"wunae he on wiste, n? hine wiht dwelee,?"adl ne yldo, ne him inwit-sorh?"on sefan sweorcee, ne gesacu ?hw?r,?"ecg-hete e車wee, ac him eal worold?1740 "wendee on willan; he t?t wyrse ne con,
"?e t?t him on innan ofer-hygda d?l?"weaxee and wridae, tonne se weard swefee,?"sawele hyrde: bie se sl?p t? f?st,?"bisgum gebunden, bona sw?ee ne芍h,?1745 "se te of flan-bogan fyrenum sce車tee.
XXVI. THE DISCOURSE IS ENDED.--BE車WULF PREPARES TO LEAVE.
"Tonne bie on hreere under helm drepen?"biteran str?le: him bebeorgan ne con?"wom wundor-bebodum wergan gastes;?"tincee him t? lytel, t?t he t? lange he車ld,?1750 "gytsae grom-hydig, nallas on gylp selee
"f?tte be芍gas and he ta fore-gesceaft?"forgytee and forgymee, t?s te him ?r god sealde?"wuldres waldend, weore-mynda d?l.?"Hit on ende-st?f eft gelimpee,?1755 "t?t se l?c-homa l?ne gedre車see,
"f?ge gefeallee; f那he ?eer t?,?"se te unmurnl?ce madmas d?lee,?"eorles ?r-gestre車n, egesan ne gymee.?"Bebeorh te tone bealo-n?e, Be車wulf le車fa,?1760 "secg se betsta, and te t?t s那lre gece車s,
"那ce r?das; oferhyda ne gym,?"m?re cempa! Nu is t?nes m?gnes bl?d?"ane hw?le; eft s?na bie,?"t?t tec adl oeee ecg eafoees getw?fee,?1765 "oeee fyres feng oeee fl?des wylm,
"oeee gripe m那ces oeee gares fliht,?"oeee atol yldo, oeee e芍gena bearhtm?"forsitee and forsworcee; semninga bie,?"t?t tec, dryht-guma, de芍e oferswyeee.?1770 "Swa ic Hring-Dena hund missera
"we車ld under wolcnum, and hig w?ge bele芍c?"manigum m?gea geond tysne middan-geard,?"?scum and ecgum, t?t ic me ?nigne?"under swegles begong gesacan ne tealde.?1775 "Hw?t! me t?s on 那ele edwenden cwom,
"gyrn ?fter gomene, seoeean Grendel weare,?"eald-gewinna, in-genga m?n:?"ic t?re s?cne singales w?g?"m?d-ceare micle. T?s sig metode tanc,?1780 "那cean drihtne, t?s te ic on aldre gebad,
"t?t ic on tone hafelan heoro-dre車rigne?"ofer eald gewin e芍gum starige!?"Ga nu t? setle, symbel-wynne dre車h?"w?gge weoread: unc sceal worn fela?1785 "maema gem?nra, sieean morgen bie."
Ge芍t w?s gl?d-m?d, ge車ng s?na t?,?setles ne車san, swa se snottra h那ht.?Ta w?s eft swa ?r ellen-r?fum,?flet-sittendum f?gere gereorded?1790 ni車wan stefne. Niht-helm geswearc
deorc ofer dryht-gumum. Dugue eal aras;?wolde blonden-feax beddes ne車san,?gamela Scylding. Ge芍t ungemetes wel,?r?fne rand-w?gan restan lyste:?1795 s?na him sele-tegn s?ees w那rgum,
feorran-cundum fore w?sade,?se for andrysnum ealle beweotede?tegnes tearfe, swylce ty d?gore?he芍eo-l?eende habban scoldon.?1800 Reste hine ta r?m-heort; reced hlifade
ge芍p and gold-fah, g?st inne sw?f,??e t?t hrefn blaca heofones wynne?bl?e-heort bodode. Ta com beorht sunne?scacan ofer grundas; scaean onetton,?1805 w?ron ?eelingas eft t? le車dum
f?se t? farenne, wolde feor tanon?cuma collen-ferhe ce車les ne車san.?H那ht ta se hearda Hrunting beran,?sunu Ecglafes, h那ht his sweord niman,?1810 le車fl?c ?ren; s?gde him t?s le芍nes tanc,
cw?e he tone g?e-wine g?dne tealde,?w?g-cr?ftigne, nales wordum l?g?m那ces ecge: t?t w?s m?dig secg.?And ta s?e-frome searwum gearwe?1815 w?gend w?ron, eode weore Denum
?eeling t? yppan, t?r se ?eer w?s?h?le hilde-de車r, Hr?egar gr那tte.
XXVII. THE PARTING WORDS.
Be車wulf maeelode, bearn Ecgte車wes:?"Nu we s?-l?eend secgan wyllae?1820 "feorran cumene, t?t we fundiae
"Higelac s那can. W?ron her tela?"willum bewenede; tu ?s wel dohtest.?"Gif ic tonne on eorean ?wihte m?g?"t?nre m?d-lufan maran tilian,?1825 "gumena dryhten, tonne ic gyt dyde,
"g?e-geweorca ic be車 gearo s?na.?"Gif ic t?t gefricge ofer fl?da begang,?"t?t tec ymbe-sittend egesan tywae,?"swa tec hetende hw?lum dydon,?1830 "ic te t?senda tegna bringe,
"h?leea t? helpe. Ic on Higelace wat,?"Ge芍ta dryhten, te芍h te he geong sy,?"folces hyrde, t?t he mec fremman wile?"wordum and worcum, t?t ic te wel herige,?1835 "and te t? ge車ce gar-holt bere
"m?genes fultum, t?r te bie manna tearf;?"gif him tonne Hr那er?c t? hofum Ge芍ta?"getingee, te車dnes bearn, he m?g t?r fela?"fre車nda findan: feor-cyeee be車e?1840 "s那lran ges?hte t?m te him selfa de芍h."
Hr?egar maeelode him on andsware:?"Te ta word-cwydas wittig drihten?"on sefan sende! ne hyrde ic snotorl?cor?"on swa geongum feore guman tingian:?1845 "tu eart m?genes strang and on m?de fr?d,
"w?s word-cwida. W那n ic talige,?"gif t?t gegangee, t?t te gar nymee,?"hild heoru-grimme Hr那eles eaferan,?"adl oeee ?ren ealdor t?nne,?1850 "folces hyrde, and tu t?n feorh hafast,
"t?t te S?-Ge芍tas s那lran n?bben?"t? gece車senne cyning ?nigne,?"hord-weard h?leea, gif tu healdan wylt?"maga r?ce. Me t?n m?d-sefa?1855 "l?cae leng swa wel, le車fa Be車wulf:
"hafast tu gef那red, t?t tam folcum sceal,?"Ge芍ta le車dum and Gar-Denum?"sib gem?num and sacu restan,?"inwit-n?eas, te hie ?r drugon;?1860 "wesan, tenden ic wealde w?dan r?ces,
"maemas gem?ne, manig ?eerne?"g?dum gegr那tan ofer ganotes b?e;?"sceal hring-naca ofer he芍eu bringan?"lac and luf-tacen. Ic ta le車de wat?1865 "ge wie fe車nd ge wie fre車nd f?ste geworhte
"?ghw?s unt?le ealde w?san."?Ta git him eorla hle車 inne gesealde,?mago Healfdenes maemas twelfe,?h那t hine mid t?m lacum le車de sw?se?1870 s那cean on gesyntum, sn?de eft cuman.
Gecyste ta cyning ?eelum g?d,?te車den Scildinga, tegen betstan?and be healse genam; hruron him te芍ras,?blonden-feaxum: him w?s bega w那n,?1875 ealdum infr?dum, ?eres sw?eor,
t?t h? seoeean gese車n m?ston?m?dige on meele. W?s him se man t? ton le車f,?t?t he tone bre車st-wylm forberan ne mehte,?ac him on hreere hyge-bendum f?st?1880 ?fter de車rum men dyrne langae
beorn wie bl?de. Him Be車wulf tanan,?g?e-rinc gold-wlanc gr?s-moldan tr?d,?since hr那mig: s?-genga bad?agend-fre芍n, se te on ancre rad.?1885 Ta w?s on gange gifu Hr?egares
oft ge?hted: t?t w?s an cyning??ghw?s orleahtre, ?e t?t hine yldo benam?m?genes wynnum, se te oft manegum sc?d.
XXVIII. BE車WULF RETURNS TO GEATLAND.--THE QUEENS HYGD AND THRYTHO.
Cwom ta t? fl?de fela-m?digra?1890 h?g-stealdra he芍p; hring-net b?ron,
locene leoeo-syrcan. Land-weard onfand?eft-s?e eorla, swa he ?r dyde;?n? he mid hearme of hliees nosan?g?stas gr那tte, ac him t?ge芍nes rad;?1895 cw?e t?t wilcuman Wedera le車dum
scawan sc?r-hame t? scipe f?ron.?Ta w?s on sande s?-ge芍p naca?hladen here-w?dum, hringed-stefna?mearum and maemum: m?st hlifade?1900 ofer Hr?egares hord-gestre車num.
He t?m bat-wearde bunden golde?swurd gesealde, t?t he syeean w?s?on meodu-bence maeme ty weorera,?yrfe-lafe. Gewat him on ye-nacan,?1905 dr那fan de車p w?ter, Dena land ofgeaf.
Ta w?s be m?ste mere-hr?gla sum,?segl sale f?st. Sund-wudu tunede,?n? t?r w那g-flotan wind ofer yeum?s?ees getw?fde; s?-genga f?r,?1910 fle芍t famig-heals fore ofer yee,
bunden-stefna ofer brim-stre芍mas,?t?t hie Ge芍ta clifu ongitan meahton,?c?ee n?ssas. Ce車l up getrang,?lyft-geswenced on lande st?d.?1915 Hraee w?s ?t holme hye-weard gearo,
se te ?r lange t?d, le車fra manna?f?s, ?t faroee feor wlatode;?s?lde t? sande s?d-f?eme scip?oncer-bendum f?st, ty l?s hym yea trym?1920 wudu wynsuman forwrecan meahte.
H那t ta up beran ?eelinga gestre車n,?fr?twe and f?t-gold; n?s him feor tanon?t? ges那canne sinces bryttan:?Higelac Hr那eling t?r ?t ham wunae,?1925 selfa mid ges?eum s?-wealle ne芍h;
bold w?s betl?c, brego-r?f cyning,?he芍 on healle, Hygd sw?ee geong,?w?s, wel-tungen, te芍h te wintra lyt?under burh-locan gebiden h?bbe?1930 H?reees d?htor: n?s hi車 hnah swa te芍h,
ne t? gne芍e gifa Ge芍ta le車dum,?maem-gestre車na. Mod Tryeo w?g,?fremu folces cw那n, firen ondrysne:?n?nig t?t dorste de車r gen那ean?1935 sw?sra ges?ea, nefne sin-fre芍,
t?t hire an d?ges e芍gum starede;?ac him w?l-bende weotode tealde,?hand-gewrieene: hraee seoeean w?s??fter mund-gripe m那ce getinged,?1940 t?t hit sceaeen-m?l scyran m?ste,
cwealm-bealu cyean. Ne bie swylc cw那nl?c te芍w?idese t? efnanne, te芍h te hi車 ?nl?cu sy,?t?tte freoeu-webbe feores ons?ce??fter l?ge-torne le車fne mannan.?1945 H?ru t?t onh?hsnode Heminges m?g;
ealo drincende ?eer s?dan,?t?t hi車 le車d-bealewa l?s gefremede,?inwit-n?ea, syeean ?rest weare?gyfen gold-hroden geongum cempan,?1950 ?eelum di車re, syeean hi車 Offan flet
ofer fealone fl?d be f?der lare?s?ee ges?hte, t?r hi車 syeean wel?in gum-st?le, g?de m?re,?l?f-gesceafta lifigende bre芍c,?1955 hi車ld he芍h-lufan wie h?leea brego,
ealles mon-cynnes m?ne gefr?ge?tone s那lestan b? s?m twe車num?eormen-cynnes; fortam Offa w?s?geofum and g?eum gar-c那ne man,?1960 w?de geweoreod; w?sd?me he車ld
那eel s?nne, tonon E車m?r w?c?h?leeum t? helpe, Heminges m?g,?nefa Garmundes, n?ea cr?ftig.
XXIX. HIS ARRIVAL. HYGELAC'S RECEPTION.
Gewat him ta se hearda mid his hond-scole?1965 sylf ?fter sande s?-wong tredan,
w?de waroeas. Woruld-candel scan,?sigel s?ean f?s: h? s?e drugon,?elne geeodon, t? t?s te eorla hle車,?bonan Ongente車wes burgum on innan,?1970 geongne g?e-cyning g?dne gefrunon
hringas d?lan. Higelace w?s?s?e Be車wulfes sn?de gecyeed,?t?t t?r on woreig w?gendra hle車,?lind-gestealla lifigende cwom,?1975 heaeo-laces hal t? hofe gongan.
Hraee w?s gerymed, swa se r?ca bebe芍d,?f那ee-gestum flet innan-weard.?Ges?t ta wie sylfne, se ta s?cce gen?s,?m?g wie m?ge, syeean man-dryhten?1980 turh hle車eor-cwyde holdne gegr那tte
meaglum wordum. Meodu-scencum?hwearf geond t?t reced H?reees d?htor:?lufode ta le車de, l?e-w?ge b?r?h?lum t? handa. Higelac ongan?1985 s?nne geseldan in sele tam he芍n
f?gre fricgean, hyne fyrwet br?c,?hwylce S?-Ge芍ta s?eas w?ron:?"H? lomp e車w on lade, le車fa Bi車wulf,?"ta tu f?ringa feorr gehogodest,?1990 "s?cce s那cean ofer sealt w?ter,
"hilde t? Hiorote? Ac tu Hr?egare?"w?d-c?ene we芍n wihte geb那ttest,?"m?rum te車dne? Ic t?s m?d-ceare?"sorh-wylmum se芍e, s?ee ne tr?wode?1995 "le車fes mannes; ic te lange b?d,
"t?t tu tone w?l-g?st wihte ne gr那tte,?"l那te S?e-Dene sylfe geweorean?"g?ee wie Grendel. Gode ic tanc secge,?"t?s te ic te gesundne gese車n m?ste."?2000 Bi車wulf maeelode, bearn Ecgti車wes:
"T?t is undyrne, dryhten Higelac,?"m?re gem那ting monegum fira,?"hwylc orleg-hw?l uncer Grendles?"weare on tam wange, t?r he worna fela?2005 "Sige-Scildingum sorge gefremede,
"yrmee t? aldre; ic t?t eal gewr?c,?"swa ne gylpan tearf Grendeles maga?"?nig ofer eorean uht-hlem tone,?"se te lengest leofae laean cynnes,?2010 "fenne bifongen. Ic t?r fureum cwom,
"t? tam hring-sele Hr?egar gr那tan:?"s?na me se m?ra mago Healfdenes,?"syeean he m?d-sefan m?nne c?ee,?"wie his sylfes sunu setl get?hte.?2015 "Weorod w?s on wynne; ne seah ic w?dan feorh
"under heofenes hwealf heal-sittendra?"medu-dre芍m maran. Hw?lum m?ru cw那n,?"frieu-sibb folca flet eall geond-hwearf,?"b?dde byre geonge; oft hi車 be芍h-wriean?2020 "secge sealde, ?r hi車 t? setle ge車ng.
"Hw?lum for duguee d?htor Hr?egares?"eorlum on ende ealu-w?ge b?r,?"ta ic Fre芍ware flet-sittende?"nemnan hyrde, t?r hi車 n?gled sinc?2025 "h?leeum sealde: si車 gehaten w?s,
"geong gold-hroden, gladum suna Fr?dan;?"hafae t?s geworden wine Scyldinga?"r?ces hyrde and t?t r?d talae,?"t?t he mid ty w?fe w?l-f?hea d?l,?2030 "s?cca gesette. Oft n? seldan hw?r
"?fter le車d-hryre lytle hw?le?"bon-gar b?gee, te芍h se車 bryd duge!
XXX. BE車WULF'S STORY OF THE SLAYINGS.
"M?g t?s tonne oftyncan te車den Heaeobeardna?"and tegna gehwam tara le車da,?2035 "tonne he mid f?mnan on flett g?e,
"dryht-bearn Dena duguea biwenede:?"on him gladiae gomelra lafe?"heard and hring-m?l, Heaeobeardna gestre車n,?"tenden hie tam w?pnum wealdan m?ston,?2040 "?e t?t hie forl?ddan t? tam lind-plegan
"sw?se ges?eas ond hyra sylfra feorh.?"Tonne cwie ?t be車re, se te be芍h gesyhe,?"eald ?sc-w?ga, se te eall geman?"gar-cwealm gumena (him bie grim sefa),?2045 "onginnee ge?mor-m?d geongne cempan
"turh hreera gehygd higes cunnian,?"w?g-bealu weccean and t?t word acwye:?"'Meaht tu, m?n wine, m那ce gecnawan,?"'tone tin f?der t? gefeohte b?r?2050 "'under here-gr?man hindeman s?ee,
"'dyre ?ren, t?r hyne Dene sl?gon,?"'we車ldon w?l-st?we, syeean wieer-gyld l?g,?"'?fter h?leea hryre, hwate Scyldungas??"'Nu her tara banena byre nat-hwylces,?2055 "'fr?twum hr那mig on flet g?e,
"'moreres gylpee and tone maeeum byree,?"'tone te tu mid rihte r?dan sceoldest!'"?"Manae swa and myndgae m?la gehwylce?"sarum wordum, ?e t?t s?l cymee,?2060 "t?t se f?mnan tegn fore f?der d?dum
"?fter billes bite bl?d-fag swefee,?"ealdres scyldig; him se ?eer tonan?"losae lifigende, con him land geare.?"Tonne bi車e brocene on ba healfe?2065 "ae-sweord eorla; syeean Ingelde
"weallae w?l-n?eas and him w?f-lufan?"?fter cear-w?lmum c?lran weoreae.?"Ty ic Heaeobeardna hyldo ne telge,?"dryht-sibbe d?l Denum unf?cne,?2070 "fre車nd-scipe f?stne. Ic sceal fore sprecan
"gen ymbe Grendel, t?t tu geare cunne,?"sinces brytta, t? hwan syeean weare?"hond-r?s h?leea. Syeean heofones gim?"glad ofer grundas, g?st yrre cwom,?2075 "eatol ?fen-grom, ?ser ne車san,
"t?r we gesunde s?l weardodon;?"t?r w?s Hondsci車 hild ons?ge,?"feorh-bealu f?gum, he fyrmest l?g,?"gyrded cempa; him Grendel weare,?2080 "m?rum magu-tegne t? m?e-bonan,
"le車fes mannes l?c eall forswealg.?"N? ty ?r ?t ta gen ?del-hende?"bona bl?dig-t?e bealewa gemyndig,?"of tam gold-sele gongan wolde,?2085 "ac he m?gnes r?f m?n costode,
"grapode gearo-folm. Gl?f hangode?"s?d and syll?c searo-bendum f?st,?"si車 w?s ortoncum eall gegyrwed?"de車fles cr?ftum and dracan fellum:?2090 "he mec t?r on innan unsynnigne,
"di車r d?d-fruma, ged?n wolde,?"manigra sumne: hyt ne mihte swa,?"syeean ic on yrre upp-riht ast?d.?"T? lang ys t? reccenne, h? ic tam le車d-sceaean?2095 "yfla gehwylces ond-le芍n forgeald;
"t?r ic, te車den m?n, t?ne le車de?"weoreode weorcum. He on weg losade,?"lytle hw?le l?f-wynna bre芍c;?"hw?ere him si車 sw?ere swaee weardade?2100 "hand on Hiorte and he he芍n tonan,
"m?des ge?mor mere-grund gefe車ll.?"Me tone w?l-r?s wine Scildunga?"f?ttan golde fela le芍node,?"manegum maemum, syeean mergen com?2105 "and we t? symble geseten h?fdon.
"T?r w?s gidd and gle車; gomela Scilding?"fela fricgende feorran rehte;?"hw?lum hilde-de車r hearpan wynne,?"gomen-wudu gr那tte; hw?lum gyd awr?c?2110 "s?e and sarl?c; hw?lum syll?c spell
"rehte ?fter rihte r?m-heort cyning.?"Hw?lum eft ongan eldo gebunden,?"gomel g?e-w?ga gioguee cw?ean?"hilde-strengo; hreeer inne we車ll,?2115 "tonne he wintrum fr?d worn gemunde.
"Swa we t?r inne andlangne d?g?"ni車de naman, ?e t?t niht becwom?"?eer t? yldum. Ta w?s eft hraee?"gearo gyrn-wr?ce Grendeles m?dor,?2120 "s?eode sorh-full; sunu de芍e fornam,
"w?g-hete Wedra. W?f unhyre?"hyre bearn gewr?c, beorn acwealde?"ellenl?ce; t?r w?s ?sc-here,?"fr?dan fyrn-witan, feorh ?egenge;?2125 "n?eer hy hine ne m?ston, syeean mergen cwom,
"de芍e-w那rigne Denia le車de?"bronde forb?rnan, ne on b?l hladan?"le車fne mannan: hi車 t?t l?c ?tb?r?"fe車ndes f?emum under firgen-stre芍m.?2130 "T?t w?s Hr?egare hre車wa tornost
"tara te le車d-fruman lange begeate;?"ta se te車den mec t?ne l?fe?"healsode hre車h-m?d, t?t ic on holma getring?"eorl-scipe efnde, ealdre gen那ede,?2135 "m?reo fremede: he me m那de geh那t.
"Ic ta t?s w?lmes, te is w?de c?e,?"grimne gryrel?cne grund-hyrde fond.?"T?r unc hw?le w?s hand gem?ne;?"holm heolfre we車ll and ic he芍fde becearf?2140 "in tam grund-sele Grendeles m?dor
"e芍cnum ecgum, uns?fte tonan?"feorh ?eferede; n?s ic f?ge ta gyt,?"ac me eorla hle車 eft gesealde?"maema menigeo, maga Healfdenes.
XXXI. HE GIVES PRESENTS TO HYGELAC. HYGELAC REWARDS HIM. HYGELAC'S DEATH.
BE車WULF REIGNS.
2145 "Swa se te車d-kyning te芍wum lyfde;
"nealles ic tam le芍num forloren h?fde,?"m?gnes m那de, ac he me maemas geaf,?"sunu Healfdenes, on s?nne sylfes d?m;?"ta ic te, beorn-cyning, bringan wylle,?2150 "那stum geywan. Gen is eall ?t te
"lissa gelong: ic lyt hafo?"he芍fod-maga, nefne Hygelac tec!"?H那t ta in beran eafor, he芍fod-segn,?heaeo-ste芍pne helm, hare byrnan,?2155 g?e-sweord geatol?c, gyd ?fter wr?c:
"Me tis hilde-sceorp Hr?egar sealde,?"snotra fengel, sume worde h那t,?"t?t ic his ?rest te eft ges?gde,?"cw?e t?t hyt h?fde Hiorogar cyning,?2160 "le車d Scyldunga lange hw?le:
"n? ty ?r suna s?num syllan wolde,?"hwatum Heorowearde, te芍h he him hold w?re,?"bre車st-gew?du. Br?c ealles well!"?Hyrde ic t?t tam fr?twum fe車wer mearas?2165 lungre gel?ce last weardode,
?ppel-fealuwe; he him 那st gete芍h?meara and maema. Swa sceal m?g d?n,?nealles inwit-net ?erum bregdan,?dyrnum cr?fte de芍e r那nian?2170 hond-gesteallan. Hygelace w?s,
n?ea heardum, nefa swyee hold?and gehw?eer ?erum hr?era gemyndig.?Hyrde ic t?t he tone heals-be芍h Hygde gesealde,?wr?tl?cne wundur-maeeum, tone te him Wealhte車 geaf, 2175 te車dnes d?htor, tri車 wicg somod
swancor and sadol-beorht; hyre syeean w?s??fter be芍h-tege bre車st geweoreod.?Swa bealdode bearn Ecgte車wes,?guma g?eum c?e, g?dum d?dum,?2180 dre芍h ?fter d?me, nealles druncne sl?g
heore-gene芍tas; n?s him hre車h sefa,?ac he man-cynnes m?ste cr?fte?gin-f?stan gife, te him god sealde,?he車ld hilde-de車r. He芍n w?s lange,?2185 swa hyne Ge芍ta bearn g?dne ne tealdon,
ne hyne on medo-bence micles wyrene?drihten wereda ged?n wolde;?swyee oft s?gdon, t?t he sleac w?re,??eeling unfrom: edwenden cwom?2190 t?r-e芍digum menn torna gehwylces.
H那t ta eorla hle車 in gefetian,?heaeo-r?f cyning, Hr那eles lafe,?golde gegyrede; n?s mid Ge芍tum ta?sinc-maeeum s那lra on sweordes had;?2195 t?t he on Bi車wulfes bearm alegde,
and him gesealde seofan t?sendo,?bold and brego-st?l. Him w?s bam samod?on tam le車d-scipe lond gecynde,?eard 那eel-riht, ?erum sw?eor?2200 s?de r?ce, tam t?r s那lra w?s.
Eft t?t geiode ufaran d?grum?hilde-hl?mmum, syeean Hygelac l?g?and Heardr那de hilde-m那ceas?under bord-hre車ean t? bonan wurdon,?2205 ta hyne ges?htan on sige-te車de
hearde hilde-frecan, Heaeo-Scilfingas,?n?ea gen?gdan nefan Herer?ces.?Syeean Be車wulfe brade r?ce?on hand gehwearf: he gehe車ld tela?2210 f?ftig wintru (w?s ta fr?d cyning,
eald 那eel-weard), ?e t?t an ongan?deorcum nihtum draca r?csian,?se te on he芍re h?ee hord beweotode,?stan-beorh ste芍pne: st?g under l?g,?2215 eldum unc?e. T?r on innan gi車ng
niea nat-hwylces ne車de gef那ng?h?enum horde hond . d . . get . . hwylc?since fahne, he t?t syeean . . . . .?. . . t . . . le . t . . l . g?2220 sl?pende be fyre, fyrena hyrde
te車fes cr?fte, t?t sie . . . . eioe . . . . .?. idh . folc-beorn, t?t he gebolgen w?s.
XXXII. THE FIRE-DRAKE. THE HOARD.
Nealles mid geweoldum wyrm-horda . . . cr?ft?s?hte sylfes willum, se te him sare gesce?d,?2225 ac for tre芍-n那dlan te車w nat-hwylces
h?leea bearna hete-swengeas fle芍h,?for ofer-tearfe and t?r inne fealh?secg syn-bysig. S?na in ta t?de?t?t . . . . . tam gyste . . . . br . g . st?d,?2230 hw?ere earm-sceapen . . . . . . .
. . e . . . sceapen o . . . . i r . . e se f?s begeat, sinc-f?t geseah: t?r w?s swylcra fela?in tam eore-scr?fe ?r-gestre車na,?swa hy on gear-dagum gumena nat-hwylc?2235 eormen-lafe ?eelan cynnes
tanc-hycgende t?r gehydde,?de車re maemas. Ealle hie de芍e fornam??rran m?lum, and se an ta gen?le車da duguee, se t?r lengest hwearf,?2240 weard wine-ge?mor w?scte t?s yldan,
t?t he lytel f?c long-gestre車na?br?can m?ste. Beorh eal gearo?wunode on wonge w?ter-yeum ne芍h,?niwe be n?sse nearo-cr?ftum f?st:?2245 t?r on innan b?r eorl-gestre車na
hringa hyrde hard-fyrdne d?l?f?ttan goldes, fe芍 worda cw?e:?"Heald tu nu, hruse, nu h?lee ne m?ston,?"eorla ?hte. Hw?t! hit ?r on te?2250 "g?de begeaton; g?e-de芍e fornam,
"feorh-bealo fr那cne fyra gehwylcne,?"le車da m?nra, tara te tis l?f ofgeaf,?"gesawon sele-dre芍m. Nah hwa sweord wege?"oeee fetige f?ted w?ge,?2255 "drync-f?t de車re: dugue ellor sc?c.
"Sceal se hearda helm hyrsted golde?"f?tum befeallen: feormiend swefae,?"ta te beado-gr?man bywan sceoldon,?"ge swylce se車 here-pad, si車 ?t hilde gebad?2260 "ofer borda gebr?c bite ?rena,
"brosnae ?fter beorne. Ne m?g byrnan hring?"?fter w?g-fruman w?de f那ran?"h?leeum be healfe; n?s hearpan wyn,?"gomen gle車-be芍mes, ne g?d hafoc?2265 "geond s?l swingee, ne se swifta mearh
"burh-stede be芍tee. Bealo-cwealm hafae?"fela feorh-cynna feorr onsended!"?Swa gi?mor-m?d gioheo m?nde,?an ?fter eallum unbl?ee hwe車p,?2270 d?ges and nihtes, ?e t?t de芍ees wylm
hran ?t heortan. Hord-wynne fond?eald uht-sceaea opene standan,?se te byrnende biorgas s那cee?nacod n?e-draca, nihtes fle車gee?2275 fyre befangen; hyne fold-b?end
w?de gesawon. He gewunian sceall?hlaw under hrusan, t?r he h?een gold?warae wintrum fr?d; ne bye him wihte t那 s那l.?Swa se te車d-sceaea tre車 hund wintra?2280 he車ld on hrusan hord-?rna sum
e芍cen-cr?ftig, ?e t?t hyne an abealh?mon on m?de: man-dryhtne b?r?f?ted w?ge, frioeo-w?re b?d?hlaford s?nne. Ta w?s hord rasod,?2285 onboren be芍ga hord, b那ne get?ead
fe芍-sceaftum men. Fre芍 sce芍wode?fira fyrn-geweorc forman s?ee.?Ta se wyrm onw?c, wr?ht w?s geniwad;?stonc ta ?fter stane, stearc-heort onfand?2290 fe車ndes f?t-last; he t? fore gest?p,
dyrnan cr?fte, dracan he芍fde ne芍h.?Swa m?g unf?ge e芍ee ged?gan?we芍n and wr?c-s?e, se te waldendes?hyldo gehealdee. Hord-weard s?hte?2295 georne ?fter grunde, wolde guman findan,
tone te him on sweofote sare gete車de:?hat and hre車h-m?d hl?w oft ymbe hwearf,?ealne ?tan-weardne; ne t?r ?nig mon?w?s on t?re w那stenne. Hw?ere hilde gefeh,?2300 beado-weorces: hw?lum on beorh ?thwearf,
sinc-f?t s?hte; he t?t s?na onfand,?t?t h?fde gumena sum goldes gefandod?he芍h-gestre車na. Hord-weard onbad?earfoel?ce, ?e t?t ?fen cwom;?2305 w?s ta gebolgen beorges hyrde,
wolde se laea l?ge forgyldan?drinc-f?t dyre. Ta w?s d?g sceacen?wyrme on willan, n? on wealle leng?b?dan wolde, ac mid b?le f?r,?2310 fyre gefysed. W?s se fruma egesl?c
le車dum on lande, swa hyt lungre weare?on hyra sinc-gifan sare geendod.
XXXIII. BEOWULF RESOLVES TO KILL THE FIRE-DRAKE.
Ta se g?st ongan gl那dum sp?wan,?beorht hofu b?rnan; bryne-le車ma st?d?2315 eldum on andan; n? t?r aht cwices
lae lyft-floga l?fan wolde.?W?s t?s wyrmes w?g w?de gesyne,?nearo-fages n?e ne芍n and feorran,?h? se g?e-sceaea Ge芍ta le車de?2320 hatode and hynde: hord eft gesce芍t,
dryht-sele dyrnne ?r d?ges hw?le.?H?fde land-wara l?ge befangen,?b?le and bronde; beorges getr?wode,?w?ges and wealles: him se車 w那n gele芍h.?2325 Ta w?s Bi車wulfe br?ga gecyeed
sn?de t? s?ee, t?t his sylfes him?bolda s那lest bryne-wylmum mealt,?gif-st?l Ge芍ta. T?t tam g?dan w?s?hre車w on hreere, hyge-sorga m?st:?2330 w那nde se w?sa, t?t he wealdende,
ofer ealde riht, 那cean dryhtne?bitre gebulge: bre車st innan we車ll?te車strum getoncum, swa him getywe ne w?s.?H?fde l?g-draca le車da f?sten,?2335 e芍-lond ?tan, eore-weard tone
gl那dum forgrunden. Him t?s g?e-cyning,?Wedera ti車den, wr?ce leornode.?H那ht him ta gewyrcean w?gendra hle車?eall-?renne, eorla dryhten?2340 w?g-bord wr?tl?c; wisse he gearwe,
t?t him holt-wudu helpan ne meahte,?lind wie l?ge. Sceolde l?n-daga??eeling ?r-g?d ende geb?dan?worulde l?fes and se wyrm somod;?2345 te芍h te hord-welan he車lde lange.
Oferhogode ta hringa fengel,?t?t he tone w?d-flogan weorode ges?hte,?s?dan herge; n? he him ta s?cce ondr那d,?ne him t?s wyrmes w?g for wiht dyde,?2350 eafoe and ellen; forton he ?r fela
nearo n那eende n?ea ged?gde,?hilde-hlemma, syeean he Hr?egares,?sigor-e芍dig secg, sele f?lsode?and ?t g?ee forgrap Grendeles m?gum,?2355 laean cynnes. N? t?t l?sest w?s
hond-gemota, t?r mon Hygelac sl?h,?syeean Ge芍ta cyning g?ee r?sum,?fre芍-wine folces Freslondum on,?Hr那eles eafora hioro-dryncum swealt,?2360 bille gebe芍ten; tonan Bi車wulf com
sylfes cr?fte, sund-nytte dre芍h;?+ h?fde him on earme ... XXX?hilde-geatwa, ta he t? holme stag.?Nealles Hetware hr那mge torfton?2365 f那ee-w?ges, te him foran onge芍n
linde b?ron: lyt eft becwom?fram tam hild-frecan hames ni車san.?Oferswam ta si車leea bigong sunu Ecgte車wes,?earm an-haga eft t? le車dum,?2370 t?r him Hygd gebe芍d hord and r?ce,
be芍gas and brego-st?l: bearne ne tr?wode,?t?t he wie ?l-fylcum 那eel-st?las?healdan c?ee, ta w?s Hygelac de芍d.?N? ty ?r fe芍-sceafte findan meahton?2375 ?t tam ?eelinge ?nige tinga,
t?t he Heardr那de hlaford w?re,?oeee tone cyne-d?m ci車san wolde;?hw?ere he him on folce fre車nd-larum he車ld,?那stum mid are, ?e t?t he yldra weare,?2380 Weder-Ge芍tum we車ld. Hyne wr?c-m?cgas
ofer s? s?htan, suna ?hteres:?h?fdon hy forhealden helm Scylfinga,?tone s那lestan s?-cyninga,?tara te in Swi車-r?ce sinc brytnade,?2385 m?rne te車den. Him t?t t? mearce weare;
he t?r orfeorme feorh-wunde hle芍t?sweordes swengum, sunu Hygelaces;?and him eft gewat Ongenti車wes bearn?hames ni車san, syeean Heardr那d l?g;?2390 l那t tone brego-st?l Bi車wulf healdan,
Ge芍tum wealdan: t?t w?s g?d cyning.
XXXIV. RETROSPECT OF BE車WULF.--STRIFE BETWEEN SWEONAS AND GEATAS.
Se t?s le車d-hryres le芍n gemunde?uferan d?grum, E芍dgilse weare?fe芍-sceaftum fe車nd. Folce gestepte?2395 ofer s? s?de sunu ?hteres
w?gum and w?pnum: he gewr?c syeean?cealdum cear-s?eum, cyning ealdre bine芍t.?Swa he n?ea gehwane genesen h?fde,?sl?era geslyhta, sunu Ecgti車wes,?2400 ellen-weorca, ?e tone anne d?g,
te he wie tam wyrme gewegan sceolde.?Gewat ta twelfa sum torne gebolgen?dryhten Ge芍ta dracan sce芍wian;?h?fde ta gefrunen, hwanan si車 f?he aras,?2405 bealo-n?e biorna; him t? bearme cwom
maeeum-f?t m?re turh t?s meldan hond,?Se w?s on tam tre芍te treotteoea secg,?se t?s orleges ?r onstealde,?h?ft hyge-gi?mor, sceolde he芍n tonon?2410 wong w?sian: he ofer willan gi車ng
t? t?s te he eore-sele anne wisse,?hl?w under hrusan holm-wylme n那h,?ye-gewinne, se w?s innan full?wr?tta and w?ra: weard unhi車re,?2415 gearo g?e-freca, gold-maemas he車ld,
eald under eorean; n?s t?t yee ce芍p,?t? gegangenne gumena ?nigum.?Ges?t ta on n?sse n?e-heard cyning,?tenden h?lo abe芍d heore-gene芍tum?2420 gold-wine Ge芍ta: him w?s ge?mor sefa,
w?fre and w?l-f?s, Wyrd ungemete ne芍h,?se tone gomelan gr那tan sceolde,?s那cean sawle hord, sundur ged?lan?l?f wie l?ce: n? ton lange w?s?2425 feorh ?eelinges fl?sce bewunden.
Bi車wulf maeelade, bearn Ecgte車wes:?"Fela ic on giogoee gue-r?sa gen?s,?"orleg-hw?la: ic t?t eall gemon.?"Ic w?s syfan-wintre, ta mec sinca baldor,?2430 "fre芍-wine folca ?t m?num f?der genam,
"he車ld mec and h?fde Hr那eel cyning,?"geaf me sinc and symbel, sibbe gemunde;?"n?s ic him t? l?fe laera ?wihte?"beorn in burgum, tonne his bearna hwylc,?2435 "Herebeald and H?ecyn, oeee Hygelac m?n.
"W?s tam yldestan unged那fel?ce?"m?ges d?dum moreor-bed str那d,?"syeean hyne H?ecyn of horn-bogan,?"his fre芍-wine flane geswencte,?2440 "miste mercelses and his m?g ofsc那t,
"br?eor ?eerne, bl?digan gare:?"t?t w?s feoh-le芍s gefeoht, fyrenum gesyngad?"hreere hyge-m那ee; sceolde hw?ere swa te芍h?"?eeling unwrecen ealdres linnan.?2445 "Swa bie ge?morl?c gomelum ceorle
"t? geb?danne, t?t his byre r?de?"giong on galgan, tonne he gyd wrece,?"sarigne sang, tonne his sunu hangae?"hrefne t? hr?ere and he him helpe ne m?g,?2450 "eald and in-fr?d, ?nige gefremman.
"Symble bie gemyndgad morna gehwylce?"eaforan ellor-s?e; ?eres ne gymee?"t? geb?danne burgum on innan?"yrfe-weardes, tonne se an hafae?2455 "turh de芍ees nyd d?da gefondad.
"Gesyhe sorh-cearig on his suna b?re?"w?n-sele w那stne, wind-gereste,?"re車te berofene; r?dend swefae?"h?lee in hoeman; nis t?r hearpan sw那g,?2460 "gomen in geardum, swylce t?r i迆 w?ron.
XXXV. MEMORIES OF PAST TIME.--THE FEUD WITH THE FIRE-DRAKE.
"Gew?tee tonne on sealman, sorh-le車e g?lee?"an ?fter anum: t?hte him eall t? r?m,?"wongas and w?c-stede. Swa Wedra helm?"?fter Herebealde heortan sorge?2465 "weallende w?g, wihte ne meahte
"on tam feorh-bonan f?hee geb那tan:?"n? ty ?r he tone heaeo-rinc hatian ne meahte?"laeum d?dum, te芍h him le車f ne w?s.?"He ta mid t?re sorge, te him si車 sar belamp,?2470 "gum-dre芍m ofgeaf, godes le車ht gece芍s;
"eaferum l?fde, swa d那e e芍dig mon,?"lond and le車d-byrig, ta he of l?fe gewat.?"Ta w?s synn and sacu Sweona and Ge芍ta,?"ofer w?d w?ter wr?ht gem?ne,?2175 "here-n?e hearda, syeean Hr那eel swealt,
"oeee him Ongente車wes eaferan w?ran?"frome fyrd-hwate, fre車de ne woldon?"ofer heafo healdan, ac ymb Hreosna-beorh?"eatolne inwit-scear oft gefremedon.?2480 "T?t m?g-wine m?ne gewr?can,
"f?hee and fyrene, swa hyt gefr?ge w?s,?"te芍h te ?eer hit ealdre gebohte,?"heardan ce芍pe: H?ecynne weare,?"Ge芍ta dryhtne, g?e ons?ge.?2485 "Ta ic on morgne gefr?gn m?g ?eerne
"billes ecgum on bonan st?lan,?"t?r Ongente車w Eofores ni車sade:?"g?e-helm t?glad, gomela Scylfing?"hre芍s heoro-blac; hond gemunde?2490 "f?heo gen?ge, feorh-sweng ne ofte芍h.
"Ic him ta maemas, te he me sealde,?"geald ?t g?ee, swa me gifeee w?s,?"le車htan sweorde: he me lond forgeaf,?"eard 那eel-wyn. N?s him ?nig tearf,?2495 "t?t he t? Gifeum oeee t? Gar-Denum
"oeee in Swi車-r?ce s那cean turfe?"wyrsan w?g-frecan, weoree gecypan;?"symle ic him on f那ean beforan wolde,?"ana on orde, and swa t? aldre sceall?2500 "s?cce fremman, tenden tis sweord tolae,
"t?t mec ?r and s?e oft gel?ste,?"syeean ic for dugeeum D?ghrefne weare?"t? hand-bonan, H?ga cempan:?"nalles he ta fr?twe Fres-cyninge,?2505 "bre車st-weoreunge bringan m?ste,
"ac in campe gecrong cumbles hyrde,?"?eeling on elne. Ne w?s ecg bona,?"ac him hilde-grap heortan wylmas,?"ban-h?s gebr?c. Nu sceall billes ecg,?2510 "hond and heard sweord ymb hord w?gan."
Be車wulf maeelode, be車t-wordum spr?c?ni谷hstan s?ee: "Ic gen那ede fela?"g?ea on geogoee; gyt ic wylle,?"fr?d folces weard, f?hee s那can,?2515 "m?reum fremman, gif mec se man-sceaea
"of eore-sele ?t ges那cee!"?Gegr那tte ta gumena gehwylcne,?hwate helm-berend hindeman s?ee,?sw?se ges?eas: "Nolde ic sweord beran,?2520 "w?pen t? wyrme, gif ic wiste h?
"wie tam agl?cean elles meahte?"gylpe wiegr?pan, swa ic gi車 wie Grendle dyde;?"ac ic t?r heaeu-fyres hates w那ne,?"r那ees and-hattres: forton ic me on hafu?2525 "bord and byrnan. Nelle ic beorges weard
"oferfle車n f?tes trem, fe車nd unhyre,?"ac unc sceal weorean ?t wealle, swa unc Wyrd gete車e, "metod manna gehw?s. Ic eom on m?de from,?"t?t ic wie tone g?e-flogan gylp ofersitte.?2530 "Geb?de ge on beorge byrnum werede,
"secgas on searwum, hw?eer s那l m?ge?"?fter w?l-r?se wunde gedygan?"uncer twega. Nis t?t e車wer s?e,?"ne gemet mannes, nefne m?n anes,?2535 "t?t he wie agl?cean eofoeo d?le,
"eorl-scype efne. Ic mid elne sceall?"gold gegangan oeee g?e nimee,?"feorh-bealu fr那cne, fre芍n e車werne!"??ras ta b? ronde r?f oretta,?2540 heard under helm, hioro-sercean b?r
under stan-cleofu, strengo getr?wode?anes mannes: ne bie swylc earges s?e.?Geseah ta be wealle, se te worna fela,?gum-cystum g?d, g?ea ged?gde,?2545 hilde-hlemma, tonne hnitan f那ean,
(st?d on stan-bogan) stre芍m ?t tonan?brecan of beorge; w?s t?re burnan w?lm?heaeo-fyrum hat: ne meahte horde ne芍h?unbyrnende ?nige hw?le?2550 de車p gedygan for dracan l那ge.
L那t ta of bre車stum, ta he gebolgen w?s,?Weder-Ge芍ta le車d word ?t faran,?stearc-heort styrmde; stefn in becom?heaeo-torht hlynnan under harne stan.?2555 Hete w?s onhr那red, hord-weard oncni車w
mannes reorde; n?s t?r mara fyrst,?fre車de t? friclan. From ?rest cwom?orue agl?cean ?t of stane,?hat hilde-swat; hruse dynede.?2560 Biorn under beorge bord-rand onswaf
wie tam gryre-gieste, Ge芍ta dryhten:?ta w?s hring-bogan heorte gefysed?s?cce t? s那ceanne. Sweord ?r gebr?d?g?d g?e-cyning gomele lafe,?2565 ecgum ungle芍w, ?ghw?erum w?s
bealo-hycgendra br?ga fram ?erum.?St?e-m?d gest?d wie ste芍pne rond?winia bealdor, ta se wyrm gebe芍h?sn?de t?somne: he on searwum bad.?2570 Gewat ta byrnende gebogen scr?ean t?,
gesc?fe scyndan. Scyld wel gebearg?l?fe and l?ce l?ssan hw?le?m?rum te車dne, tonne his myne s?hte,?t?r he ty fyrste forman d?gore?2575 wealdan m?ste, swa him Wyrd ne gescraf
hr那e ?t hilde. Hond up abr?d?Ge芍ta dryhten, gryre-fahne sl?h?incge lafe, t?t si車 ecg gewac?br?n on bane, bat unsw?eor,?2580 tonne his ti車d-cyning tearfe h?fde,
bysigum geb?ded. Ta w?s beorges weard??fter heaeu-swenge on hre車um m?de,?wearp w?l-fyre, w?de sprungon?hilde-le車man: hr那e-sigora ne gealp?2585 gold-wine Ge芍ta, g?e-bill geswac
nacod ?t n?ee, swa hyt n? sceolde,??ren ?r-g?d. Ne w?s t?t 那ee s?e,?t?t se m?ra maga Ecgte車wes?grund-wong tone ofgyfan wolde;?2590 sceolde wyrmes willan w?c eardian
elles hwergen, swa sceal ?ghwylc mon?al?tan l?n-dagas. N?s ta long t? ton,?t?t ta agl?cean hy eft gem那tton.?Hyrte hyne hord-weard, hreeer ?eme we車ll,?2595 niwan stefne: nearo trowode
fyre befongen se te ?r folce we車ld.?Nealles him on he芍pe hand-gesteallan,??eelinga bearn ymbe gest?don?hilde-cystum, ac hy on holt bugon,?2600 ealdre burgan. Hiora in anum we車ll
sefa wie sorgum: sibb ?fre ne m?g?wiht onwendan, tam te wel tencee.
XXXVI. WIGLAF HELPS BE車WULF IN THE FEUD.
W?glaf w?s haten Weoxstanes sunu,?le車fl?c lind-wiga, le車d Scylfinga,?2605 m?g ?lfheres: geseah his mon-dryhten
under here-gr?man hat trowian.?Gemunde ta ta are, te he him ?r forgeaf?w?c-stede weligne W?gmundinga,?folc-rihta gehwylc, swa his f?der ahte;?2610 ne mihte ta forhabban, hond rond gef那ng,
geolwe linde, gomel swyrd gete芍h,?t?t w?s mid eldum E芍nmundes laf,?suna ?hteres, tam ?t s?cce weare?wracu wine-le芍sum Weohstanes bana?2615 m那ces ecgum, and his magum ?tb?r
br?n-fagne helm, hringde byrnan,?eald sweord eotonisc, t?t him Onela forgeaf,?his g?delinges g?e-gew?du,?fyrd-searo f?sl?c: n? ymbe ta f?hee spr?c,?2620 te芍h te he his br?eor bearn abredwade.
He fr?twe gehe車ld fela missera,?bill and byrnan, ?e t?t his byre mihte?eorl-scipe efnan, swa his ?r-f?der;?geaf him ta mid Ge芍tum g?e-gew?da?2625 ?ghw?s unr?m; ta he of ealdre gewat,
fr?d on fore-weg. Ta w?s forma s?e?geongan cempan, t?t he g?ee r?s?mid his fre車-dryhtne fremman sceolde;?ne gemealt him se m?d-sefa, ne his m?ges laf?2630 gewac ?t w?ge: t?t se wyrm onfand,
syeean hie t?g?dre gegan h?fdon.?W?glaf maeelode word-rihta fela,?s?gde ges?eum, him w?s sefa ge?mor:?"Ic t?t m?l geman, t?r we medu t那gun,?2635 "tonne we geh那ton ?ssum hlaforde
"in bi車r-sele, te ?s tas be芍gas geaf,?"t?t we him ta g?e-geatwa gyldan woldon,?"gif him tysl?cu tearf gelumpe,?"helmas and heard sweord: t那 he ?sic on herge gece芍s 2640 "t? tyssum s?e-fate sylfes willum,
"onmunde ?sic m?rea and me tas maemas geaf,?"t那 he ?sic gar-w?gend g?de tealde,?"hwate helm-berend, te芍h te hlaford ?s?"tis ellen-weorc ana at?hte?2645 "t? gefremmanne, folces hyrde,
"fortam he manna m?st m?rea gefremede,?"d?da doll?cra. Nu is se d?g cumen,?"t?t ?re man-dryhten m?genes beh?fae?"g?dra g?e-rinca: wutun gangan t?,?2650 "helpan hild-fruman, tenden hyt sy,
"gl那d-egesa grim! God wat on mec,?"t?t me is micle le車fre, t?t m?nne l?c-haman?"mid m?nne gold-gyfan gl那d f?emie.?"Ne tyncee me gerysne, t?t we rondas beren?2655 "eft t? earde, nemne we ?ror m?gen
"fane gefyllan, feorh ealgian?"Wedra ti車dnes. Ic wat geare,?"t?t n?ron eald-gewyrht, t?t he ana scyle?"Ge芍ta duguee gnorn trowian,?2660 "ges?gan ?t s?cce: sceal ?rum t?t sweord and helm,
"byrne and byrdu-scr?d bam gem?ne."?W?d ta turh tone w?l-r那c, w?g-heafolan b?r?fre芍n on fultum, fe芍 worda cw?e:?"Le車fa Bi車wulf, l?st eall tela,?2665 "swa tu on geogue-feore geara gecw?de,
"t?t tu ne al?te be te lifigendum?"d?m gedre車san: scealt nu d?dum r?f,?"?eeling an-hydig, ealle m?gene?"feorh ealgian; ic te full?stu!"?2670 ?fter tam wordum wyrm yrre cwom,
atol inwit-g?st ?ere s?ee,?fyr-wylmum fah fi車nda ni車san,?laera manna; l?g-yeum forborn?bord wie ronde: byrne ne meahte?2675 geongum gar-wigan ge車ce gefremman:
ac se maga geonga under his m?ges scyld?elne geeode, ta his agen w?s?gl那dum forgrunden. Ta gen g?e-cyning?m?rea gemunde, m?gen-strengo,?2680 sl?h hilde-bille, t?t hyt on heafolan st?d
n?ee genyded: N?gling forb?rst,?geswac ?t s?cce sweord Bi車wulfes?gomol and gr?g-m?l. Him t?t gifeee ne w?s,?t?t him ?renna ecge mihton?2685 helpan ?t hilde; w?s si車 hond t? strong,
se te m那ca gehwane m?ne gefr?ge?swenge ofers?hte, tonne he t? s?cce b?r?w?pen wundrum heard, n?s him wihte t那 s那l.?Ta w?s te車d-sceaea triddan s?ee,?2690 fr那cne fyr-draca f?hea gemyndig,
r?sde on tone r?fan, ta him r?m ageald,?hat and heaeo-grim, heals ealne ymbef那ng?biteran banum; he gebl?degod weare?sawul-dri車re; swat yeum we車ll.
XXXVII. BE車WULF WOUNDED TO DEATH.
2695 Ta ic ?t tearfe gefr?gn te車d-cyninges
and-longne eorl ellen cyean,?cr?ft and c那neu, swa him gecynde w?s;?ne h那dde he t?s heafolan, ac si車 hand gebarn?m?diges mannes, t?r he his m?ges healp,?2700 t?t he tone n?e-g?st nioeor hw那ne sl?h,
secg on searwum, t?t t?t sweord gede芍f?fah and f?ted, t?t t?t fyr ongon?sweerian syeean. Ta gen sylf cyning?gewe車ld his gewitte, w?ll-seaxe gebr?d,?2705 biter and beadu-scearp, t?t he on byrnan w?g:
forwrat Wedra helm wyrm on middan.?Fe車nd gefyldan (ferh ellen wr?c),?and hi hyne ta begen abroten h?fdon,?sib-?eelingas: swylc sceolde secg wesan,?2710 tegn ?t tearfe. T?t tam te車dne w?s
s?east s?ge-hw?le sylfes d?dum,?worlde geweorces. Ta si車 wund ongon,?te him se eore-draca ?r geworhte,?sw那lan and swellan. He t?t s?na onfand,?2715 t?t him on bre車stum bealo-n?e we車ll,
attor on innan. Ta se ?eeling gi車ng,?t?t he b? wealle, w?s-hycgende,?ges?t on sesse; seah on enta geweorc,?h? ta stan-bogan stapulum f?ste?2720 那ce eore-reced innan he車ldon.
Hyne ta mid handa heoro-dre車rigne?te車den m?rne tegn ungemete till,?wine-dryhten his w?tere gelafede,?hilde-s?dne and his helm onspe車n.?2725 Bi車wulf maeelode, he ofer benne spr?c,
wunde w?l-ble芍te (wisse he gearwe,?t?t he d?g-hw?la gedrogen h?fde?eorean wynne; ta w?s eall sceacen?d?gor-ger?mes, de芍e ungemete ne芍h):?2730 "Nu ic suna m?num syllan wolde
"g?e-gew?du, t?r me gifeee swa?"?nig yrfe-weard ?fter wurde,?"l?ce gelenge. Ic tas le車de he車ld?"f?ftig wintra: n?s se folc-cyning?2735 "ymbe-sittendra ?nig tara,
"te mec g?e-winum gr那tan dorste,?"egesan te車n. Ic on earde bad?"m?l-gesceafta, he車ld m?n tela,?"ne s?hte searo-n?eas, ne me sw?r fela?2740 "aea on unriht. Ic t?s ealles m?g,
"feorh-bennum se車c, gefe芍n habban:?"fortam me w?tan ne tearf waldend fira?"moreor-bealo maga, tonne m?n sceacee?"l?f of l?ce. Nu tu lungre?2745 "geong, hord sce芍wian under harne stan,
"W?glaf le車fa, nu se wyrm ligee,?"swefee sare wund, since bere芍fod.?"Bi車 nu on ?foste, t?t ic ?r-welan,?"gold-?ht ongite, gearo sce芍wige?2750 "swegle searo-gimmas, t?t ic ty s那ft m?ge
"?fter maeeum-welan m?n al?tan?"l?f and le車d-scipe, tone ic longe he車ld."
XXXVIII. THE JEWEL-HOARD. THE PASSING OF BEOWULF.
Ta ic sn?de gefr?gn sunu Wihstanes??fter word-cwydum wundum dryhtne?2755 hyran heaeo-si車cum, hring-net beran,
brogdne beadu-sercean under beorges hr?f.?Geseah ta sige-hr那eig, ta he b? sesse ge車ng,?mago-tegn m?dig maeeum-sigla fela,?gold glitinian grunde getenge,?2760 wundur on wealle and t?s wyrmes denn,
ealdes uht-flogan, orcas stondan,?fyrn-manna fatu feormend-le芍se,?hyrstum behrorene: t?r w?s helm monig,?eald and ?mig, earm-be芍ga fela,?2765 searwum ges?led. Sinc e芍ee m?g,
gold on grunde, gumena cynnes?gehwone ofer-higian, hyde se te wylle!?Swylce he siomian geseah segn eall-gylden?he芍h ofer horde, hond-wundra m?st,?2770 gelocen leoeo-cr?ftum: of tam le車ma st?d,
t?t he tone grund-wong ongitan meahte,?wr?te giond-wl?tan. N?s t?s wyrmes t?r?onsyn ?nig, ac hyne ecg fornam.?Ta ic on hl?we gefr?gn hord re芍fian,?2775 eald enta geweorc anne mannan,
him on bearm hladan bunan and discas?sylfes d?me, segn e芍c genom,?be芍cna beorhtost; bill ?r-gesc?d?(ecg w?s ?ren) eald-hlafordes?2780 tam tara maema mund-bora w?s
longe hw?le, l?g-egesan w?g?hatne for horde, hioro-weallende,?middel-nihtum, ?e t?t he morere swealt.??r w?s on ?foste eft-s?ees georn,?2785 fr?twum gefyrered: hyne fyrwet br?c,
hw?eer collen-fere cwicne gem那tte?in tam wong-stede Wedra te車den,?ellen-si車cne, t?r he hine ?r forl那t.?He ta mid tam maemum m?rne ti車den,?2790 dryhten s?nne dri車rigne fand
ealdres ?t ende: he hine eft ongon?w?teres weorpan, ?e t?t wordes ord?bre車st-hord turhbr?c. Be車wulf maeelode,?gomel on giohee (gold sce芍wode):?2795 "Ic tara fr?twa fre芍n ealles tanc
"wuldur-cyninge wordum secge,?"那cum dryhtne, te ic her on starie,?"t?s te ic m?ste m?num le車dum?"?r swylt-d?ge swylc gestrynan.?2800 "Nu ic on maema hord m?ne bebohte
"fr?de feorh-lege, fremmae ge nu?"le車da tearfe; ne m?g ic her leng wesan.?"Hatae heaeo-m?re hl?w gewyrcean,?"beorhtne ?fter b?le ?t brimes nosan;?2805 "se scel t? gemyndum m?num le車dum
"he芍h hlifian on Hrones n?sse,?"t?t hit s?-l?eend syeean hatan?"Bi車wulfes biorh, ta te brentingas?"ofer fl?da genipu feorran dr?fae."?2810 Dyde him of healse hring gyldenne
ti車den tr?st-hydig, tegne gesealde,?geongum gar-wigan, gold-fahne helm,?be芍h and byrnan, h那t hyne br?can well:?"Tu eart ende-laf ?sses cynnes,?2815 "W?gmundinga; ealle Wyrd forswe車f,
"m?ne magas t? metod-sceafte,?"eorlas on elne: ic him ?fter sceal."?T?t w?s tam gomelan gingeste word?bre車st-gehygdum, ?r he b?l cure,?2820 hate heaeo-wylmas: him of hreere gewat
sawol s那cean s?e-f?stra d?m.
XXXIX. THE COWARD-THANES.
Ta w?s gegongen guman unfr?dum?earfoel?ce, t?t he on eorean geseah?tone le車festan l?fes ?t ende?2825 ble芍te geb?ran. Bona swylce l?g,
egesl?c eore-draca, ealdre bere芍fod,?bealwe geb?ded: be芍h-hordum leng?wyrm woh-bogen wealdan ne m?ste,?ac him ?renna ecga fornamon,?2830 hearde heaeo-scearpe homera lafe,
t?t se w?d-floga wundum stille?hre芍s on hrusan hord-?rne ne芍h,?nalles ?fter lyfte lacende hwearf?middel-nihtum, maem-?hta wlonc?2835 ansyn ywde: ac he eorean gefe車ll
for t?s hild-fruman hond-geweorce.?H?ru t?t on lande lyt manna tah?m?gen-agendra m?ne gefr?ge,?te芍h te he d?da gehw?s dyrstig w?re,?2840 t?t he wie attor-sceaean oreee ger?sde,
oeee hring-sele hondum styrede,?gif he w?ccende weard onfunde?b?an on beorge. Bi車wulfe weare?dryht-maema d?l de芍ee forgolden;?2845 h?fde ?ghw?eer ende gef那red
l?nan l?fes. N?s ta lang t? ton,?t?t ta hild-latan holt ofg那fan,?tydre tre車w-logan tyne ?tsomne,?ta ne dorston ?r dareeum lacan?2850 on hyra man-dryhtnes miclan tearfe;
ac hy scamiende scyldas b?ran,?g?e-gew?du, t?r se gomela l?g:?wlitan on W?glaf. He gew那rgad s?t,?f那ee-cempa fre芍n eaxlum ne芍h,?2855 wehte hyne w?tre; him wiht ne spe車w;
ne meahte he on eorean, te芍h he ?ee wel,?on tam frum-gare feorh gehealdan,?ne t?s wealdendes willan wiht oncirran;?wolde d?m godes d?dum r?dan?2860 gumena gehwylcum, swa he nu gen d那e.
Ta w?s ?t tam geongan grim andswaru?那e-beg那te tam te ?r his elne forle芍s.?W?glaf maeelode, Weohstanes sunu,?secg sarig-fere seah on unle車fe:?2865 "T?t la m?g secgan, se te wyle s?e sprecan,
"t?t se mon-dryhten, se e車w ta maemas geaf,?"e車red-geatwe, te ge t?r on standae,?"tonne he on ealu-bence oft gesealde?"heal-sittendum helm and byrnan,?2870 "te車den his tegnum, swylce he tryel?cost
"?hw?r feor oeee ne芍h findan meahte,?"t?t he genunga g?e-gew?du?"wraee forwurpe. Ta hyne w?g beget,?"nealles folc-cyning fyrd-gesteallum?2875 "gylpan torfte; hw?ere him god ?ee,
"sigora waldend, t?t he hyne sylfne gewr?c?"ana mid ecge, ta him w?s elnes tearf,?"Ic him l?f-wraee lytle meahte?"?tgifan ?t g?ee and ongan swa te芍h?2880 "ofer m?n gemet m?ges helpan:
"symle w?s ty s?mra, tonne ic sweorde drep?"ferhe-gen?elan, fyr unsw?eor?"we車ll of gewitte. Wergendra t? lyt?"trong ymbe te車den, ta hyne si車 trag becwom.?2885 "Nu sceal sinc-tego and swyrd-gifu
"eall 那eel-wyn e車wrum cynne,?"lufen alicgean: lond-rihtes m?t?"t?re m?g-burge monna ?ghwylc?"?del hweorfan, syeean ?eelingas?2890 "feorran gefricgean fle芍m e車werne,
"d?m-le芍san d?d. De芍e bie s那lla?"eorla gehwylcum tonne edw?t-l?f!"
XL. THE SOLDIER'S DIRGE AND PROPHECY.
H那ht ta t?t heaeo-weorc t? hagan bi車dan?up ofer 那g-clif, t?r t?t eorl-weorod?2895 morgen-longne d?g m?d-gi?mor s?t,
bord-h?bbende, bega on w那num?ende-d?gores and eft-cymes?le車fes monnes. Lyt sw?gode?niwra spella, se te n?s gerad,?2900 ac he s?el?ce s?gde ofer ealle;
"Nu is wil-geofa Wedra le車da,?"dryhten Ge芍ta de芍e-bedde f?st,?"wunae w?l-reste wyrmes d?dum;?"him on efn ligee ealdor-gewinna,?2905 "siex-bennum se車c: sweorde ne meahte
"on tam agl?cean ?nige tinga?"wunde gewyrcean. W?glaf sitee?"ofer Bi車wulfe, byre Wihstanes,?"eorl ofer ?erum unlifigendum,?2910 "healdee hige-m那eum he芍fod-wearde
"le車fes and laees. Nu ys le車dum w那n?"orleg-hw?le, syeean underne?"Froncum and Frysum fyll cyninges?"w?de weoreee. W?s si車 wr?ht scepen?2915 "heard wie H?gas, syeean Higelac cwom
"faran flot-herge on Fresna land,?"t?r hyne Hetware hilde gehn?gdon,?"elne geeodon mid ofer-m?gene,?"t?t se byrn-w?ga b?gan sceolde,?2920 "fe車ll on f那ean: nalles fr?twe geaf
"ealdor dugoee; ?s w?s a syeean?"Merewioinga milts ungyfeee.?"Ne ic t? Swe車-te車de sibbe oeee tre車we?"wihte ne w那ne; ac w?s w?de c?e,?2925 "t?tte Ongenti車 ealdre besnyeede
"H?ecyn Hr那eling wie Hrefna-wudu,?"ta for on-m那dlan ?rest ges?hton?"Ge芍ta le車de G?e-scilfingas.?"S?na him se fr?da f?der ?htheres,?2930 "eald and eges-full ond-slyht ageaf,
"abre車t brim-w?san, bryd ahe車rde,?"gomela i車-meowlan golde berofene,?"Onelan m?dor and ?htheres,?"and ta folgode feorh-gen?elan?2935 "?e t?t h? ?eeodon earfoel?ce
"in Hrefnes-holt hlaford-le芍se.?"Bes?t ta sin-herge sweorda lafe?"wundum w那rge, we芍n oft geh那t?"earmre teohhe andlonge niht:?2940 "cw?e he on mergenne m那ces ecgum
"getan wolde, sume on galg-tre車wum?"fuglum t? gamene. Fr?for eft gelamp?"sarig-m?dum somod ?r-d?ge,?"syeean hie Hygelaces horn and byman?2945 "gealdor ongeaton. Ta se g?da com
"le車da dugoee on last faran.
XLI. HE TELLS OF THE SWEDES AND THE GEATAS.
"W?s si車 swat-swaeu Sweona and Ge芍ta,?"w?l-r?s wera w?de gesyne,?"h? ta folc mid him f?hee t?wehton.?2950 "Gewat him ta se g?da mid his g?delingum,
"fr?d fela ge?mor f?sten s那cean,?"eorl Ongenti車 ufor oncirde;?"h?fde Higelaces hilde gefrunen,?"wlonces w?g-cr?ft, wieres ne tr?wode,?2955 "t?t he s?-mannum onsacan mihte,
"he芍eo-l?eendum hord forstandan,?"bearn and bryde; be芍h eft tonan?"eald under eore-weall. Ta w?s ?ht boden?"Sweona le車dum, segn Higelace.?2960 "Freoeo-wong tone fore ofereodon,
"syeean Hr那elingas t? hagan trungon.?"T?r weare Ongenti車 ecgum sweorda,?"blonden-fexa on b?d wrecen,?"t?t se te車d-cyning tafian sceolde?2965 "Eofores anne d?m: hyne yrringa
"Wulf Wonr那ding w?pne ger?hte,?"t?t him for swenge swat ?drum sprong?"fore under fexe. N?s he forht swa t那h,?"gomela Scilfing, ac forgeald hraee?2970 "wyrsan wrixle w?l-hlem tone,
"syeean te車d-cyning tyder oncirde:?"ne meahte se snella sunu Wonr那des?"ealdum ceorle ond-slyht giofan,?"ac he him on he芍fde helm ?r gescer,?2975 "t?t he bl?de fah b?gan sceolde,
"fe車ll on foldan; n?s he f?ge ta git,?"ac he hyne gewyrpte, te芍h te him wund hr?ne,?"L那t se hearda Higelaces tegn?"bradne m那ce, ta his br?eor l?g,?2980 "eald sweord eotonisc, entiscne helm,
"brecan ofer bord-weal: ta gebe芍h cyning,?"folces hyrde, w?s in feorh dropen.?"Ta w?ron monige, te his m?g wrieon,?"ricone ar?rdon, ta him gerymed weare,?2985 "t?t hie w?l-st?we wealdan m?ston.
"Tenden re芍fode rinc ?eerne,?"nam on Ongenti車 ?ren-byrnan,?"heard swyrd hilted and his helm somod;?"hares hyrste Higelace b?r.?2990 "He tam fr?twum f那ng and him f?gre geh那t
"le芍na fore le車dum and gel?ste swa:?"geald tone g?e-r?s Ge芍ta dryhten,?"Hr那eles eafora, ta he t? ham becom,?"Jofore and Wulfe mid ofer-maemum,?2995 "sealde hiora gehw?erum hund t?senda
"landes and locenra be芍ga; ne torfte him ta le芍n ?ew?tan "mon on middan-gearde, syeean hie ta m?rea gesl?gon; "and ta Jofore forgeaf angan d?htor,?"ham-weoreunge, hyldo t? wedde.?3000 "T?t ys si車 f?heo and se fe車nd-scipe,
"w?l-n?e wera, t?s te ic w那n hafo,?"te ?s s那ceae t? Sweona le車de,?"syeean hie gefricgeae fre芍n ?serne?"ealdor-le芍sne, tone te ?r gehe車ld?3005 "wie hettendum hord and r?ce,
"?fter h?leea hryre hwate Scylfingas,?"folc-r?d fremede oeee fureur gen?"eorl-scipe efnde. Nu is ?fost betost,?"t?t we te車d-cyning t?r sce芍wian?3010 "and tone gebringan, te ?s be芍gas geaf,
"on ad-f?re. Ne scel anes hw?t?"meltan mid tam m?digan, ac t?r is maema hord.?"gold unr?me grimme gece芍pod?"and nu ?t s?eestan sylfes feore?3015 "be芍gas gebohte; ta sceal brond fretan,
"?led teccean, nalles eorl wegan?"maeeum t? gemyndum, ne m?ge scyne?"habban on healse hring-weoreunge,?"ac sceall ge?mor-m?d golde bere芍fod?3020 "oft nalles ?ne el-land tredan,
"nu se here-w?sa hleahtor alegde,?"gamen and gle車-dre芍m. Forton sceall gar wesan?"monig morgen-ceald mundum bewunden,?"h?fen on handa, nalles hearpan sw那g?3025 "w?gend weccean, ac se wonna hrefn
"f?s ofer f?gum, fela reordian,?"earne secgan, h? him ?t ?te spe車w,?"tenden he wie wulf w?l re芍fode."?Swa se secg hwata secgende w?s?3030 laera spella; he ne le芍g fela
wyrda ne worda. Weorod eall aras,?eodon unbl?ee under Earna n?s?wollen-te芍re wundur sce芍wian.?Fundon ta on sande sawul-le芍sne?3035 hlim-bed healdan, tone te him hringas geaf
?rran m?lum: ta w?s ende-d?g?g?dum gegongen, t?t se g?e-cyning,?Wedra te車den, wundor-de芍ee swealt.??r h? ges那gan syll?cran wiht,?3040 wyrm on wonge wieer-r?htes t?r
laene licgean: w?s se l那g-draca,?griml?c gryre-g?st, gl那dum besw?led,?se w?s f?ftiges f?t-gemearces.?lang on legere, lyft-wynne he車ld?3045 nihtes hw?lum, nyeer eft gewat
dennes ni車sian; w?s ta de芍ee f?st,?h?fde eore-scrafa ende genyttod.?Him big st?dan bunan and orcas,?discas lagon and dyre swyrd,?3050 ?mige turh-etone, swa hie wie eorean f?em
t?send wintra t?r eardodon:?tonne w?s t?t yrfe e芍cen-cr?ftig,?i迆-monna gold galdre bewunden,?t?t tam hring-sele hr?nan ne m?ste?3055 gumena ?nig, nefne god sylfa,
sigora s?e-cyning, sealde tam te he wolde?(he is manna gehyld) hord openian,?efne swa hwylcum manna, swa him gemet t?hte.
XLII. W?GLAF SPEAKS. THE BUILDING OF THE BALE-FIRE.
Ta w?s gesyne, t?t se s?e ne tah?3060 tam te unrihte inne gehydde
wr?te under wealle. Weard ?r ofsl?h?fe芍ra sumne; ta si車 f?he geweare?gewrecen wrael?ce. Wundur hwar, tonne?eorl ellen-r?f ende gef那re?3065 l?f-gesceafta, tonne leng ne m?g
mon mid his magum medu-seld b?an.?Swa w?s Bi車wulfe, ta he biorges weard?s?hte, searo-n?eas: seolfa ne c?ee,?turh hw?t his worulde gedal weorean sceolde;?3070 swa hit ?e d?mes d?g di車pe benemdon
te車dnas m?re, ta t?t t?r dydon,?t?t se secg w?re synnum scildig,?hergum geheaeerod, hell-bendum f?st,?wommum gewitnad, se tone wong strade.?3075 N?s he gold-hw?t: gearwor h?fde
agendes 那st ?r gesce芍wod.?W?glaf maeelode, Wihstanes sunu:?"Oft sceall eorl monig anes willan?"wr?c adre車gan, swa ?s geworden is.?3080 "Ne meahton we gel?ran le車fne te車den,
"r?ces hyrde r?d ?nigne,?"t?t he ne gr那tte gold-weard tone,?"l那te hyne licgean, t?r he longe w?s,?"w?cum wunian ?e woruld-ende.?3085 "He車ldon he芍h gesceap: hord ys gesce芍wod,
"grimme gegongen; w?s t?t gifeee t? sw?e,?"te tone te車den tyder ontyhte.?"Ic w?s t?r inne and t?t eall geond-seh,?"recedes geatwa, ta me gerymed w?s,?3090 "nealles sw?sl?ce s?e alyfed
"inn under eore-weall. Ic on ?foste gef那ng?"micle mid mundum m?gen-byreenne?"hord-gestre車na, hider ?t ?tb?r?"cyninge m?num: cwico w?s ta gena,?3095 "w?s and gewittig; worn eall gespr?c
"gomol on geheo and e車wic gr那tan h那t,?"b?d t?t ge geworhton ?fter wines d?dum?"in b?l-stede beorh tone he芍n?"micelne and m?rne, swa he manna w?s?3100 "w?gend weore-fullost w?de geond eorean,
"tenden he burh-welan br?can m?ste.?"Uton nu 那fstan ?ere s?ee?"se車n and s那cean searo-getr?c,?"wundur under wealle! ic e車w w?sige,?3105 "t?t ge gen?ge ne芍n sce芍wiae
"be芍gas and brad gold. S?e si車 b?r gearo?"?dre ge?fned, tonne we ?t cymen,?"and tonne geferian fre芍n ?serne,?"le車fne mannan, t?r he longe sceal?3110 "on t?s waldendes w?re getolian."
H那t ta gebe車dan byre Wihstanes,?h?le hilde-di車r, h?leea monegum?bold-agendra, t?t hie b?l-wudu?feorran feredon, folc-agende?3115 g?dum t?g那nes: "Nu sceal gl那d fretan
"(weaxan wonna l那g) w?gena strengel,?"tone te oft gebad ?sern-sc?re,?"tonne str?la storm, strengum geb?ded,?"sc?c ofer scild-weall, sceft nytte he車ld,?3120 "feeer-gearwum f?s flane full-eode."
H?ru se snotra sunu Wihstanes?ac?gde of corere cyninges tegnas?syfone t?somne ta s那lestan,?eode eahta sum under inwit-hr?f;?3125 hilde-rinc sum on handa b?r
?led-le車man, se te on orde ge車ng.?N?s ta on hlytme, hwa t?t hord strude,?syeean or-wearde ?nigne d?l?secgas ges那gon on sele wunian,?3130 l?ne licgan: lyt ?nig mearn,
t?t hi ?fostlice ?t geferedon?dyre maemas; dracan 那c scufun,?wyrm ofer weall-clif, l那ton w?g niman,?fl?d f?emian fr?twa hyrde.?3135 T?r w?s wunden gold on w?n hladen,
?ghw?s unr?m, ?eeling boren,?har hilde-rinc t? Hrones n?sse.
XLIII. BE車WULF'S FUNERAL PYRE.
Him ta gegiredan Ge芍ta le車de?ad on eorean un-wacl?cne,?3140 helmum behongen, hilde-bordum,
beorhtum byrnum, swa he b那na w?s;?alegdon ta t?-middes m?rne te車den?h?lee hi車fende, hlaford le車fne.?Ongunnon ta on beorge b?l-fyra m?st?3145 w?gend weccan: wudu-r那c astah
sweart ofer swioeole, sw?gende l那g,?w?pe bewunden (wind-blond gel?g)??e t?t he ta ban-h?s gebrocen h?fde,?hat on hreere. Higum unr?te?3150 m?d-ceare m?ndon mon-dryhtnes cwealm;
swylce gi?mor-gyd + lat . con meowle?. . . . . wunden heorde . . .?serg (?) cearig s?lde geneahhe?t?t hio hyre . . . . gas hearde?3155 . . . . . ede w?lfylla wonn . .
hildes egesan hyeo?haf mid heofon r那ce swealh (?)?Geworhton ta Wedra le車de?hl?w on hliee, se w?s he芍h and brad,?3160 w?g-l?eendum w?de gesyne,
and betimbredon on tyn dagum?beadu-r?fes b那cn: bronda betost?wealle beworhton, swa hyt weorel?cost?fore-snotre men findan mihton.?3165 H? on beorg dydon b那g and siglu,
eall swylce hyrsta, swylce on horde ?r?n?e-hydige men genumen h?fdon;?forl那ton eorla gestre車n eorean healdan,?gold on gre車te, t?r hit nu gen lifae?3170 eldum swa unnyt, swa hit ?ror w?s.
Ta ymbe hl?w riodan hilde-de車re,??eelinga bearn ealra twelfa,?woldon ceare cw?ean, kyning m?nan,?word-gyd wrecan and ymb wer sprecan,?3175 eahtodan eorl-scipe and his ellen-weorc
dugueum d那mdon, swa hit ge-d那fe bie,?t?t mon his wine-dryhten wordum h那rge,?ferheum fre車ge, tonne he fore scile?of l?c-haman l?ne weorean.?3180 Swa begnornodon Ge芍ta le車de
hlafordes hryre, heore-gene芍tas,?cw?don t?t he w?re woruld-cyning?mannum mildust and mon-tw?rust,?le車dum l?eost and lof-geornost.
APPENDIX
THE ATTACK IN FINNSBURG. [Footnote: See v. 1069 seqq.]
". . . . . . . . . . . n?s byrnae n?fre."?Hleoerode ta heaeo-geong cyning:?"Ne tis ne dagae e芍stan, ne her draca ne fle車gee, "ne her tisse healle hornas ne byrnae,?5 "ac f那r fore berae fugelas singae,
"gyllee gr?g-hama, g?e-wudu hlynnee,?"scyld scefte oncwye. Nu scynee tes m?na?"waeol under wolcnum; nu ar?sae we芍-d?da,?"te tisne folces n?e fremman willae.?10 "Ac onwacnigeae nu, w?gend m?ne,
"hebbae e車wre handa, hicgeae on ellen,?"winnae on orde, wesae on m?de!"?Ta aras monig gold-hladen tegn, gyrde hine his swurde; ta t? dura eodon drihtl?ce cempan,?15 Sigefere and Eaha, hyra sweord getugon,
and ?t ?erum durum Ordlaf and G?elaf,?and Hengest sylf; hwearf him on laste.?Ta git Garulf G?eere styrode,?t?t hie swa fre車l?c feorh forman s?ee?20 t? t?re healle durum hyrsta ne b?ran,
nu hyt n?ea heard anyman wolde:?ac he fr?gn ofer eal undearninga,?de車r-m?d h?lee, hwa ta duru he車lde.?"Sigefere is m?n nama (cw?e he), ic eom Secgena le車d, 25 "wrecca w?de c?e. Fela ic we芍na gebad,
"heardra hilda; te is gyt her witod,?"sw?eer tu sylf t? me s那cean wylle."?Ta w?s on wealle w?l-slihta gehlyn,?sceolde c那lod bord c那num on handa?30 ban-helm berstan. Buruh-telu dynede,
?e t?t ?t t?re g?ee Garulf gecrang,?ealra ?rest eore-b?endra,?G?elafes sunu; ymbe hine g?dra fela.?Hwearf flacra hr?w hr?fn, wandrode?35 sweart and sealo-br?n; swurd-le車ma st?d
swylce eal Finns-buruh fyrenu w?re.?Ne gefr?gn ic n?fre wurel?cor ?t wera hilde?sixtig sige-beorna s那l geb?ran,?ne n?fre swanas sw那tne medo s那l forgyldan,?40 tonne Hn?fe guldon his h?g-stealdas.
Hig fuhton f?f dagas, swa hyra nan ne fe車l?driht-ges?ea, ac hig ta duru he車ldon.?Ta gewat him wund h?lee on w?g gangan,?s?de t?t his byrne abrocen w?re,?45 here-sceorpum hr?r, and e芍c w?s his helm tyrl.
Ta hine s?na fr?gn folces hyrde,?h? ta w?gend hyra wunda gen?son?oeee hw?eer t?ra hyssa . . . . . . .
LIST OF NAMES; NOTES; AND GLOSSARY.
ABBREVIATIONS
m.: masculine.?f.: feminine.?n.: neuter.?nom., gen.: nominative, genitive, etc.?w.: weak.?w. v.: weak verb.?st.: strong.?st. v.: strong verb.?I., II., III.: first, second, third person.?comp.: compound.?imper.: imperative.?w.: with.?instr.: instrumental.?G. and Goth.: Gothic.?O.N.: Old Norse.?O.S.: Old Saxon.?O.H.G.: Old High German.?M.H.G.: Middle High German.
The vowel ? = a_ in _glad }?The diphthong ? = a_ in _hair } approximately.
The names Leo, Bugge, Rieger, etc., refer to authors of emendations.
Words beginning with ge- will be found under their root-word.
Obvious abbreviations, like subj., etc., are not included in this list.
LIST OF NAMES.
Abel, Cain's brother, 108.
?lf-here (gen. ?lf-heres, 2605), a kinsman of W?glaf's, 2605.
?sc-here, confidential adviser of King Hr?egar (1326), older brother of Yrmenlaf (1325), killed by Grendel's mother, 1295, 1324, 2123.
Ban-stan, father of Breca, 524.
Be車-wulf, son of Scyld, king of the Danes, 18, 19. After the death of his father, he succeeds to the throne of the Scyldings, 53. His son is Healfdene, 57.
Be車-wulf (Bi車wulf, 1988, 2390; gen. Be車wulfes, 857, etc., Bi車wulfes, 2195, 2808, etc.; dat. Be車wulfe, 610, etc., Bi車wulfe, 2325, 2843), of the race of the Ge芍tas. His father is the W?gmunding Ecgte車w (263, etc.); his mother a daughter of Hr那eel, king of the Ge芍tas (374), at whose court he is brought up after his seventh year with Hr那eel's sons, Herebeald, H?ecyn, and Hygelac, 2429 ff. In his youth lazy and unapt (2184 f., 2188 f.); as man he attains in the gripe of his hand the strength of thirty men, 379. Hence his victories in his combats with bare hands (711 ff., 2502 ff.), while fate denies him the victory in the battle with swords, 2683 f. His swimming-match with Breca in his youth, 506 ff. Goes with fourteen Ge芍tas to the assistance of the Danish king, Hr?egar, against Grendel, 198 ff. His combat with Grendel, and his victory, 711 ff., 819 ff. He is, in consequence, presented with rich gifts by Hr?egar, 1021 ff. His combat with Grendel's mother, 1442 ff. Having again received gifts, he leaves Hr?egar (1818-1888), and returns to Hygelac, 1964 ff.--After Hygelac's last battle and death, he flees alone across the sea, 2360 f. In this battle he crushes D?ghrefn, one of the H?gas, to death, 2502 f. He rejects at the same time Hygelac's kingdom and the hand of his widow (2370 ff.), but carries on the government as guardian of the young Heardr那d, son of Hygelac, 2378 ff. After Heardr那d's death, the kingdom falls to Be車wulf, 2208, 2390.--Afterwards, on an expedition to avenge the murdered Heardr那d, he kills the Scylfing, E芍dgils (2397), and probably conquers his country. --His fight with the drake, 2539 ff. His death, 2818. His burial, 3135 ff.
Breca (acc. Brecan, 506, 531), son of Be芍nstan, 524. Chief of the Brondings, 521. His swimming-match with Be車wulf, 506 ff.
Brondingas (gen. Brondinga, 521), Breca, their chief, 521.
Brosinga mene, corrupted from, or according to M邦llenhoff, written by mistake for, Breosinga mene (O.N., Brisinga men, cf. Haupts Zeitschr. XII. 304), collar, which the Brisingas once possessed.
Cain (gen. Caines, 107): descended from him are Grendel and his kin, 107, 1262 ff.
D?g-hrefn (dat. D?ghrefne, 2502), a warrior of the H?gas, who, according to 2504-5, compared with 1203, and with 1208, seems to have been the slayer of King Hygelac, in his battle against the allied Franks, Frisians, and H?gas. Is crushed to death by Be車wulf in a hand-to-hand combat, 2502 ff.
Dene (gen. Dena, 242, etc., Denia, 2126, Deniga, 271, etc.; dat. Denum, 768, etc.), as subjects of Scyld and his descendants, they are also called Scyldings; and after the first king of the East Danes, Ing (Runenlied, 22), Ing-wine, 1045, 1320. They are also once called Hr那emen, 445. On account of their renowned warlike character, they bore the names Gar-Dene, 1, 1857, Hring-Dene (Armor-Danes), 116, 1280, Beorht-Dene, 427, 610. The great extent of this people is indicated by their names from the four quarters of the heavens: E芍st-Dene, 392, 617, etc., West-Dene, 383, 1579, S?e-Dene, 463, Nore-Dene, 784.--Their dwelling-place "in Scedelandum," 19, "on Scedenigge," 1687, "be s?m twe車num," 1686.
Ecg-laf (gen. Ecglafes, 499), H?nfere's father, 499.
Ecg-te車w (nom. Ecgte車w, 263, Ecgte車, 373; gen. Ecgte車wes, 529, etc., Ecgti車wes, 2000), a far-famed hero of the Ge芍tas, of the house of the W?gmundings. Be車wulf is the son of Ecgte車w, by the only daughter of Hr那eel, king of the Ge芍tas, 262, etc. Among the Wylfings, he has slain Heaeolaf (460), and in consequence he goes over the sea to the Danes (463), whose king, Hr?egar, by means of gold, finishes the strife for him, 470.
Ecg-wela (gen. Ecg-welan, 1711). The Scyldings are called his descendants, 1711. Grein considers him the founder of the older dynasty of Danish kings, which closes with Herem?d. See Herem?d.
Elan, daughter of Healfdene, king of the Danes, (?) 62. According to the restored text, she is the wife of Ongente車w, the Scylfing, 62, 63.
Earna-n?s, the Eagle Cape in the land of the Ge芍tas, where occurred Be車wulf's fight with the drake, 3032.
E芍dgils (dat. E芍dgilse, 2393), son of ?hthere, and grandson of Ongente車w, the Scylfing, 2393. His older brother is
E芍nmund (gen. E芍nmundes, 2612). What is said about both in our poem (2201-2207, 2380-2397, 2612-2620) is obscure, but the following may be conjectured:--
The sons of ?hthere, E芍nmund and E芍dgils, have rebelled against their father (2382), and must, in consequence, depart with their followers from Swi車r?ce, 2205-6, 2380. They come into the country of the Ge芍tas to Heardr那d (2380), but whether with friendly or hostile intent is not stated; but, according to 2203 f., we are to presume that they came against Heardr那d with designs of conquest. At a banquet (on feorme; or feorme, MS.) Heardr那d falls, probably through treachery, by the hand of one of the brothers, 2386, 2207. The murderer must have been E芍nmund, to whom, according to 2613, "in battle the revenge of Weohstan brings death." Weohstan takes revenge for his murdered king, and exercises upon E芍nmund's body the booty-right, and robs it of helm, breastplate, and sword (2616-17), which the slain man had received as gifts from his uncle, Onela, 2617-18. But Weohstan does not speak willingly of this fight, although he has slain Onela's brother's son, 2619-20.--After Heardr那d's and E芍nmund's death, the descendant of Ongente車w, E芍dgils, returns to his home, 2388. He must give way before Be車wulf, who has, since Heardr那d's death, ascended the throne of the Ge芍tas, 2390. But Be車wulf remembers it against him in after days, and the old feud breaks out anew, 2392-94. E芍dgils makes an invasion into the land of the Ge芍tas (2394-95), during which he falls at the hands of Be車wulf, 2397. The latter must have then obtained the sovereignty over the Sweonas (3005-6, where only the version, Scylfingas, can give a satisfactory sense).
Eofor (gen. Eofores, 2487, 2965; dat. Jofore, 2994, 2998), one of the Ge芍tas, son of Wonr那d and brother of Wulf (2965, 2979), kills the Swedish king, Ongente車w (2487 ff., 2978-82), for which he receives from King Hygelac, along with other gifts, his only daughter in marriage, 2994-99.
Eormen-r?c (gen. Eormenr?ces, 1202), king of the Goths (cf. about him, W. Grimm, Deutsche Heldensage, p. 2, ff.). Hama has wrested the Brosinga mene from him, 1202.
Eom?r, son of Offa and Tryeo (cf. Tryeo), 1961.
Finn (gen. Finnes, 1069, etc.; dat. Finne, 1129), son of Folcwalda (1090), king of the North Frisians, i.e. of the Eotenas, husband of Hildeburg, a daughter of H?c, 1072, 1077. He is the hero of the inserted poem on the Attack in Finnsburg, the obscure incidents of which are, perhaps, as follows: In Finn's castle, Finnsburg, situated in Jutland (1126-28), the H?cing, Hn?f, a relative--perhaps a brother--of Hildeburg is spending some time as guest. Hn?f, who is a liegeman of the Danish king, Healfdene, has sixty men with him (Finnsburg, 38). These are treacherously attacked one night by Finn's men, 1073. For five days they hold the doors of their lodging-place without losing one of their number (Finnsburg, 41, 42). Then, however, Hn?f is slain (1071), and the Dane, Hengest, who was among Hn?f's followers, assumes the command of the beleaguered band. But on the attacking side the fight has brought terrible losses to Finn's men. Their numbers are diminished (1081 f.), and Hildeburg bemoans a son and a brother among the fallen (1074 f., cf. 1116, 1119). Therefore the Frisians offer the Danes peace (1086) under the conditions mentioned (1087-1095), and it is confirmed with oaths (1097), and money is given by Finn in propitiation (1108). Now all who have survived the battle go together to Friesland, the homo proper of Finn, and here Hengest remains during the winter, prevented by ice and storms from returning home (Grein). But in spring the feud breaks out anew. G?elaf and Oslaf avenge Hn?f's fall, probably after they have brought help from home (1150). In the battle, the hall is filled with the corpses of the enemy. Finn himself is killed, and the queen is captured and carried away, along with the booty, to the land of the Danes, 1147-1160.
Finna land. Be車wulf reaches it in his swimming-race with Breca, 580.
Fitela, the son and nephew of the W?lsing, Sigemund, and his companion in arms, 876-890. (Sigemund had begotten Fitela by his sister, Signy. Cf. more at length Leo on Be車wulf, p. 38 ff., where an extract from the legend of the Walsungs is given.)
Folc-walda (gen. Folc-waldan, 1090), Finn's father, 1090.
Francan (gen. Francna, 1211; dat. Froncum, 2913). King Hygelac fell on an expedition against the allied Franks, Frisians, and H?gas, 1211, 2917.
Fresan, Frisan, Frysan (gen. Fresena, 1094, Frysna, 1105, Fresna, 2916: dat. Frysum, 1208, 2913). To be distinguished, are: 1) North Frisians, whose king is Finn, 1069 ff.; 2) West Frisians, in alliance with the Franks and H?gas, in the war against whom Hygelac falls, 1208, 2916. The country of the former is called Frysland, 1127; that of the latter, Fresna land, 2916.
Fr..es w?l (in Fr..es w?le, 1071), mutilated proper name.
Fre芍waru, daughter of the Danish king, Hr?egar; given in marriage to Ingeld, the son of the Heaeobeard king, Fr?da, in order to end a war between the Danes and the Heaeobeardnas, 2023 ff., 2065.
Fr?da (gen. Fr?dan), father of Ingeld, the husband of Fre芍ware, 2026.
Garmund (gen. Garmundes, 1963) father of Offa. His grandson is E車m?r, 1961-63.
Ge芍tas (gen. Ge芍ta, 205, etc.; dat. Ge芍tum, 195, etc.), a tribe in Southern Scandinavia, to which the hero of this poem belongs; also called Wederge芍tas, 1493, 2552; or, Wederas, 225, 423, etc.; G?ege芍tas, 1539; S?ge芍tas, 1851, 1987. Their kings named in this poem are: Hr那eel; H?ecyn, second son of Hr那eel; Hygelac, the brother of H?ecyn; Heardr那d, son of Hygelac; then Be車wulf.
Gifeas (dat. Gifeum, 2495), Gepid?, mentioned in connection with Danes and Swedes, 2495.
Grendel, a fen-spirit (102-3) of Cain's race, 107, 111, 1262, 1267. He breaks every night into Hr?egar's hall and carries off thirty warriors, 115 ff., 1583ff. He continues this for twelve years, till Be車wulf fights with him (147, 711 ff.), and gives him a mortal wound, in that he tears out one of his arms (817), which is hung up as a trophy in the roof of Heorot, 837. Grendel's mother wishes to avenge her son, and the following night breaks into the hall and carries off ?schere, 1295. Be車wulf seeks for and finds her home in the fen-lake (1493 ff.), fights with her (1498 ff.), and kills her (1567); and cuts off the head of Grendel, who lay there dead (1589), and brings it to Hr?egar, 1648.
G?e-laf and Oslaf, Danish warriors under Hn?f, whose death they avenge on Finn, 1149.
Halga, with the surname, til, the younger brother of the Danish king, Hr?egar, 61. His son is Hr?eulf, 1018, 1165, 1182.
Hama wrests the Brosinga mene from Eormenr?c, 1199.
H?ree (gen. H?reees, 1982), father of Hygd, the wife of Hygelac, 1930, 1982.
H?ecyn (dat. H?ecynne, 2483), second son of Hr那eel, king of the Ge芍tas, 2435. Kills his oldest brother, Herebeald, accidentally, with an arrow, 2438 ff. After Hr那eel's death, he obtains the kingdom, 2475, 2483. He falls at Ravenswood, in the battle against the Swedish king, Ongente車w, 2925. His successor is his younger brother, Hygelac, 2944 ff., 2992.
Helmingas (gen. Helminga, 621). From them comes Wealhte車w, Hr?egar's wife, 621.
Heming (gen. Heminges, 1945, 1962). Offa is called Heminges m?g, 1945; E車m?r, 1962. According to Bachlechner (Pfeiffer's Germania, I., p. 458), Heming is the son of the sister of Garmund, Offa's father.
Hengest (gen. Hengestes, 1092; dat. Hengeste, 1084): about him and his relations to Hn?f and Finn, see Finn.
Here-beald (dat. Herebealde, 2464), the oldest son of Hr那eel, king of the Ge芍tas (2435), accidentally killed with an arrow by his younger brother, H?ecyn, 2440.
Here-m?d (gen. Herem?des, 902), king of the Danes, not belonging to the Scylding dynasty, but, according to Grein, immediately preceding it; is, on account of his unprecedented cruelty, driven out, 902 ff., 1710.
Here-r?c (gen. Herer?ces, 2207) Heardr那d is called Herer?ces nefa, 2207. Nothing further is known of him.
Het-ware or Franks, in alliance with the Frisians and the H?gas, conquer Hygelac, king of the Ge芍tas, 2355, 2364 ff., 2917.
Healf-dene (gen. Healfdenes, 189, etc.), son of Be車wulf, the Scylding (57); rules the Danes long and gloriously (57 f.); has three sons, Heorogar, Hr?egar, and Halga (61), and a daughter, Elan, who, according to the renewed text of the passage, w?s married to the Scylfing, Ongente車w, 62, 63.
Heard-r那d (dat. Heardr那de, 2203, 2376), son of Hygelac, king of the Ge芍tas, and Hygd. After his father's death, while still under age, he obtains the throne (2371, 2376, 2379); wherefore Be車wulf, as nephew of Heardr那d's father, acts as guardian to the youth till he becomes older, 2378. He is slain by ?hthere's sons, 2386. This murder Be車wulf avenges on E芍dgils, 2396-97.
Heaeo-beardnas (gen. -beardna, 2033, 2038, 2068), the tribe of the Lombards. Their king, Fr?da, has fallen in a war with the Danes, 2029, 2051. In order to end the feud, King Hr?egar has given his daughter, Fre芍waru, as wife to the young Ingeld, the son of Fr?da, a marriage that does not result happily; for Ingeld, though he long defers it on account of his love for his wife, nevertheless takes revenge for his father, 2021-2070 (W?ds?e, 45-49).
Heaeo-laf (dat. Heaeo-lafe, 460), a Wylfingish warrior. Ecgte車w, Be車wulf's father, kills him, 460.
Heaeo-r?mas reached by B. in the swimming-race with Be車wulf, 519.
Heoro-gar (nom. 61; Heregar, 467; Hiorogar, 2159), son of Healfdene, and older brother of Hr?egar, 61. His death is mentioned, 467. He has a son, Heoroweard, 2162. His coat of mail Be車wulf has received from Hr?egar (2156), and presents it to Hygelac, 2158.
Heoro-weard (dat. Heorowearde, 2162), Heorogar's son, 2161-62.
Heort, 78. Heorot, 166 (gen. Heorotes, 403; dat. Heorote, 475, Heorute, 767, Hiorte, 2100). Hr?egar's throne-room and banqueting hall and assembly-room for his liegemen, built by him with unusual splendor, 69, 78. In it occurs Be車wulf's fight with Grendel, 720 ff. The hall receives its name from the stag's antlers, of which the one-half crowns the eastern gable, the other half the western.
Hildeburh, daughter of H?c, relative of the Danish leader, Hn?f, consort of the Frisian king, Finn. After the fall of the latter, she becomes a captive of the Danes, 1072, 1077, 1159. See also under Finn.
Hn?f (gen. Hn?fes, 1115), a H?cing (W?ds?e, 29), the Danish King Healfdene's general, 1070 ff. For his fight with Finn, his death and burial, see under Finn.
Hond-sci車, warrior of the Ge芍tas: dat. 2077.
H?c (gen. H?ces, 1077), father of Hildeburh, 1077; probably also of Hn?f (W?ds?e, 29).
Hr那eel (gen. Hr那eles, 1486), son of Swerting, 1204. King of the Ge芍tas, 374. He has, besides, a daughter, who is married to Ecgte車w, and has borne him Be車wulf, (374), three sons, Herebeald, H?ecyn, and Hygelac, 2435. The eldest of these is accidentally killed by the second, 2440. On account of this inexpiable deed, Hr那eel becomes melancholy (2443), and dies, 2475.
Hr那ela (gen. Hr那elan, MS. Hr?dlan, 454), the same as Hr那eel (cf. M邦llenhoff in Haupts Zeitschrift, 12, 260), the former owner of Be車wulf's coat of mail, 454.
Hr那e-men (gen. Hr那e-manna, 445), the Danes are so called, 445.
Hr那e-r?c, son of Hr?egar, 1190, 1837.
Hrefna-wudu, 2926, or Hrefnes-holt, 2936, the thicket near which the Swedish king, Ongente車w, slew H?ecyn, king of the Ge芍tas, in battle.
Hreosna-beorh, promontory in the land of the Ge芍tas, near which Ongente車w's sons, ?hthere and Onela, had made repeated robbing incursions into the country after Hr那eel's death. These were the immediate cause of the war in which Hr那eel's son, King H?ecyn, fell, 2478 ff.
Hr?e-gar (gen. Hr?egares, 235, etc.; dat. Hr?egare, 64, etc.), of the dynasty of the Scyldings; the second of the three sons of King Healfdene, 61. After the death of his elder brother, Heorogar, he assumes the government of the Danes, 465, 467 (yet it is not certain whether Heorogar was king of the Danes before Hr?egar, or whether his death occurred while his father, Healfdene, was still alive). His consort is Wealhte車w (613), of the stock of the Helmings (621), who has borne him two sons, Hr那er?c and Hr?emund (1190), and a daughter, Fre芍ware (2023), who has been given in marriage to the king of the Heaeobeardnas, Ingeld. His throne-room (78 ff.), which has been built at great cost (74 ff.), is visited every night by Grendel (102, 115), who, along with his mother, is slain by Be車wulf (711 ff., 1493 ff). Hr?egar's rich gifts to Be車wulf, in consequence, 1021, 1818; he is praised as being generous, 71 ff., 80, 1028 ff., 1868 ff.; as being brave, 1041 ff., 1771 ff.; and wise, 1699, 1725.--Other information about Hr?egar's reign for the most part only suggested: his expiation of the murder which Ecgte車w, Be車wulf's father, committed upon Heaeolaf, 460, 470; his war with the Heaeobeardnas; his adjustment of it by giving his daughter, Fre芍ware, in marriage to their king, Ingeld; evil results of this marriage, 2021-2070.--Treachery of his brother's son, Hr?eulf, intimated, 1165-1166.
Hr?e-mund, Hr?egar's son, 1190.
Hr?e-ulf, probably a son of Halga, the younger brother of King Hr?egar, 1018, 1182. Wealhte車w expresses the hope (1182) that, in case of the early death of Hr?egar, Hr?e-ulf would prove a good guardian to Hr?egar's young son, who would succeed to the government; a hope which seems not to have been accomplished, since it appears from 1165, 1166 that Hr?e-ulf has abused his trust towards Hr?egar.
Hrones-n?s (dat. -n?sse, 2806, 3137), a promontory on the coast of the country of the Ge芍tas, visible from afar. Here is Be車wulf's grave-mound, 2806, 3137.
Hrunting (dat. Hruntinge, 1660), H?nfere's sword, is so called, 1458, 1660.
H?gas (gen. H?ga, 2503), Hygelac wars against them allied with the Franks and Frisians, and falls, 2195 ff. One of their heroes is called D?ghrefn, whom Be車wulf slays, 2503.
[H]?n-fere, the son of Ecglaf, tyle of King Hr?egar. As such, he has his place near the throne of the king, 499, 500, 1167. He lends his sword, Hrunting, to Be車wulf for his battle with Grendel's mother, 1456 f. According to 588, 1168, he slew his brothers. Since his name is always alliterated with vowels, it is probable that the original form was, as Rieger (Zachers Ztschr., 3, 414) conjectures, Unfere.
H?n-lafing, name of a costly sword, which Finn presents to Hengest, 1144. See Note.
Hygd (dat. Hygde, 2173), daughter of H?ree, 1930; consort of Hygelac, king of the Ge芍tas, 1927; her son, Heardr那d, 2203, etc.--Her noble, womanly character is emphasized, 1927 ff.
Hyge-lac (gen. Hige-laces, 194, etc., Hygelaces, 2387; dat. Higelace, 452, Hygelace, 2170), king of the Ge芍tas, 1203, etc. His grandfather is Swerting, 1204; his father, Hr那eel, 1486, 1848; his older brothers, Herebeald and H?ecyn, 2435; his sister's son, Be車wulf, 374, 375. After his brother, H?ecyn, is killed by Ongente車w, he undertakes the government (2992 in connection with the preceding from 2937 on). To Eofor he gives, as reward for slaying Ongente車w, his only daughter in marriage, 2998. But much later, at the time of the return of Be車wulf from his expedition to Hr?egar, we see him married to the very young Hygd, the daughter of H?ree, 1930. The latter seems, then, to have been his second wife. Their son is Heardr那d, 2203, 2376, 2387.--Hygelac falls during an expedition against the Franks, Frisians, and H?gas, 1206, 1211, 2356-59, 2916-17.
Ingeld (dat. Ingelde, 2065), son of Fr?da, the Heaeobeard chief, who fell in a battle with the Danes, 2051 ff. in order to end the war, Ingeld is married to Fre芍waru, daughter of the Danish king, Hr?egar, 2025-30. Yet his love for his young wife can make him forget only for a short while his desire to avenge his father. He finally carries it out, excited thereto by the repeated admonitions of an old warrior, 2042-70 (W?ds?e, 45-59).
Ing-wine (gen. Ingwina, 1045, 1320), friends of Ing, the first king of the East Danes. The Danes are so called, 1045, 1320.
Mere-wioingas (gen. Mere-wioinga, 2922), as name of the Franks, 2922.
N?gling, the name of Be車wulf's sword, 2681.
Offa (gen. Offan, 1950), king of the Angles (W?ds?e, 35), the son of Garmund, 1963; married (1950) to Tryeo (1932), a beautiful but cruel woman, of unfeminine spirit (1932 ff.), by whom he has a son, E車m?r, 1961.
?ht-here (gen. ?htheres, 2929, 2933; ?hteres, 2381, 2393, 2395, 2613), son of Ongente車w, king of the Swedes, 2929. His sons are E芍nmund (2612) and E芍dgils, 2393.
Onela (gen. Onelan, 2933), ?hthere's brother, 2617, 2933.
Ongen-te車w (nom. -te車w, 2487, -ti車, 2952; gen. -te車wes, 2476, -ti車wes, 2388; dat. -ti車, 2987), of the dynasty of the Scylfings; king of the Swedes, 2384. His wife is, perhaps, Elan, daughter of the Danish king, Healfdene (62), and mother of two sons, Onela and ?hthere, 2933. She is taken prisoner by H?ecyn, king of the Ge芍tas, on an expedition into Sweden, which he undertakes on account of her sons' plundering raids into his country, 2480 ff. She is set free by Ongente車w (2931), who kills H?ecyn, 2925, and encloses the Ge芍tas, now deprived of their leader, in the Ravenswood (2937 ff.), till they are freed by Hygelac, 2944. A battle then follows, which is unfavorable to Ongente車w's army. Ongente車w himself, attacked by the brothers, Wulf and Eofor, is slain by the latter, 2487 ff., 2962 ff.
?s-laf, a warrior of Hn?f's, who avenges on Finn his leader's death, 1149 f.
Scede-land, 19. Sceden-?g (dat. Sceden-?gge, 1687), O.N., Scan-ey, the most southern portion of the Scandinavian peninsula, belonging to the Danish kingdom, and, in the above-mentioned passages of our poem, a designation of the whole Danish kingdom.
Sc那f or Sce芍f. See Note.
Scyld (gen. Scyldes, 19), a Sc那fing. 4. His son is Be車wulf, 18, 53: his grandson, Healfdene, 57; his great-grandson, Hr?egar, who had two brothers and a sister, 59 ff.--Scyld dies, 26; his body, upon a decorated ship, is given over to the sea (32 ff.), just as he, when a child, drifted alone, upon a ship, to the land of the Danes, 43 ff. After him his descendants bear his name.
Scyldingas (Scyldungas, 2053; gen. Scyldinga, 53, etc., Scyldunga, 2102, 2160; dat. Scyldingum, 274, etc.), a name which is extended also to the Danes, who are ruled by the Scyldings, 53, etc. They are also called ?r-Scyldingas, 464; Sige-Scyldingas, 598, 2005; Te車d-Scyldingas, 1020; Here-Scyldingas, 1109.
Scylfingas, a Swedish royal family, whose relationship seems to extend to the Ge芍tas, since W?glaf, the son of Wihstan, who in another place, as a kinsman of Be車wulf, is called a W?gmunding (2815), is also called le車d Scylfinga, 2604. The family connections are perhaps as follows:--
               Scylf.
                 |
 

W?gmund. .......
| |

Ecgte車w. Weohstan. Ongente車w.
| | |

Be車wulf. W?glaf. Onela. ?hthere.
                              |
                  -----------------
                  E芍umund. E芍dgils.
 
The Scylfings are also called Heaeo-Scilfingas, 63, G?e-Scylfingas, 2928.
Sige-mund (dat. -munde, 876, 885), the son of W?ls, 878, 898. His (son and) nephew is Fitela, 880, 882. His fight with the drake, 887 ff.
Swerting (gen. Swertinges, 1204), Hygelac's grandfather, and Hr那eel's father, 1204.
Sweon (gen. Sweona, 2473, 2947, 3002), also Swe車-te車d, 2923. The dynasty of the Scylfings rules over them, 2382, 2925. Their realm is called Swi車rice, 2384, 2496.
Tryeo, consort of the Angle king, Offa, 1932, 1950. Mother of E車m?r, 1961, notorious on account of her cruel, unfeminine character, 1932 ff. She is mentioned as the opposite to the mild, dignified Hygd, the queen of the Ge芍tas.
W?ls (gen. W?lses, 898), father of Sigemund, 878, 898.
W?g-mundingas (gen. W?gmundinga, 2608, 2815). The W?gmundings are on one side, Wihstan and his son W?glaf; on the other side, Ecgte車w and his son Be車wulf (2608, 2815). See under Scylfingas.
Wederas (gen. Wedera, 225, 423, 498, etc.), or Weder-ge芍tas. See Ge芍tas.
W那land (gen. W那landes, 455), the maker of Be車wulf's coat of mail, 455.
Wendlas (gen. Wendla, 348): their chief is Wulfgar. See Wulfgar. The Wendlas are, according to Grundtvig and Bugge, the inhabitants of Vendill, the most northern part of Jutland, between Limfjord and the sea.
Wealh-te車w (613, Wealh-te車, 665, 1163), the consort of King Hr?egar, of the stock of the Helmings, 621. Her sons are Hr那er?c and Hr?emund, 1190; her daughter, Fre芍waru, 2023.
Weoh-stan (gen. Weox-stanes, 2603, Weoh-stanes, 2863, Wih-stanes, 2753, 2908, etc.), a W?gmunding (2608), father of W?glaf, 2603. In what relationship to him ?lfhere, mentioned 2605, stands, is not clear.--Weohstan is the slayer of E芍nmund (2612), in that, as it seems, he takes revenge for his murdered king, Heardr那d. See E芍nmund.
W?g-laf, Weohstan's son, 2603, etc., a W?gmunding, 2815, and so also a Scylfing, 2604; a kinsman of ?lfhere, 2605. For his relationship to Be車wulf, see the genealogical table under Scylfingas.--He supports Be車wulf in his fight with the drake, 2605 ff., 2662 ff. The hero gives him, before his death, his ring, his helm, and his coat of mail, 2810 ff.
Won-r那d (gen. Wonr那des, 2972), father of Wulf and Eofor, 2966, 2979.
Wulf (dat. Wulfe, 2994), one of the Ge芍tas, Wonr那d's son. He fights in the battle between the armies of Hygelac and Ongente車w with Ongente車w himself, and gives him a wound (2966), whereupon Ongente車w, by a stroke of his sword, disables him, 2975. Eofor avenges his brother's fall by dealing Ongente車w a mortal blow, 2978 ff.
Wulf-gar, chief of the Wendlas, 348, lives at Hr?egar's court, and is his "ar and ombiht," 335.
Wylfingas (dat. Wylfingum, 461). Ecgte車w has slain Heoeolaf, a warrior of this tribe, 460.
Yrmen-laf, younger brother of ?schere, 1325.
ADDITIONAL.
Eotenas (gen. pl. Eotena, 1073, 1089, 1142; dat. Eotenum, 1146), the subjects of Finn, the North Frisians: distinguished from eoton, giant. Vid eoton. Cf. Bugge, Beit., xii. 37; Earle, Beowulf in Prose, pp. 146, 198.
Hr那eling, son of Hr那eel, Hygelac: nom. sg. 1924; nom. pl., the subjects of Hygelac, the Geats, 2961.
Sc那fing, the son (?) of Sc那f, or Sce芍f, reputed father of Scyld, 4. See Note.
ABBREVIATIONS.
                B.: Bugge.
               Br.: S.A. Brooke, Hist. of Early Eng. Lit.
                C.: Cosijn.
                E.: Earle, Deeds of Beowulf in Prose.
                G.: Garnett, Translation of Beowulf
               Gr.: Grein.
                H.: Heyne.
               Ha.: Hall, Translation of Beowulf.
            H.-So.: Heyne-Socin, 5th ed.
               Ho.: Holder.
                K.: Kemble.
               Kl.: Kluge.
          M邦llenh.: M邦llenhoff.
                R.: Rieger.
                S.: Sievers.
               Sw.: Sweet, Anglo-Saxon Reader, 6th ed.
           Ten Br.: Ten Brink.
               Th.: Thorpe.
                Z.: Zupitza.
 
                  PERIODICALS.
 
              Ang.: Anglia.
             Beit.: Paul und Branne's Beitr?ge.
        Eng. Stud.: Englische Studien.
             Germ.: Germania.
 
Haupts Zeitschr.: Haupts Zeitschrift, etc.?Mod. Lang. Notes: Modern Language Notes.
Tidskr.: Tidskrift for Philologi.?Zachers Zeitschr.: Zachers Zeitschrift, etc.
NOTES.
l. 1. hw?t: for this interjectional formula opening a poem, cf. _Andreas, Daniel, Juliana, Exodus, Fata Apost., Dream of the Rood_, and the "Listenith lordinges!" of mediaeval lays.--E. Cf. Chaucer, Prologue, ed. Morris, l. 853:
"Sin I shal beginne the game,?What, welcome be the cut, a Goddes name!"
we ... gefrunon is a variant on the usual epic formul? ic gefr?gn (l. 74) and m?ne gefr?ge (l. 777). Exodus, Daniel, Phoenix, etc., open with the same formula.
l. 1. "Gar was the javelin, armed with two of which the warrior went into battle, and which he threw over the 'shield-wall.' It was barbed."--Br. 124. Cf. Maldon_, l. 296; _Judith_, l. 224; _Gnom. Verses, l. 22; etc.
l. 4. "Scild of the Sheaf, not 'Scyld the son of Scaf'; for it is too inconsistent, even in myth, to give a patronymic to a foundling. According to the original form of the story, Sce芍f was the foundling; he had come ashore with a sheaf of corn, and from that was named. This form of the story is preserved in Ethelwerd and in William of Malmesbury. But here the foundling is Scyld, and we must suppose he was picked up with the sheaf, and hence his cognomen."--E., p. 105. Cf. the accounts of Romulus and Remus, of Moses, of Cyrus, etc.
l. 6. egsian is also used in an active sense (not in the Gloss.), = _to terrify_.
l. 15. S. suggests ta (which) for t?t, as object of dre車gan; and for aldor-le芍se, Gr. suggested aldor-ceare.--Beit. ix. 136.
S. translates: "For God had seen the dire need which the rulerless ones before endured."
l. 18. "Beowulf (that is, Beaw of the Anglo-Saxon genealogists, not our Beowulf, who was a Geat, not a Dane), 'the son of Scyld in Scedeland.' This is our ancestral myth,--the story of the first culture-hero of the North; 'the patriarch,' as Rydberg calls him, 'of the royal families of Sweden, Denmark, Angeln, Saxland, and England.'"--Br., p. 78. Cf. A.-S. Chron. an. 855.
H.-So. omits parenthetic marks, and reads (after S., Beit. ix. 135) eaferan; cf. Fata Apost.: lof w?de sprang te車dnes tegna.
"The name Beowulf means literally 'Bee-wolf,' wolf or ravager of the bees, = bear. Cf. beorn, 'hero,' originally 'bear,' and beohata, 'warrior,' in C?dmon, literally 'bee-hater' or?'persecutor,' and hence identical in meaning with beowulf."--Sw.
Cf. "Arcite and Palamon,
That foughten breme, as it were bores two."
--Chaucer, Knightes Tale, l. 841, ed. Morris.
Cf. M. M邦ller, Science of Lang., Sec. Series, pp. 217, 218; and Hunt's Daniel, 104.
l. 19. Cf. l. 1866, where Scedenig is used, = Scania, in Sweden(?).
l. 21. wine is pl.; cf. its apposition wil-ges?eas below. H.-So. compares _H谷liand_, 1017, for language almost identical with ll. 20, 21.
l. 22. on ylde: cf.
"In elde is bothe wisdom and usage."
--Chaucer, Knightes Tale, l. 1590, ed. Morris.
l. 26. Reflexive objects often pleonastically accompany verbs of motion; cf. ll. 234, 301, 1964, etc.
l. 28. faroe = shore, strand, edge. Add these to the meanings in the Gloss.
l. 31. The object of ahte is probably geweald, to be supplied from wordum we車ld of l. 30.--H.-So.
R., Kl., and B. all hold conflicting views of this passage: Beit. xii. 80, ix. 188; Zachers Zeitschr. iii. 382, etc. Kl. suggests l?ndagas for lange.
l. 32. "hringed-stefna is sometimes translated 'with curved prow,' but it means, I think, that in the prow were fastened rings through which the cables were passed that tied it to the shore."--Br., p. 26. Cf. ll. 1132, 1898. Hring-horni was the mythic ship of the Edda. See Toller-Bosworth for three different views; and cf. wunden-stefna (l. 220), hring-naca (l. 1863).
ll. 34-52. Cf. the burial of Haki on a funeral-pyre ship, Inglinga Saga; the burial of Balder, Sinfi?tli, Arthur, etc.
l. 35. "And this [their joy in the sea] is all the plainer from the number of names given to the ship-names which speak their pride and affection. It is the ?theling's vessel, the Floater, the Wave-swimmer, the Ring-sterned, the Keel, the Well-bound wood, the Sea-wood, the Sea-ganger, the Sea-broad ship, the Wide-bosomed, the Prow-curved, the Wood of the curved neck, the Foam-throated floater that flew like a bird."--Br., p. 168.
l. 49. "We know from Scandinavian graves ... that the illustrious dead were buried ... in ships, with their bows to sea-ward; that they were however not sent to sea, but were either burnt in that position, or mounded over with earth."--E. See Du Chaillu, The Viking Age, xix.
l. 51. (1) sele-r?dende (K., S., C.); (2) s那le-r?denne (H.); (3) sele-r?dende (H.-So.). Cf. l. 1347; and see Ha.
l. 51. E. compares with this canto Tennyson's "Passing of Arthur" and the legendary burial-journey of St. James of Campostella, an. 800.
l. 53. The poem proper begins with this, "There was once upon a time," the first 52 lines being a prelude. Eleven of the "fitts," or cantos, begin with the monosyllable ta, four with the verb gew?tan, nine with the formula Hr?egar (Be車wulf, Unfere) maeelode, twenty-four with monosyllables in general (him, swa, s那, hw?t, ta, h那ht, w?s, m?g, cw?m, str?t).
l. 58. gamel. "The ... characteristics of the poetry are the use of archaic forms and words, such as mec for m谷, the possessive s赤n, gamol, d車gor, sw芍t for eald, d?g, bl車d, etc., after they had become obsolete in the prose language, and the use of special compounds and phrases, such as hilden?dre (war-adder) for 'arrow,' gold-gifa (gold-giver) for 'king,' ... goldwine gumena (goldfriend of men, distributor of gold to men) for 'king,'" etc.--Sw. Other poetic words are ides, ielde (men), etc.
l. 60. H.-So. reads r?swa (referring to Heorogar alone), and places a point (with the Ms.) after Heorogar instead of after r?swa. Cf. l. 469; see B., Zachers Zeitschr. iv. 193.
l. 62. Elan here (OHG. Elana, Ellena, Elena, Elina, Alyan) is thought by B. (Tidskr. viii. 43) to be a remnant of the masc. name Onela, and he reads: [On-]elan ew那n, Heaeoscilfingas(=es) healsgebedda.
l. 68. For h那, omitted here, cf. l. 300. Pronouns are occasionally thus omitted insubord. clauses.--Sw.
l. 70. tone, here = tonne, than, and micel = mare? The passage, by a slight change, might be made to read, medo-?rn micle ma gewyrcean,--tone = by much larger than,--in which tone (tonne) would come in naturally.
l. 73. folc-scare. Add folk-share to the meanings in the Gloss.; and cf. g?e-scearu.
l. 74. ic wide gefr?gn: an epic formula very frequent in poetry, = _men said._ Cf. Judith_, ll. 7, 246; _Phoenix, l. 1; and the parallel (noun) formula, m?ne gefr?ge, ll. 777, 838, 1956, etc.
ll. 78-83. "The hall was a rectangular, high-roofed, wooden building, its long sides facing north and south. The two gables, at either end, had stag-horns on their points, curving forwards, and these, as well as the ridge of the roof, were probably covered with shining metal, and glittered bravely in the sun."--Br., p. 32.
l. 84. Son-in-law and father-in-law;_ B., a so-called _dvanda compound. Cf. l. 1164, where a similar compound means uncle and nephew; and W?ds?e's suhtorf?dran, used of the same persons.
l. 88. "The word dre芍m conveys the buzz and hum of social happiness, and more particularly the sound of music and singing."--E. Cf. l. 3021; and Judith_, l. 350; _Wanderer, l. 79, etc.
ll. 90-99. There is a suspicious similarity between this passage and the lines attributed by Bede to C?dmon:
N? w那 sculan herian heofonrices Weard, etc.?--Sw., p. 47.
ll. 90-98 are probably the interpolation of a Christian scribe.
ll. 92-97. "The first of these Christian elements [in _Be車wulf_] is the sense of a fairer, softer world than that in which the Northern warriors lived.... Another Christian passage (ll. 107, 1262) derives all the demons, eotens, elves, and dreadful sea-beasts from the race of Cain. The folly of sacrificing to the heathen gods is spoken of (l. 175).... The other point is the belief in immortality (ll. 1202, 1761)."--Br. 71.
l. 100. Cf. l. 2211, where the third dragon of the poem is introduced in the same words. Beowulf is the forerunner of that other national dragon-slayer, St. George.
l. 100. onginnan in _Be車wulf_ is treated like verbs of motion and modal auxiliaries, and takes the object inf. without t?; cf. ll. 872, 1606, 1984, 244. Cf. gan (= did) in Mid. Eng.: gan espye (Chaucer, _Knightes Tale_, l. 254, ed. Morris).
l. 101. B. and H.-So. read, fe車nd on healle; cf. l. 142.--Beit. xii.
ll. 101-151. "Grimm connects [Grendel] with the Anglo-Saxon grindel (_a bolt_ or bar).... It carries with it the notion of the bolts and bars of hell, and hence a fiend. ... Ettm邦ller was the first ... to connect the name with grindan, to grind, to crush to pieces, to utterly destroy. Grendel is then the tearer, the destroyer."--Br., p. 83.
l. 102. g?st = stranger (Ha.); cf. ll. 1139, 1442, 2313, etc.
l. 103. See Ha., p. 4.
l. 106. "The perfect and pluperfect are often expressed, as in Modern English, by h?fe and h?fde with the past participle."--Sw. Cf. ll. 433, 408, 940, 205 (p. p. inflected in the last two cases), etc.
l. 106. S. destroys period here, reads in Caines, etc., and puts tone ... drihten in parenthesis.
l. 108. t?s te = because, especially after verbs of thanking (cf. ll. 228, 627, 1780, 2798); according as (l. 1351).
l. 108. The def. article is omitted with Drihten (Lord) and Deofol (devil; cf. l. 2089), as it is, generally, sparingly employed in poetry; cf. t? s? (l. 318), ofer s? (l. 2381), on lande (l. 2311), t? r?ste (l. 1238), on wicge (l. 286), etc., etc.
l. 119. weras (S., H.-So.); wera (K., Th.).--Beit. ix. 137.
l. 120. unf?lo = uncanny (R.).
l. 131. E. translates, majestic rage; adopting Gr.'s view that swye is = Icel. sviei, a burn_ or _burning. Cf. l. 737.
l. 142. B. supposes heal-tegnes to be corrupted from heltegnes; cf. l. 101.--Beit. xii. 80. See G?elac, l. 1042.
l. 144. See Ha., p. 6, for S.'s rearrangement.
l. 146. S. destroys period after s那lest, puts w?s ... micel in parenthesis, and inserts a colon after t?d.
l. 149. B. reads sarcwidum for syeean.
l. 154. B. takes sibbe for accus. obj. of wolde, and places a comma after Deniga.--Beit. xii. 82.
l. 159. R. suggests ac se for atol.
l. 168. H.-So. plausibly conjectures this parenthesis to be a late insertion, as, at ll. 180-181, the Danes also are said to be heathen. Another commentator considers the throne under a "spell of enchantment," and therefore it could not be touched.
l. 169. ne ... wisse: nor had he desire to do so (W.). See Ha., p. 7, for other suggestions.
l. 169. myne wisse occurs in Wanderer, l. 27.
l. 174. The gerundial inf. with t? expresses purpose, defines a noun or adjective, or, with the verb be, expresses duty or necessity passively; cf. ll. 257, 473, 1004, 1420, 1806, etc. Cf. t? + inf. at ll. 316, 2557.
ll. 175-188. E. regards this passage as dating the time and place of the poem relatively to the times of heathenism. Cf. the opening lines, _In days of yore_, etc., as if the story, even then, were very old.
l. 177. gast-bona is regarded by Ettm邦ller and G. Stephens (Thunor, p. 54) as an epithet of Thor (= giant-killer), a kenning for Thunor or Thor, meaning both man_ and _monster.--E.
l. 189. Cf. l. 1993, where similar language is used. H.-So. takes both m?d-ceare and m?l-ceare as accus., others as instr.
ll. 190, 1994. se芍e: for this use of se車ean cf. Bede, Eccles. Hist., ed. Miller, p. 128, where p. p. soden is thus used.
l. 194. fram ham = in his home (S., H.-So.); but fram ham may be for fram him (from them_, i.e. _his people_, or _from Hrothgar's). Cf. Ha., p. 8.
l. 197. Cf. ll. 791, 807, for this fixed phrase.
l. 200. See Andreas, Elene_, and _Juliana for swan-rad (_= sea_). "The swan is said to breed wild now no further away than the North of Sweden." --E. Cf. ganotes b?e, l. 1862.
l. 203. Concessive clauses with te芍h, te芍h te, te芍h ... eal, vary with subj. and ind., according as fact or contingency is dominant in the mind; cf. ll. 526, 1168, 2032, etc. (subj.), 1103, 1614 (ind.). Cf. gif, nefne.
l. 204. h?l, an OE. word found in W邦lker's Glossaries in various forms, = augury, omen, divination, etc. Cf. h?lsere, augur; h?l, omen; h?lsung, augurium, h?lsian, etc. Cf. Tac., Germania, 10.
l. 207. C. adds "= impetrare" to the other meanings of findan given in the Gloss.
l. 217. Cf. l. 1910; and Andreas, l. 993.--E. E. compares Byron's
"And fast and falcon-like the vessel flew,"
--Corsair, i.17.
and Scott's
"Merrily, merrily bounds the bark."?--Lord of the Isles, iv. 7.
l. 218. Cf.
"The fomy stedes on the golden brydel?Gnawinge."?--Chaucer, Knightes Tale, l. 1648, ed. Morris.
l. 219. Does an-t?d mean hour (Th.), or corresponding hour = and-t?d (H.-So.), or in due time (E.), or after a time, when ?tres, etc., would be adv. gen.? See C., Beit. viii. 568.
l. 224. eoletes may = (1) voyage; (2) toil, labor; (3) _hurried journey;_ but sea_ or _fjord appears preferable.
ll. 229-257. "The scenery ... is laid on the coast of the North Sea and the Kattegat, the first act of the poem among the Danes in Seeland, the second among the Geats in South Sweden."--Br., p. 15.
l. 239. "A shoal of simple terms express in _Be車wulf_ the earliest sea-thoughts of the English.... The simplest term is S?.... To this they added W?ter, Flod, Stream, Lagu, Mere, Holm, Grund, Heathu, Sund, Brim, Garsecg, Eagor, Geofon, Fifel, Hron-rad, Swan-rad, Segl-rad, Ganotes-b?e."--Br., p. 163-166.
l. 239. "The infinitive is often used in poetry after a verb of motion where we should use the present participle."--Sw. Cf. ll. 711, 721, 1163 1803, 268, etc. Cf. German spazieren fahren reiten, etc., and similar constructions in French, etc.
l. 240, W. reads hringed-stefnan for helmas b?ron. B. inserts (?) after holmas and begins a new line at the middle of the verse. S. omits B.'s "on the wall."
l. 245. Double and triple negatives strengthen each other and do not produce an affirmative in A.-S. or M. E. The neg. is often prefixed to several emphatic words in the sentence, and readily contracts with vowels, and h or w; cf. ll. 863, 182, 2125, 1509, 575, 583, 3016, etc.
l. 249. seld-guma = man-at-arms in another's house (Wood); = _low-ranking fellow_ (Ha.); stubenhocker, stay-at-home (Gr.), Scott's "carpet knight," Marmion, i. 5.
l. 250. n?fne (nefne, nemne) usually takes the subj., = unless; cf. ll. 1057, 3055, 1553. For ind., = except, see l. 1354. Cf. b?tan, gif, te芍h.
l. 250. For a remarkable account of armor and weapons in _Be車wulf_, see S. A. Brooke, Hist. of Early Eng. Lit. For general "Old Teutonic Life in Be車wulf," see J. A. Harrison, Overland Monthly.
l. 252. ?r as a conj. generally has subj., as here; cf. ll. 264, 677, 2819, 732. For ind., cf. l. 2020.
l. 253. le芍s = loose_, _roving. Ettm邦ller corrected to le芍se.
l. 256. This proverb (?fest, etc.) occurs in Exod. (Hunt), l. 293.
l. 258. An "elder" may be a very young man; hence yldesta, = eminent, may be used of Beowulf. Cf. _Laws of ?lfred_, C. 17: Na t?t ?lc eald sy, ac t?t he eald sy on w?sd?me.
l. 273. Verbs of hearing and seeing are often followed by acc. with inf.; cf. ll. 229, 1024, 729, 1517, etc. Cf. German construction with _sehen, horen_, etc., French construction with voir, entendre, etc., and the classical constructions.
l. 275. d?d-hata = instigator. Kl. reads d?d-hwata.
l. 280. ed-wendan, n. (B.; cf. 1775), = edwenden, limited by bisigu. So ten Br. = Tidskr. viii. 291.
l. 287. "Each is denoted ... also by the strengthened forms '?ghw?eer ('?geer), 谷ghw?eer, etc. This prefixed '?, 車e corresponds to the Goth, aiw_, OHG. _eo_, _io, and is umlauted from 芍, 車 by the i of the gi which originally followed."--Cook's Sievers' Gram., p. 190.
l. 292. "All through the middle ages suits of armour are called 'weeds.'"--E.
l. 303. "An English warrior went into battle with a boar-crested helmet, and a round linden shield, with a byrnie of ringmail ... with two javelins or a single ashen spear some eight or ten feet long, with a long two-edged sword naked or held in an ornamental scabbard.... In his belt was a short, heavy, one-edged sword, or rather a long knife, called the seax ... used for close quarters."--Br., p. 121.
l. 303. For other references to the boar-crest, cf. ll. 1112, 1287, 1454; Grimm, Myth._ 195; Tacitus, _Germania, 45. "It was the symbol of their [the Baltic ?stii's] goddess, and they had great faith in it as a preservative from hard knocks."--E. See the print in the illus. ed. of Green's Short History, Harper & Bros.
l. 303. "See Kemble, Saxons in England, chapter on heathendom, and Grimm's Teutonic Mythology, chapter on Freyr, for the connection these and other writers establish between the Boar-sign and the golden boar which Freyr rode, and his worship."--Br., p. 128. Cf. Elene, l. 50.
l. 304. Gering proposes hle車r-bergan = cheek-protectors_; cf. _Beit. xii. 26. "A bronze disk found at ?land in Sweden represents two warriors in helmets with boars as their crests, and cheek-guards under; these are the hle車r-bergan."--E. Cf. hauberk, with its diminutive habergeon, < A.-S. heals, neck_ + beorgan, _to cover_ or _protect; and harbor, < A.-S. here, army_ + beorgan, id.--_Zachers Zeitschr. xii. 123. Cf. cinberge, Hunt's Exod. l. 175.
l. 305. For ferh wearde and g?em?de grummon, B. and ten Br. read ferh-wearde (l. 305) and g?em?dgum men (l. 306), = _the boar-images ... guarded the lives of the warlike men_.
l. 311. le車ma: cf. Chaucer, Nonne Preestes Tale, l. 110, ed. Morris:
"To dremen in here dremes?Of armes, and of fyr with rede lemes."
l. 318. On the double gender of s?, cf. Cook's Sievers' Gram., p. 147; and note the omitted article at ll. 2381, 318, 544, with the peculiar tmesis of between_ at ll. 859, 1298, 1686, 1957. So C?dmon_, l. 163 (Thorpe), Exod. l. 562 (Hunt), etc.
l. 320. Cf. l. 924; and Andreas, l. 987, where almost the same words occur. "Here we have manifestly before our eye one of those ancient causeways, which are among the oldest visible institutions of civilization." --E.
l. 322. S. inserts comma after sc?r, and makes hring-?ren (= ring-mail) parallel with g?e-byrne.
l. 325. Cf. l. 397. "The deposit of weapons outside before entering a house was the rule at all periods.... In provincial Swedish almost everywhere a church porch is called v?kenhus,... i.e. weapon-house, because the worshippers deposited their arms there before they entered the house."--E., after G. Stephens.
l. 333. Cf. Dryden's "mingled metal damask'd o'er with gold."--E.
l. 336. "?l-, el-, kindred with Goth. aljis, other, e.g. in ?lt谷odig, elt谷odig, foreign."--Cook's Sievers' Gram., p. 47.
l. 336. Cf. l. 673 for the functions of an ombiht-tegn.
l. 343. Cf. l. 1714 for the same be車d-gene芍tas,--"the predecessor title to that of the Knights of the Table Round."--E. Cf. Andreas (K.), l. 2177.
l. 344. The future is sometimes expressed by willan + inf., generally with some idea of volition involved; cf. ll. 351, 427, etc. Cf. the use of willan as principal vb. (with omitted inf.) at ll. 318, 1372, 543, 1056; and sculan, ll. 1784, 2817.
l. 353. s?e here, and at l. 501, probably means arrival. E. translates the former by visit_, the latter by _adventure.
l. 357. unhar = hairless, bald (Gr., etc.).
l. 358. eode is only one of four or five preterits of gan (gongan, gangan, gengan), viz. ge車ng (gi車ng: ll. 926, 2410, etc.), gang (l. 1296, etc.), gengde (ll. 1402, 1413). Sievers, p. 217, apparently remarks that eode is "probably used only in prose." (?!). Cf. geng, Gen._ ll. 626, 834; _Exod. (Hunt) l. 102.
l. 367. The MS. and H.-So. read with Gr. and B. gl?dman Hr?egar, abandoning Thorkelin's gl?dnian. There is a glass. hilaris gl?dman.--Beit. xii. 84; same as gl?d.
l. 369. dugan is a "preterit-present" verb, with new wk. preterit, like sculan, durran, magan, etc. For various inflections, see ll. 573, 590, 1822, 526. Cf. do_ in "that will _do_"; _doughty, etc.
l. 372. Cf. l. 535 for a similar use; and l. 1220. Bede, Eccles. Hist., ed. Miller, uses the same expression several times. "Here, and in all other places where cniht occurs in this poem, it seems to carry that technical sense which it bore in the military hierarchy [of a noble youth placed out and learning the elements of the art of war in the service of a qualified warrior, to whom he is, in a military sense, a servant], before it bloomed out in the full sense of knight."--E.
l. 373. E. remarks of the hyphened eald-f?der, "hyphens are risky toys to play with in fixing texts of pre-hyphenial antiquity"; eald-f?der could only = grandfather_. eald here can only mean _honored, and the hyphen is unnecessary. Cf. "old fellow," "my old man," etc.; and Ger. alt-vater.
l. 378. Th. and B. propose Ge芍tum, as presents from the Danish to the Geatish king.--Beit. xii.
l. 380. h?bbe. The subj. is used in indirect narration and question, wish and command, purpose, result, and hypothetical comparison with swelce = _as if_.
ll. 386, 387. Ten Br. emends to read: "Hurry, bid the kinsman-throng go into the hall together."
l. 387. sibbe-gedriht, for Beowulf's friends, occurs also at l. 730. It is subject-acc. to se車n. Cf. ll. 347, 365, and Hunt's Exod. l. 214.
l. 404. "Here, as in the later Icelandic halls, Beowulf saw Hrothgar enthroned on a high seat at the east end of the hall. The seat is sacred. It has a supernatural quality. Grendel, the fiend, cannot approach it."--Br., p. 34. Cf. l. 168.
l. 405. "At Benty Grange, in Derbyshire, an Anglo-Saxon barrow, opened in 1848, contained a coat of mail. 'The iron chain work consists of a large number of links of two kinds attached to each other by small rings half an inch in diameter; one kind flat and lozenge-shaped ... the others all of one kind, but of different lengths.'"--Br., p. 126.
l. 407. Wes ... hal: this ancient Teutonic greeting afterwards grew into wassail. Cf. Skeat's Luke_, i. 28; _Andreas (K.), 1827; Layamon, l. 14309, etc.
l. 414. "The distinction between wesan and weorean [in passive relations] is not very clearly defined, but wesan appears to indicate a state, weorean generally an action."--Sw. Cf. Mod. German werden_ and _sein in similar relations.
l. 414. Gr. translates hador by receptaculum_; cf. Gering, Zachers Zeitschr._ xii. 124. Toller-Bosw. ignores Gr.'s suggestion.
ll. 420, 421. B. reads: t?r ic (on) f?felgeban (= ocean) yede eotena cyn. Ten Br. reads: t?r ic f?felgeban yede, eotena ham. Ha. suggests f?felgeband = monster-band, without further changes.
l. 420. R. reads t?ra = of them, for t?r.--Zachers Zeitschr. iii. 399; Beit. xii. 367.
l. 420. "niht has a gen., nihtes, used for the most part only adverbially, and almost certainly to be regarded as masculine."--Cook's Sievers' Gram., p. 158.
l. 425. Cf. also ll. 435, 635, 2345, for other examples of Beowulf's determination to fight single-handed.
l. 441. te hine = whom, as at l. 1292, etc. The indeclinable te is often thus combined with personal pronouns, = relative, and is sometimes separated from them by a considerable interval.--Sw.
l. 443. The MS. has Geotena. B. and Fahlbeck, says H.-So., do not consider the Ge芍tas, but the Jutes, as the inhabitants of Swedish West-Gothland. Alfred translates Juti by Ge芍tas, but Jutland_ by _Gotland. In the laws they are called Guti.--Beit. xii. 1, etc.
l. 444. B., Gr., and Ha. make unforhte an adv. = fearlessly, modifying etan. Kl. reads anforhte = timid.
l. 446. Cf. l. 2910. Th. translates: thou wilt not need my head to hide (i.e. bury). Simrock supposes a dead-watch or lyke-wake to be meant. Wood, thou wilt not have to bury so much as my head! H.-So. supposes he芍fod-weard, a guard of honor, such as sovereigns or presumptive rulers had, to be meant by hafalan hydan; hence, you need not give me any guard, etc. Cf. Schmid, Gesetze der A., 370-372.
l. 447. S. places a colon after nimee.
l. 451. H.-So., Ha., and B. (Beit. xii. 87) agree essentially in translating feorme, food_. R. translates consumption of my corpse. Maintenance, support_, seems preferable to either.
l. 452. R?nning (after Grimm) personifies Hild.--Beovulfs Kvadet, l. 59. Hildr is the name of one of the Scandinavian Walkyries, or battle-maidens, who transport the spirits of the slain to Walhalla. Cf. Kent's Elene, l. 18, etc.
l. 455. "The war-smiths, especially as forgers of the sword, were garmented with legend, and made into divine personages. Of these Weland is the type, husband of a swan maiden, and afterwards almost a god."-- Br., p. 120. Cf. A. J. C. Hare's account of "Wayland Smith's sword with which Henry II. was knighted," and which hung in Westminster Abbey to a late date.--_Walks in London_, ii. 228.
l. 455. This is the ?lces mannes wyrd of Boethius (Sw., p. 44) and the wyrd bie sw?eost of Gnomic Verses, 5. There are about a dozen references to it in _Be車wulf_.
l. 455. E. compares the fatalism of this concluding hemistich with the Christian tone of l. 685 seq.
ll. 457, 458. B. reads w?re-ryhtum ( = _from the obligations of clientage_).
l. 480. Cf. l. 1231, where the same sense, "flown with wine," occurs.
l. 488. "The dugue, the mature and ripe warriors, the aristocracy of the nation, are the support of the throne."--E. The M. E. form of the word, douth, occurs often. Associated with geogoe, ll. 160 and 622.
l. 489. Kl. omits comma after meoto and reads (with B.) sige-hr那e-secgum, = disclose thy thought to the victor-heroes. Others, as K?rner, convert meoto into an imperative and divide on s?l = think upon happiness. But cf. onband beadu-r?ne, l. 501. B. supposes ons?l meoto =_speak courteous words_. Tidskr_. viii. 292; _Haupts Zeitschr._ xi. 411; _Eng. Stud. ii. 251.
l. 489. Cf. the invitation at l. 1783.
l. 494. Cf. Grimm's Andreas_, l. 1097, for deal, =proud, elated, exulting; Phoenix_ (Bright), l. 266.
l. 499. MS. has Hunfere, but the alliteration requires ?nfere, as at ll. 499, 1166, 1489; and cf. ll. 1542, 2095, 2930. See List of Names.
l. 501. s?e = arrival (?); cf. l. 353.
l. 504. ton ma = the more (?), may be added to the references under ton.
l. 506. E. compares the taunt of Eliab to David, I Sam. xvii. 28.
l. 509. dol-gilp = idle boasting. The second definition in the Gloss. is wrong.
l. 513. "Eagor-stream might possibly be translated the stream of Eagor, the awful terror-striking stormy sea in which the terrible [Scandinavian] giant dwelt, and through which he acted."--Br., p. 164. He remarks, "The English term eagre still survives in provincial dialect for the tide-wave or bore on rivers. Dryden uses it in his Threnod. Angust._ 'But like an _eagre rode in triumph o'er the tide.' Yet we must be cautious," etc. Cf. Fox's Boethius_, ll. 20, 236; Thorpe's C?dmon_, 69, etc.
l. 524. Kr邦ger and B. read Banstanes.--Beit. ix. 573.
l. 525. R. reads wyrsan (= wyrses: cf. Mod. Gr. guten Muthes) getinges; but H.-So. shows that the MS. wyrsan ... tingea = wyrsena tinga, _can stand_; cf. gen. pl. banan, Christ, l. 66, etc.
l. 534. Insert, under eard-lufa (in Gloss.), earfoe, st. n., _trouble, difficulty, struggle_; acc. pl. earfeeo, 534.
l. 545 seq. "Five nights Beowulf and Breca kept together, not swimming, but sailing in open boats (to swim the seas is to sail the seas), then storm drove them asunder ... Breca is afterwards chief of the Brondings, a tribe mentioned in _W?ds赤th_. The story seems legendary, not mythical."--Br., pp. 60, 61.
ll. 574-578. B. suggests swa t?r for hw?eere, = so there it befell me. But the word at l. 574 seems = however_, and at l. 578 = _yet; cf. l. 891; see S.; Beit._ ix. 138; _Tidskr_. viii. 48; _Zacher, iii. 387, etc.
l. 586. Gr. and Grundt. read fagum sweordum (no ic t?s fela gylpe!), supplying fela and blending the broken half-lines into one. Ho. and Kl. supply geflites.
l. 599. E. translates nyd-bade by blackmail; adding "n那d bad, toll; n那d badere, tolltaker."--Land Charters, Gloss, v.
l. 601. MS. has ond = and in three places only (601, 1149, 2041); elsewhere it uses the symbol 7 = and.
l. 612. seq. Cf. the drinking ceremony at l. 1025. "The royal lady offers the cup to Beowulf, not in his turn where he sate among the rest, but after it has gone the round; her approach to Beowulf is an act apart."--E.
l. 620. "The [loving] cup which went the round of the company and was tasted by all," like the Oriel and other college anniversary cups.--E.
l. 622. Cf. ll. 160, 1191, for the respective places of young and old.
l. 623. Cf. the circlet of gold worn by Wealhte車w at l. 1164.
l. 631. gyddode. Cf. Chaucer, Prol. l. 237 (ed. Morris):
"Of yeddynges he bar utterly the prys."
Cf. giddy.
l. 648. Kl. suggests a period after getinged, especially as B. (Tidskr. viii. 57) has shown that otte is sometimes = ond. Th. supplies ne.
l. 650. otte here and at ll. 2476, 3007, probably = and.
l. 651. Cf. 704, where sceadu-genga (the night-ganger_ of _Leechdoms, ii. 344) is applied to the demon.--E.
l. 659. Cf. l. 2431 for same formula, "to have and to hold" of the Marriage Service.--E.
l. 681. B. considers te芍h ... eal a precursor of Mod. Eng. although.
l. 682. g?dra = advantages in battle (Gr.), battle-skill (Ha.), _skill in war_ (H.-So.). Might not nat be changed to nah = ne + ah (cf. l. 2253), thus justifying the translation ability (?) --_he has not the ability to_, etc.
l. 695. Kl. reads hiera.--Beit. ix. 189. B. omits h?e as occurring in the previous hemistich.--Beit. xii. 89.
l. 698. "Here Destiny is a web of cloth."--E., who compares the Greek Clotho, "spinster of fate." Women are also called "weavers of peace," as l. 1943. Cf. Kent's Elene_, l. 88; W?ds?e_, l. 6, etc.
l. 711. B. translates ta by when and connects with the preceding sentences, thus rejecting the ordinary canto-division at l. 711. He objects to the use of com as principal vb. at ll. 703, 711, and 721. (Beit, xii.)
l. 711. "Perhaps the Gnomic verse which tells of Thyrs, the giant, is written with Grendel in the writer's mind,--tyrs sceal on fenne gewunian ana inuan lande, the giant shall dwell in the fen, alone in the land (Sweet's Read., p. 187)."--Br. p. 36.
l. 717. Dietrich, in Haupt. xi. 419, quotes from ?lfric, Hom. ii. 498: h那 beworhte ta bigelsas mid gyldenum l?frum, _he covered the arches with gold-leaf_,--a Roman custom derived from Carthage. Cf. Mod. Eng. oriel = aureolum, a gilded room.--E. (quoting Skeat). Cf. ll. 2257, 1097, 2247, 2103, 2702, 2283, 333, 1751, for various uses of gold-sheets.
l. 720. B. and ten Br. suggest hell-thane (Grendel) for heal-tegnas, and make h?le refer to Beowulf. Cf. l. 142.
l. 723. Z. reads [ge]hran.
l. 727. For this use of standan, cf. ll. 2314, 2770; and Vergil, Ecl. ii. 26:
"Cum placidum ventis staret mare."
l. 757. gedr?g. Tumult is one of the meanings of this word. Here, appar. = occupation, lair.
l. 759. R. reads m?dega for g?da, "because the attribute cannot be separated from the word modified unless the two alliterate."
l. 762. Cf. Andreas, l. 1537, for a similar use of ?t = off.--E.
l. 769. The foreign words in _Be車wulf_ (as ceaster-here) are not numerous; others are (aside from proper names like Cain, Abel, etc.) de車fol (diabolus), candel (l. 1573), ancor (l. 303), scr?fan (for- ge-), segn (l. 47), gigant (l. 113), m?l- (l. 1363), str?t (l. 320), ombeht (l. 287), gim (l. 2073), etc.
l. 770. MS. reads cerwen, a word conceived by B. and others to be part of a fem. compd.: -scerwen like -wenden in ed-wenden, -r?den, etc. (cf. meodu-scerpen in Andreas, l. 1528); emended to -scerwen, _a great scare under the figure of a mishap at a drinking-bout_; one might compare bescerwan, to deprive, from bescyrian (Grein, i. 93), hence ealu-seerwen would = a sudden taking away, deprivation, of the beer.--H.-So., p. 93. See B., Tidskr. viii. 292.
l. 771. Ten Br. reads r那ee, r那nhearde, = raging, exceeding bold.
l. 792. Instrumental adverbial phrases like ?nige tinga, n?nige tinga (_not at all_), h?ru tinga (especially) are not infrequent. See Cook's Sievers' Gram., p. 178; March, A.-S. Gram., p. 182.
l. 811. myree. E. translates in wanton mood. Toller-Bosw. does not recognize sorrow as one of the meanings of this word.
ll. 850, 851. S. reads de車p for de車g and erases semicolon after we車l, = the death-stained deep welled with sword-gore; cf. l. 1424. B. reads de芍e-f?ges de車p, etc., = _the deep welled with the doomed one's gore_.--Beit. xii. 89.
l. 857. The meaning of blaneum is partly explained by fealwe mearas below, l. 866. Cf. Layamon's "and leop on his blancke" = steed, l. 23900; Kent's Elene, l. 1185.
l. 859. K?rner, Eng. Stud. i. 482, regards the oft-recurring be s?m twe車num as a mere formula = on earth; cf. ll. 1298, 1686. twe車ne is part of the separable prep. between_; see be-. Cf. Baskerville's _Andreas, l. 558.
l. 865. Cf. _Voyage of ?hthere and Wulfstan_ for an account of funeral horse-racing, Sweet's Read., p. 22.
l. 868. See Ha., p. 31, for a variant translation.
l. 871 seq. R. considers this a technical description of improvised alliterative verse, suggested by and wrought out on the spur of the moment.
l. 872. R. and B. propose secg[an], = rehearse, for secg, which suits the verbs in the next two lines.
ll. 878-98. "It pleases me to think that it is in English literature we possess the first sketch of that mighty saga [the Volsunga Saga = W?lsinges gewin] which has for so many centuries engaged all the arts, and at last in the hands of Wagner the art of music."--Br., p. 63. Cf. Nibelung. Lied, l. 739.
l. 894. Intransitive verbs, as gan, weorean, sometimes take habban, "to indicate independent action."--Sw. Cf. hafae ... geworden, l. 2027.
l. 895. "br?can (enjoy) always has the genitive."--Sw.; cf. l. 895; acc., gen., instr., dat., according to March, A.-S. Gram., p. 151.
l. 898. Scherer proposes hate, = from heat, instr. of hat, heat; cf. l. 2606.
l. 901. h那 t?s aron tah = he throve in honor (B.). Ten Br. inserts comma after tah, making sieean introduce a depend. clause.--Beit. viii. 568. Cf. weore-myndum tah, l. 8; ll. 1155, 1243.--H.-So.
l. 902. Herem?des is considered by Heinzel to be a mere epithet = _the valiant_; which would refer the whole passage to Sigmund (Sigfrid), the eotenas, l. 903, being the Nibelungen. This, says H.-So., gets rid of the contradiction between the good "Herem?d" here and the bad one, l. 1710 seq.--B. however holds fast to Herem?d.--Beit. xii. 41. on fe車nda geweald, l. 904,--into the hands of devils, says B.; cf. ll. 809, 1721, 2267; Christ_, l. 1416; _Andreas, l. 1621; for hine fyren onw?d, cf. Gen._ l. 2579; Hunt's _Dan. 17: h?e wlenco anw?d.
l. 902 seq. "Herem?d's shame is contrasted with the glory of Sigemund, and with the prudence, patience, generosity, and gentleness of Beowulf as a chieftain."--Br., p. 66.
l. 906. MS. has lemede. Toller-Bosw. corrects to lemedon.
l. 917. Cf. Hunt's Exod., l. 170, for similar language.
l. 925. h?s, G. hansa, company, "the word from which the mercantile association of the 'Hanseatic' towns took their designation."--E.
l. 927. on statole = on the floor (B., Rask, ten Br.).--Beit. xii. 90.
l. 927. May not ste芍pne here = bright, from its being immediately followed by golde fahne? Cf. Chaucer's "his eyen stepe_," _Prol. l. 201 (ed. Morris); Cockayne's Ste. Marherete_, pp. 9, 108; _St. Kath., l. 1647.
l. 931. grynna may be for gyrnna (= sorrows), gen. plu. of gyrn, as suggested by one commentator.
l. 937. B. (Beit. xii. 90) makes gehwylcne object of w?d-scofen (h?fde). Gr. makes we芍 nom. absolute.
l. 940. scuccum: cf. G. scheuche, scheusal; Prov. Eng. old-shock; perhaps the pop. interjection O shucks! (!)
l. 959. H. explains we as a "plur. of majesty," which Be車wulf throws off at l. 964.
l. 963. fe車nd tone fr?tgan (B. Beit. xii. 90).
l. 976. synnum. "Most abstract words in the poetry have a very wide range of meanings, diverging widely from the prose usage, synn, for instance, means simply injury, mischief, hatred_, and the prose meaning _sin is only a secondary one; hata in poetry is not only hater_, but persecutor, enemy_, just as n?e is both hatred_ and _violence, strength; heard is sharp_ as well as _hard."--Sw.
l. 986. S. places w?s at end of l. 985 and reads st?era n?gla, omitting gehwylc and the commas after that and after sce芍wedon. Beit. ix. 138; st那dra (H.-So.); hand-sporu (H.-So.) at l. 987.
l. 986. Miller (Anglia, xii. 3) corrects to ?ghwylene, in apposition to fingras.
l. 987. hand-sporu. See Anglia, vii. 176, for a discussion of the intrusion of u into the nom. of n-stems.
l. 988. Cf. ll. 2121, 2414, for similar use of unhe車ru = ungeheuer.
l. 992. B. suggests he芍timbred for haten, and gefr?twon for -od; Kl., hroden (Beit. ix. 189).
l. 995, 996. Gold-embroidered tapestries seem to be meant by web = aurifrisium.
l. 997. After tara te = of those that, the depend, vb. often takes sg. for pl.; cf. ll. 844, 1462, 2384, 2736.--Sw.; Dietrich.
l. 998. "Metathesis of l takes place in seld for setl, bold for botl," etc.--Cook's Sievers' Gram., p. 96. Cf. Eng. proper names, _Bootle, Battlefield, etc.--Skeat, _Principles, i. 250.
l. 1000. heorras: cf. Chaucer, Prol. (ed. Morris) l. 550:
"Ther was no dore that he nolde heve of harre."
ll. 1005-1007. See Zachers Zeitschr._ iii. 391, and _Beit. xii. 368, for R.'s and B.'s views of this difficult passage.
l. 1009. Cf. l. 1612 for s?l and m?l, surviving still in E. Anglia in "mind your seals and meals_," = _times and occasions, i.e. have your wits about you.--E.
ll. 1012, 1013. Cf. ll. 753, 754 for two similar comparatives used in conjunction.
l. 1014. Cf. l. 327 for similar language.
ll. 1015, 1016. H.-So. puts these two lines in parentheses (fylle ... tara). Cf. B., Beit. xii. 91.
l. 1024. One of the many famous swords spoken of in the poem. See Hrunting, ll. 1458, 1660; H?nlafing, l. 1144, etc. Cf. Excalibur, Roland's sword, the Nibelung Balmung, etc.
l. 1034. sc?r-heard. For an ingenious explanation of this disputed word see Professor Pearce's article in Mod. Lang. Notes, Nov. 1, 1892, and ensuing discussion.
l. 1039. eoderas is of doubtful meaning. H. and Toller-Bosw. regard the word here = enclosure, palings of the court_. Cf. C?dmon_, ll. 2439, 2481. The passage throws interesting light on horses and their trappings
l. 1043. Grundt. emends w?g to wicg, = charger; and E. quotes Tacitus, Germania, 7.
l. 1044. "Power over each and both"; cf. "all and some," "one and all."
For Ingwin, see List of Names.
l. 1065. Gr. contends that fore here = de, concerning, about (Ebert's Jahrb., 1862, p. 269).
l. 1069. H.-So. supplies fram after eaferum, to govern it, = concerning (?). Cf. Fight at Finnsburg, Appendix.
l. 1070. For the numerous names of the Danes, "bright-" "spear-" "east-" "west-" "ring-" Danes, see these words.
l. 1073. Eotenas = Finn's people, the Frisians; cf. ll. 1089, 1142, 1146, etc., and Beit. xii. 37. Why they are so called is not known.
l. 1084. R. proposes wiht Hengeste wie gefeohtan (Zachers Zeitschr. iii. 394). Kl., wie H. wiht gefeohtan.
ll. 1085 and 1099. we芍-laf occurs in Wulfstan, Hom. 133, ed. Napier.--E. Cf. daroea laf, Brunanb., l. 54; ades lafe, Phoenix, 272 (Bright), etc.
l. 1098. elne unflitme = _so dass der eid (der inhalt des eides) nicht streitig war_.--B., Beit. iii. 30. But cf. 1130, where Hengist and Finn are again brought into juxtaposition and the expression ealles (?) unhlitme occurs.
l. 1106. The pres. part. + be, as myndgiend w?re here, is comparatively rare in original A.-S. literature, but occurs abundantly in translations from the Latin. The periphrasis is generally meaningless. Cf. l. 3029.
l. 1108. K?rner suggests ecge, = sword, in reference to a supposed old German custom of placing ornaments, etc., on the point of a sword or spear (Eng. Stud. i. 495). Singer, ince-gold = bright gold; B., andi谷ge = Goth, andaugjo, evidently. Cf. incge lafe, l. 2578. Possibly: and inge (= young men) gold ah?fon of horde. For inge, cf. Hunt's Exod. l. 190.
ll. 1115-1120. R. proposes (h那t ta ...) banfatu b?rnan ond on b?l d?n, earme on eaxe = to place the arms in the ashes, reading g?er那c = battle-reek, for -rinc (Zachers Zeitschr. iii. 395). B., Sarrazin (Beit. xi. 530), Lichtenfeld (Haupts Zeitschr. xvi. 330), C., etc., propose various emendations. See H.-So., p. 97, and Beit. viii. 568. For g迄erinc astah, cf. Old Norse, _stiga 芍 b芍l_, "ascend the bale-fire."
l. 1116. sweoloee. "On Dartmoor the burning of the furze up the hillsides to let new grass grow, is called zwayling_."--E. Cf. _sultry, G. _schw邦l_, etc.
l. 1119. Cf. wudu-r那c astah, l. 3145; and Exod. (Hunt), l. 450: w?lmist astah.
l. 1122. ?tspranc = burst forth, arose (omitted from the Gloss.), < ?t + springan.
l. 1130. R. and Gr. read elne unflitme, = loyally and without contest, as at l. 1098. Cf. Ha., p. 39; H.-So., p. 97.
l. 1137. scacen = gone; cf. ll. 1125, 2307, 2728.
l. 1142. "The sons of the Eotenas" (B., Beit. xii. 31, who conjectures a gap after 1142).
l. 1144. B. separates thus: H?n Lafing, = _H?n placed the sword Lafing_, etc.--Beit._ xii. 32; cf. R., _Zachers Zeitschr. iii. 396. Heinzel and Homburg make other conjectures (Herrig's Archiv, 72, 374, etc.).
l. 1143. B., H.-So., and M?ller read: worod r?denne, tonne him H?n Lafing, = _military brotherhood, when H?n laid upon his breast_ (the sword) _Lafing_. There is a sword _Laufi, L?vi_ in the Norse sagas; but swords, armor, etc., are often called the leaving (laf) of files, hammers, etc., especially a precious heirloom; cf. ll. 454, 1033, 2830, 2037, 2629, 796, etc., etc.
l. 1152. roden = reddened (B., Tidskr. viii. 295).
l. 1160. For ll. 1069-1160, containing the Finn episode, cf. M?ller, Alteng. Volksepos_, 69, 86, 94; Heinzel, _Anz. f. dtsch. Altert., 10, 226; B., Beit._ xii. 29-37. Cf. W?ds?e_, l. 33, etc.
ll. 1160, 1161. le車e (lied = song, lay) and gyd here appear synonyms.
ll. 1162-1165. "Behind the wars and tribal wanderings, behind the contentions of the great, we watch in this poem the steady, continuous life of home, the passions and thoughts of men, the way they talked and moved and sang and drank and lived and loved among one another and for one another."--Br., p. 18.
l. 1163. Cf. wonderwork_. So wonder-death, wonder-bidding, wonder-treasure, -smith, -sight_, etc. at ll. 1748, 3038, 2174, 1682, 996, etc. Cf. the German use of the same intensive, = wondrous, in _wunder-sch?n_, etc.
l. 1165. ta gyt points to some future event when "each" was not "true to other," undeveloped in this poem, suhtor-gef?deran = Hr?egar and Hr?eulf, l. 1018. Cf. aeum-swerian, l. 84.
l. 1167 almost repeats l. 500, ?t f?tum, etc., where ?nfere is first introduced.
l. 1191. E. sees in this passage separate seats for youth and middle-aged men, as in English college halls, chapels, convocations, and churches still.
l. 1192. ymbutan, round about, is sometimes thus separated: ymb hie ?tan; cf. _Voyage of ?hthere_, etc. (Sw.), p. 18, l. 34, etc.; _Be車wulf_, ll. 859, 1686, etc.
l. 1194. bew?gned, a [Greek: hapax legomenon], tr. offered by Th. Probably a p. p. w?gen, made into a vb. by -ian, like own, drown, etc. Cf. hafenian ( < hafen, < hebban), etc.
l. 1196. E. takes the expression to mean "mantle and its rings or broaches." "Rail" long survived in Mid. Eng. (Piers Plow., etc.).
l. 1196. This necklace was afterwards given by Beowulf to Hygd, ll. 2173, 2174.
ll. 1199-1215. From the obscure hints in the passage, a part of the poem may be approximately dated,--if Hygelac is the Chochi-laicus of Gregory of Tours, Hist. Francorum, iii. 3,--about A.D. 512-20.
l. 1200. The Breosinga men (Icel. Brisinga men) is the necklace of the goddess Freya; cf. Elder Edda, Hamarshemt. Hama stole the necklace from the Gothic King Eormenr?c; cf. Traveller's Song, ll. 8, 18, 88, 111. The comparison of the two necklaces leads the poet to anticipate Hygelac's history,--a suggestion of the poem's mosaic construction.
l. 1200. For Br?singa mene, cf. B., Beit. xii. 72. C. suggests fle芍h, = fled, for fealh, placing semicolon after byrig, and making h那 subject of fle芍h and gece芍s.
l. 1202. B. conjectures gece芍s 那cne r?d to mean _he became a pious man and at death went to heaven_. Heime (Hama) in the Thidrekssaga goes into a cloister = to choose the better part (?). Cf. H.-So., p. 98. But cf. Hr?egar's language to Beowulf, ll. 1760, 1761.
l. 1211. S. proposes feoh, = property, for feorh, which would be a parallel for bre車st-gew?du ... be芍h below.
l. 1213. E. remarks that in the Laws of Cnut, i. 26, the devil is called se w?dfreca werewulf, the ravening werwolf.
l. 1215. C. proposes heals-b那ge onf那ng. Beit. viii. 570. For hrea- Kl. suggests hr?-.
l. 1227. The son referred to is, according to Ettm邦ller, the one that reigns after Hr?egar.
l. 1229. Kl. suggests s?, = be_, for _is.
l. 1232. S. gives wine-elated_ as the meaning of druncne.--_Beit. ix. 139; Kl. ibid_. 189, 194. But cf. _Judith, ll. 67, 107.
l. 1235. Cf. l. 119 for similarity of language.
l. 1235. Kl. proposes gea-sceaft; but cf. l. 1267.
l. 1246. Ring armor was common in the Middle Ages. E. points out the numerous forms of byrne in cognate languages,--Gothic, Icelandic, OHG., Slavonic, O. Irish, Romance, etc. Du Chaillu, The Viking Age, i. 126. Cf. Murray's Dict. s. v.
l. 1248. anw?g-gearwe = ready for single combat (C.); but cf. Ha. p. 43; Beit. ix. 210, 282.
l. 1252. Some consider this fitt the beginning of Part (or Lay) II. of the original epic, if not a separate work in itself.
l. 1254. K., W., and Ho. read farode = wasted; Kolbing reads furode; but cf. w那sten warode, l. 1266. MS. has warode.
ll. 1255-1258. This passage is a good illustration of the constant parallelism of word and phrase characteristic of A.-S. poetry, and is quoted by Sw. The changes are rung on ende and swylt, on gesyne and w?dc?e, etc.
l. 1259. "That this story of Grendel's mother was originally a separate lay from the first seems to be suggested by the fact that the monsters are described over again, and many new details added, such as would be inserted by a new singer who wished to enhance and adorn the original tale."--Br., p. 41.
l. 1259. Cf. l. 107, which also points to the ancestry of murderers and monsters and their descent from "Cain."
l. 1261. The MS. has se te, m.; changed by some to seo te. At ll. 1393, 1395, 1498, Grendel's mother is referred to as m.; at ll. 1293, 1505, 1541-1546, etc., as f., the uncertain pronoun designating a creature female in certain aspects, but masculine in demonic strength and?savageness.--H.-So.; Sw. p. 202. Cf. the masc. epithets at ll. 1380, 2137, etc.
l. 1270. agl?ca = Grendel, though possibly referring to Beowulf, as at l. 1513.--Sw.
l. 1273. "It is not certain whether anwalda stands for onwealda, or whether it should be read anwealda, = only ruler.--Sw.
l. 1279. The MS. has sunu teod wrecan, which R. changes to sunu te車d-wrecan, te車d- = monstrous; but why not regard te車d as opposition to sunu, = her son, the prince? See Sweet's Reader, and K?rner's discussion, Eng. Stud. i. 500.
l. 1281. Ten Br. suggests (for s?na) sara = return of sorrows.
l. 1286. "geturen (twice so written in MSS.) stands for getr迆en, forged, and is an isolated p. p."--Cook's Sievers' Gram., 209. But see Toller-Bosw. for examples; Sw., Gloss.; March, p. 100, etc.
ll. 1292. te hine = whom;_ cf. ll. 441, 1437, 1292; H那liand_, l. 1308.
l. 1298. be s?m tweonum; cf. l. 1192; Hunt's Exod. l. 442; and Mod. Eng. "to us_-ward, etc.--Earle's _Philol., p. 449. Cf. note, l. 1192.
l. 1301. C. proposes ?eer him ?rn = another apartment was assigned him.
l. 1303. B. conjectures under hr?f genam; but Ha., p. 45, shows this to be unnecessary, under also meaning in_, as _in (or under) these circumstances.
l. 1319. E. and Sw. suggest n?gde or n那gde, accosted, < n那gan = Mid. Ger. _n那hwian_, pr. p. _n那hwiandans, approach_. For hn?gan, _press down, vanquish_, see ll. 1275, 1440, etc.
l. 1321. C. suggests ne芍d-laeum for ne車d-laeu, after crushing hostility; but cf. fre車nd-laeu, l. 1193.
l. 1334. K. and ten Br. conjecture gef?gnod = rejoicing in her fill, a parallel to ?se wlanc, l. 1333.
l. 1340. B. translates: "and she has executed a deed of blood-vengeance of far-reaching consequence."--Beit. xii. 93.
l. 1345. B. reads ge車 for e車w (Zachers Zeitschr. iv. 205).
ll. 1346-1377. "This is a fine piece of folk-lore in the oldest extant form.... The authorities for the story are the rustics (ll. 1346, 1356)." --E.
l. 1347. Cf. sele-r?dende at l. 51.
l. 1351. "The ge [of gewitan] may be merely a scribal error,--a repetition (dittography) of the preceding ge of gewisl?cost."--Sw.
l. 1352. ides, like firas, men, etc., is a poetic word supposed by Grimm to have been applied, like Gr. [Greek: n迆mph?], to superhuman or semi-divine women.
ll. 1360-1495 seq. E. compares this Dantesque tarn and scenery with the poetical accounts of _?neid_, vii. 563; Lucretius, vi. 739, etc.
l. 1360. firgenstre芍m occurs also in the Phoenix (Bright, p. 168) l. 100; Andreas, ll. 779, 3144 (K.); Gnomic Verses, l. 47, etc.
l. 1363. The genitive is often thus used to denote measure = by or in miles; cf. l. 3043; and contrast with partitive gen. at l. 207.
l. 1364. The MS. reads hrinde = hr?nende (?), which Gr. adopts; K. and Th. read hrinde-bearwas; hringde, encircling (Sarrazin, Beit. xi. 163); hr?mge = frosty (Sw.); with frost-whiting covered (Ha.). See Morris, Blickling Hom., Preface, vi., vii.
l. 1364. Cf. Ruin, hr?mige edoras behrofene, rimy, roofless halls.
l. 1366. n?ewundor may = nie- (as in nie-sele, q. v.) wundor, _wonder of the deep_.
l. 1368. The personal pronoun is sometimes omitted in subordinate and even independent clauses; cf. wite here; and Hunt's Exod., l. 319.
l. 1370. hornum. Such "datives of manner or respect" are not infrequent with adj.
l. 1371. "selee is not dependent on ?r, for in that case it would be in the subjunctive, but ?r is simply an adverb, correlative with the conjunction ?r in the next line: 'he will (sooner) give up his life, before he will,' etc."--Sw.
l. 1372. Cf. ll. 318 and 543 for willan with similar omitted inf.
l. 1373. heafola is found only in poetry.--Sw. It occurs thirteen or fourteen times in this poem. Cf. the poetic gamol, swat (l. 2694), etc., for eald, bl?d.
l. 1391. uton: hortatory subj. of w?tan, go_, = _let us go; cf. French allons_, Lat. _eamus_, Ital. _andiamo, etc. + inf. Cf. ll. 2649, 3102.
l. 1400. H. is dat. of person indirectly affected, = advantage.
l. 1402. geatol?c probably = in his equipments, as B. suggests (Beit. xii. 83), comparing searol?c.
ll. 1402, 1413 reproduce the wk. form of the pret. of gan (Goth, gaggida). Cf. Andreas, l. 1096, etc.
l. 1405. S. (Beit. ix. 140) supplies [t?r he車] gegnum f?r; B. (ibid. xii. 14) suggests hw?r he車.
l. 1411. B., Gr., and E. take an-paeas = paths wide enough for only one, like Norwegian einstig; cf. st?ge nearwe, just above. Trail is the meaning. Cf. enge anpaeas, unc?e gelad, Exod. (Hunt), l. 58.
l. 1421. Cf. oncye, l. 831. The whole passage (ll. 1411-1442) is replete with suggestions of walrus-hunting, seal-fishing, harpooning of sea-animals (l. 1438), etc.
l. 1425. E. quotes from the 8th cent. Corpus Gloss., "Falanx foeea."
l. 1428. For other mention of nicors, cf. ll. 422, 575, 846. E. remarks, "it survives in the phrase 'Old Nick' ... a word of high authority ... Icel. nykr_, water-goblin, Dan. n?k, nisse_, Swed. _n?cken_, G. _nix, nixe_, etc." See Skeat, Nick.
l. 1440. Sw. reads gehn?ged, prostrated, and regards n?ea as gen. pl. "used instrumentally," = by force.
l. 1441. -bora = bearer, stirrer; occurs in other compds., as mund-, r?d-, w?g-bora.
l. 1447. him = for him, a remoter dative of reference.--Sw.
l. 1455. Gr. reads brondne, = flaming.
l. 1457. le車n is the inf. of lah; cf. onlah (< onle車n) at l. 1468. l?han was formerly given as the inf.; cf. l?ne = l?hne.
l. 1458. Cf. the similar dat. of possession as used in Latin.
l. 1458. H.-So. compares the Icelandic saga account of Grettir's battle with the giant in the cave. h?ft-m那ce may be = Icel. heptisax (Anglia, iii. 83), "hip-knife."
l. 1459. "The sense seems to be 'pre-eminent among the old treasures.' ... But possibly foran is here a prep. with the gen.: 'one before the old treasures.'".--Sw. For other examples of foran, cf. ll. 985, 2365.
l. 1460. ater-te芍rum = poison-drops (C., Beit._ viii. 571; S., _ibid. xi. 359).
l. 1467. t?t, comp. relative, = that which_; "we testify _that we do know."
l. 1480. fore-gewitenum is in appos. to me, = mihi defuncto.--M. Callaway, Am. Journ. of Philol., October, 1889.
l. 1482. nime. Conditional clauses of doubt or future contingency take gif or b?ton with subj.; cf. ll. 452, 594; of fact or certainty, the ind.; cf. ll. 442, 447, 527, 662, etc. For b?ton, cf. ll. 967, 1561.
l. 1487. "findan sometimes has a preterit funde in W. S. after the manner of the weak preterits."--Cook's Sievers' Cram., p, 210.
l. 1490. Kl. reads w?l-sweord, = battle-sword.
l. 1507. "This cave under the sea seems to be another of those natural phenomena of which the writer had personal knowledge (ll. 2135, 2277), and which was introduced by him into the mythical tale to give it a local color. There are many places of this kind. Their entrance is under the lowest level of the tide."--Br., p. 45.
l. 1514. B. (Beit. xii. 362) explains niesele, hr?fsele as _roof-covered hall in the deep_; cf. Grettir Saga (Anglia, iii. 83).
l. 1538. Sw., R., and ten Br. suggest feaxe for eaxle, = _seized by the hair_.
l. 1543. and-le芍n (R.); cf. l. 2095. The MS. has hand-le芍n.
l. 1546. Sw. and S. read seax.--Beit. ix. 140.
l. 1557. H.-So. omits comma and places semicolon after yeel?ce; Sw. and S. place comma after gesc那d.
l. 1584. ?eer swylc = another fifteen (Sw.); = fully as many (Ha.).
ll. 1592-1613 seq._ Cf. _Anglia, iii; 84 (Grettir Saga).
l. 1595. blondenfeax = grizzly-haired (Bright, Reader, p. 258); cf. Brunanb., l. 45 (Bright).
l. 1599. geweare, impers. vb., = _agree, decide = many agreed upon this, that_, etc. (Ha., p. 55; cf. ll. 2025-2027, 1997; B., Beit. xii. 97).
l. 1605. C. supposes wiston = w?scton = wished_.--_Beit. viii. 571.
l. 1607. broden m?l is now regarded as a comp. noun, = _inlaid or damascened sword_.--W., Ho.
l. 1611. w?l-rapas = water-ropes = bands of frost (l. 1610) (?). Possibly the Prov. Eng. weele, whirlpool. Cf. w?l, gurges_, Wright, Voc., Gnom. Verses_, l. 39.--E.
l. 1611. w?grapas (Sw.) = wave-bands (Ha.).
l. 1622. B. suggests eatna = eotena, eardas, haunts of the giants (Northumbr. ea for eo).
l. 1635. cyning-holde (B., Beit. xii. 369); cf. l. 290.
l. 1650. H., Gr., and Ettm邦ller understand idese to refer to the queen.
l. 1651. Cf. Anglia_, iii. 74, _Beit. xi. 167, for coincidences with the Grettir Saga (13th cent.).
l. 1657. Restore MS. reading wigge in place of w?ge.
l. 1664. B. proposes eotenise ... 豕ste for e芍cen ... oftost, omitting brackets (Zackers Zeitschr. iv. 206). G. translates mighty ... often.
l. 1675. ondr?dan. "In late texts the final n of the preposition on is frequently lost when it occurs in a compound word or stereotyped phrase, and the prefix then appears as a: ab迆tan, amang, aweg, aright, adr'?dan."--Cook's Sievers' Gram., p. 98.
ll. 1680-1682. Giants and their work are also referred to at ll. 113, 455, 1563, 1691, etc.
l. 1680. Cf. ceastra ... oreanc enta geweorc, Gnomic Verses, l. 2; Sweet's Reader, p. 186.
ll. 1687-1697. "In this description of the writing on the sword, we see the process of transition from heathen magic to the notions of Christian times .... The history of the flood and of the giants ... were substitutes for names of heathen gods, and magic spells for victory."--E. Cf. Mohammedan usage.
ll. 1703, 1704. t?t t那 eorl n?re geboren betera (B., Tidskr. 8, 52).
l. 1715. ana hwearf = he died solitary and alone (B., Beit. xii. 38); = lonely (Ha.); = alone (G.).
l. 1723. le車d-bealo longsum = eternal hell-torment (B., Beit. xii. 38, who compares Ps. Cott. 57, l?f longsum).
l. 1729. E. translates on lufan, towards possession_; Ha., to possessions_.
l. 1730. m?dgetonc, like lig, s?, segn, niht, etc., is of double gender (m., n. in the case of m?dget.).
l. 1741. The doctrine of nemesis following close on [Greek: hubris], or overweening pride, is here very clearly enunciated. The only protector against the things that "assault and hurt" the soul is the "Bishop and Shepherd of our souls" (l. 1743).
l. 1745 appears dimly to fore-shadow the office of the evil archer Loki, who in the Scandinavian mythology shoots Balder with a mistletoe twig. The language closely resembles that of Psalm 64.
l. 1748. Kl. regards wom = w?(u)m; cf. w?h-bogen, l. 2828. See Gloss., p. 295, under wam. Contrast the construction of bebeorgan a few lines below (l. 1759), where the dat. and acc. are associated.
l. 1748. See Cook's Sievers' Gram., p. 167, for declension of w?h, wrong = gen. w?s or w?ges, dat. w?(u)m, etc.; pl. gen. w?ra, dat. w?(u)m, etc.; and cf. declension of he芍h, hre車h, r?h, etc.
l. 1748. wergan gastes; cf. Blickl. Hom._ vii.; _Andreas_, l. 1171. "Auld Wearie_ is used in Scotland, or was used a few years ago, ... to mean the devil."--E. Bede's Eccles. Hist. contains (naturally) many examples of the expression = devil.
l. 1750. on gyld = in reward (B. Beit. xii. 95); Ha. translates boastfully_; G., _for boasting_; Gr., _to incite to boastfulness. Cf. Christ, l. 818.
l. 1767. E. thinks this an allusion to the widespread superstition of the evil eye (_mal occhio, mauvais ?il_). Cf. Vergil, Ecl. iii. 103. He remarks that Pius IX., Gambetta, and President Carnot were charged by their enemies with possessing this weapon.
l. 1784. wigge geweoread (MS. wigge weoread) is C.'s conjecture; cf. Elene_, l. 150. So G., _honored in war.
l. 1785. The future generally implied in the present of be車n is plainly seen in this line; cf. ll. 1826, 661, 1830, 1763, etc.
l. 1794. Some impers. vbs. take acc. (as here, Geat) of the person affected; others (as tyncan) take the dat. of the person, as at ll. 688, 1749, etc. Cf. verbs of dreaming, being ashamed, desiring, etc.--March, A.-S. Gram., p. 145.
l. 1802. E. remarks that the blaca hrefn here is a bird of good omen, as opposed to se wonna hrefn of l. 3025. The raven, wolf, and eagle are the regular epic accompaniments of battle and carnage. Cf. ll. 3025-3028; Maldon_, 106; _Judith, 205-210, etc.
l. 1803. S. emends to read: "then came the light, going bright after darkness: the warriors," etc. Cf. Ho., p. 41, l. 23. G. puts period before "the warriors." For onettan, cf. Sw.'s Gloss, and Bright's Read., Gloss.
ll. 1808-1810. M邦llenh. and Grundt. refer se hearda to Beowulf, correct sunu (MS.) to suna Ecglafes (i.e. Unferth); [he] (Beo.) thanked him (Un.) for the loan. Cf. ll. 344, 581, 1915.
ll. 1823-1840. "Beowulf departing pledges his services to Hroegar, to be what afterwards in the mature language of chivalry was called his 'true knight'"--E.
l. 1832. Kl. corrects to dryhtne, in appos. with Higelace.
l. 1835 gar-holt more properly means spear-shaft; cf. ?sc-holt.
l. 1855. s那l = better (Grundt.; B., Beit. xii. 96), instead of MS. wel.
ll. 1855-1866. "An ideal picture of international amity according to the experience and doctrine of the eighth century."--E.
l. 1858. S. and Kl. correct to gem?ne, agreeing with sib.--Beit. ix. 140, 190.
l. 1862. "The gannet is a great diver, plunging down into the sea from a considerable height, such as forty feet."--E.
l. 1863. Kl. suggests heafu, = seas.
l. 1865. B. proposes get?hte, = with firm thought, for geworhte; cf. l. 611.
l. 1876. gese車n = see again (Kl., Beit. ix. 190). S. and B. insert na to modify gese車n and explain Hr?egar's tears. Ha. and G. follow Heyne's text. Cf. l. 567.
l. 1881. Is beorn here = bearn (be-arn?) of l. 67? or more likely = born, barn, = burned?--S., Th.
l. 1887. orleahtre is a _[Greek: hapax legomenon]_. E. compares Tennyson's "blameless" king. Cf. also ll. 2015, 2145; and the g?d cyning of l. 11.
l. 1896. scaean = warriors (cf. l. 1804) has been proposed by C.; but cf. l. 253.
l. 1897. The boat had been left, at ll. 294-302, in the keeping of Hr?egar's men; at l. 1901 the bat-weard is specially honored by Beowulf with a sword and becomes a "sworded squire."--E. This circumstance appears to weld the poem together. Cf. also the speed of the journey home with ymb an-t?d ?tres d?gores of l. 219, and the similarity of language in both passages (famig-heals, clifu, n?ssas, s?lde, brim, etc.).--The nautical terms in Beowulf would form an interesting study.
l. 1904. R. proposes, gewat him on naca, = the vessel set out, on alliterating as at l. 2524 (Zachers Zeitschr. iii. 402). B. reads on nacan, but inserts irrelevant matter (Beit. xii. 97).
l. 1913. Cf. the same use of ce車l, = ship_, in the _A.-S. Chron., ed. Earle-Plummer; Gnomic Verses, etc.
l. 1914. S. inserts t?t h那 before on lande.
l. 1916. B. makes le車fra manna depend on wlatode, = _looked for the dear men ready at the coast_ (Beit. xii. 97).
l. 1924. Gr., W., and Ho. propose wunade, = remained; but cf. l. 1929. S. conceives ll. 1924, 1925 as "direct speech" (Beit. ix. 141).
l. 1927 seq. "The women of Beowulf are of the fine northern type; trusted and loved by their husbands and by the nobles and people; generous, gentle, and holding their place with dignity."--Br., p. 67. Thrytho is the exception, l. 1932 seq.
l. 1933. C. suggests fr那cnu, = dangerous, bold, for Thrytho could not be called "excellent." G. writes "Modthrytho" as her name. The womanly Hygd seems purposely here contrasted with the terrible Thrytho, just as, at l. 902 seq., Sigemund and Herem?d are contrasted. For Thrytho, etc., cf. Gr., _Jahrb. f邦r rom. u. eng. Lit._ iv. 279; M邦llenhoff, Haupts Zeitschr. xiv. 216; Matthew Paris; Suchier, Beit._ iv. 500-521; R. Zachers Zeitschr._ iii. 402; B., ibid. iv. 206; K?rner, Eng. Stud. i. 489-492; H.-So., p. 106.
l. 1932-1963. K. first pointed out the connection between the historical Offa, King of Mercia, and his wife Cwendrida, and the Offa and Tryeo (Gr.'s Drida_ of the Vita Off? Secundi_) of the present passage. The tale is told of her, not of Hygd.
l. 1936. Suchier proposes and?ges, = eye to eye; Leo proposes and?ges, = the whole day_; G., _by day. No change is necessary if an be taken to govqern hire, = on her, and d?ges be explained (like nihtes, etc.) as a genitive of time, = by day.
l. 1943. R. and Suchier propose ons那ce, = seek, require; but cf. 2955.
l. 1966. Cf. the heofoncandel_ of _Exod. l. 115 (Hunt). Shak.'s 'night's candles.'
l. 1969. Cf. l. 2487 seq. for the actual slayer of Ongente車w, i.e. Eofor, to whom Hygelac gave his only daughter as a reward, l. 2998.
l. 1981. meodu-scencum = with mead-pourers_ or _mead-cups (G., Ha.); draught or cup of mead (Toller-Bosw.).
l. 1982. K., Th., W., H. supply [heal-]reced; Holler [he芍-].
l. 1984. B. defends the MS., reading h? n? (for h?en?), which he regards as = Heinir, the inhabitants of the Jutish "heaths" (h?e). Cf. H.-So., p. 107; Beit. xii. 9.
l. 1985. s?nne. "In poetry there is a reflexive possessive of the third person, s?n (declined like m?n). It is used not only as a true reflexive, but also as a non-reflexive (= Lat. ejus)"--Sw.; Cook's Sievers' Gram., p. 185. Cf. ll. 1508, 1961, 2284, 2790.
l. 1994. Cf. l. 190 for a similar use of se芍e; cf. to "glow" with emotion, "boil" with indignation, "burn" with anger, etc. weallan is often so used; cf. ll. 2332, 2066, etc.
l. 2010. B. proposes facne, = in treachery_, for fenne. Cf. _Juliana, l. 350; Beit. xii. 97.
l. 2022. Food of specific sorts is rarely, if at all, mentioned in the poem. Drink, on the other hand, occurs in its primitive varieties,--ale (as here: ealu-w?g), _mead, beer, wine, l?e_ (cider? Goth. _leitus_, Prov. Ger. leit-_ in _leit-haus, ale-house), etc.
l. 2025. Kl. proposes is for w?s.
l. 2027. Cf. l. 1599 for a similar use of weorean, = _agree, be pleased with_ (Ha.); appear (Sw., Reader, 6th ed.).
ll. 2030, 2031. Ten Br. proposes: oft seldan ( = gave) w?re ?fter le車d-hryre: lytle hw?le bongar b?gee, te芍h se車 bryd duge = _oft has a treaty been given after the fall of a prince: but little while the murder-spear resteth, however excellent the bride be._ Cf. Kl., Beit. ix. 190; B., Beit._ xii. 369; R., _Zachers Zeitschr. in. 404; Ha., p. 69; G., p. 62.
l. 2036. Cf. Kl, Beit._ ix. 191; R., _Zachers Zeitschr. iii. 404.
l. 2042. For be芍h B. reads ba, = both, i.e. Freaware and the Dane.
l. 2063. Thorkelin and Conybeare propose w?gende, = fighting, for lifigende.
l. 2068. W.'s edition begins section xxx. (not marked in the MS.) with this line. Section xxxix. (xxxviii. in copies A and B, xxxix. in Thorkelin) is not so designated in the MS., though ta (at l. 2822) is written with capitals and xl. begins at l. 2893.
l. 2095. Cf. l. 1542, and note.
l. 2115 seq. B. restores thus:
T?r on innan gi車ng?nieea nathwylc, ne車de t? gef那ng?h?enum horde; hond ?tgenam?seleful since fah; n那 h那 t?t syeean ageaf,?te芍h te h那 sl?pende besyrede hyrde?te車fes cr?fte: t?t se ti車den onfand,?by-folc beorna, t?t h那 gebolgen w?s.
--Beit._ xii. 99; _Zachers Zeitschr. iv. 210.
l. 2128. ?tb?r here = bear away, not given in the Gloss.
l. 2129. B. proposes f?runga, = suddenly, for Gr.'s reading in the text.--Beit. xii. 98.
l. 2132. MS. has tine life, which Leo translates by thy leave (= ON. leyfi); B., by thy life_.--_Beit. xii. 369.
l. 2150. B. renders gen, etc., by "now I serve thee alone again as my gracious king" (Beit. xii. 99).
l. 2151. The forms hafu [hafo], hafast, hafae, are poetic archaisms.--Sw.
l. 2153. Kl. proposes ealdor, = prince, for eafor. W. proposes the compd. eafor-he芍fodsegn, = helm; cf. l. 1245.
l. 2157. The wk. form of the adj. is frequent in the vocative, especially when postponed: "Beowulf le車fa," l. 1759. So, often, in poetry in nom.: wudu selesta, etc.
l. 2158. ?rest is possibly the verbal subs. from ar?san, _to arise, = arising, origin_. R. suggested ?rist, arising, origin_. Cf. Bede, Eccles. Hist._, ed. Miller, where the word is spelt as above, but = (as usual) resurrection_. See Sweet, Reader, p. 211; E.-Plummer's _Chronicle, p. 302, etc. The MS. has est. See Ha., p. 73; S., Beit. x. 222; and cf. l. 2166.
l. 2188. Gr., W., H. supply [w那n]don, = weened, instead of Th.'s [oft s?g]don.
l. 2188. The "slack" Beowulf, like the sluggish Brutus, ultimately reveals his true character, and is presented with a historic sword of honor. It is "laid on his breast" (l. 2195) as Hun laid Lafing on Hengest's breast, l. 1145.
l. 2188. "The boy was at first slothful, and the Geats thought him an unwarlike prince, and long despised him. Then, like many a lazy third son in the folk tales, a change came, he suddenly showed wonderful daring and was passionate for adventure."--Br., p. 22.
l. 2196. "Seven of thousands, manor and lordship" (Ha.). Kl., Beit. ix. 191, thinks with Ettm. that t?sendo means a hide of land (see Schmid, _Ges. der Angl_, 610), Bede's familia = 1/2 sq. meter; seofan being used (like hund, l. 2995) only for the alliteration.
l. 2196. "A vast Honour of 7000 hides, a mansion, and a judgment-seat" [throne].--E.
l. 2210. MS. has the more correct wintra.
l. 2211. Cf. similar language about the dragon at l. 100. Beowulf's "jubilee" is fitly solemnized by his third and last dragon-fight.
l. 2213. B. proposes s那 te on hearge h?een hord beweotode; cf. Ha., p. 75.
l. 2215. "The dragon lies round the treasures in a cave, as Fafnir, like a Python, lay coiled over his hoard. So constant was this habit among the dragons that gold is called Worms' bed, Fafnir's couch, Worms' bed-fire. Even in India, the cobras ... are guardians of treasure."--Br., p. 50.
l. 2216. ne車de. E. translates deftly_; Ha., _with ardor. H.-So. reads ne車de, = with desire, greedily, instr. of ne車d.
l. 2223. E. begins his "Part Third" at this point as he begins "Part Second" at l. 1252, each dragon-fight forming part of a trilogy.
ll. 2224, 2225. B. proposes: nealles mid gewealdum wyrmes weard g?st sylfes willum.--Zachers Zeitschr._ iv. 211; _Beit. xii. 100.
l. 2225. For te車w read tegn.--K. and Z.
l. 2225. te車w, st. m., slave, serf (not in H.-So.).
l. 2227. For ofer-tearfe read ?rnes tearfa.--Z.
ll. 2229-2231. B. proposes:
secg synbysig s?na onwlatode,?te芍h tam gyste gryrebr?ga st?d,?hw?ere earmsceapen innganges tearfa
. . . . . . . . . .?fe芍sceapen, ta hyne se f?r begeat.
--Beit. xii. 101. Cf. Ha., p. 69.
l. 2232. W. suggests seah or se?r for geseah, and Gr. suggests searol?c.
l. 2233. Z. surmises eore-h?se (for -scr?fe).
l. 2241. B. proposes l?n-gestre車na, = transitory, etc.; Th., R. propose leng (= longer) gestre車na; S. accepts the text but translates "the long accumulating treasure."
l. 2246. B. proposed (1) hard-fyndne, = hard to find; (2) hord-wynne d?l,--a deal of treasure-joy (cf. l. 2271).--Zachers Zeitschr. iv. 211; Beit. xii. 102.
l. 2247. fecword = banning words (?) MS. has fec.
l. 2254. Others read feor-[mie], = furbish_, for fetige: I own not one who may_, etc.
l. 2261. The Danes themselves were sometimes called the "Ring-Danes," = clad in ringed (or a ring of) armor, or possessing rings. Cf. ll. 116, 1280.
l. 2264. Note the early reference to hawking. Minstrelsy (hearpan wyn), saga-telling, racing, swimming, harpooning of sea-animals, feasting, and the bestowal of jewels, swords, and rings, are the other amusements most frequent in _Be車wulf_.
l. 2264. Cf. Maldon, ll. 8, 9, for a reference to hawking.
l. 2276. Z. suggests swyee ondr?dae; Ho. puts ges那cean for Gr.'s gewunian.
l. 2277. Z. and K. read: hord on hr?san. "Three hundred winters," at l. 2279, is probably conventional for "a long time," like hund missera, l. 1499; hund t?senda, l. 2995; tritig (of Beowulf's strength), l. 379; tritig (of the men slain by Grendel), l. 123; seofan t?sendo, l. 2196, etc.
l. 2285. B. objects to hord as repeated in ll. 2284, 2285; but cf. Ha., p. 77. C. prefers sum to hord. onboren = inminutus_; cf. B., _Beit. xii. 102.
l. 2285. onberan is found also at line 991, = carry off, with on- = E. _un--(un-bind, -loose, -tie_, etc.), G. ent-. The negro still pronounces on-do, etc.
l. 2299. Cf. H.-So., p. 112, for a defense of the text as it stands. B. proposes "nor was there any man in that desert who rejoiced in conflict," etc. So ten Br.
l. 2326. B. and ten Br,. propose ham, = home_, for him.--_Beit. xii. 103.
l. 2335. E. translates e芍lond utan by _the sea-board front, the water-washed land on the (its) outside_. See B., Beit. xii. 1, 5.
l. 2346. Cf. l. 425, where Beowulf resolves to fight the dragon single-handed. E. compares Guy of Warwick, ll. 49, 376.
l. 2355. Ten Br. proposes laean cynne as apposition to m?gum.
l. 2360. Cf. Beowulf's other swimming-feat with Breca, ll. 506 seq.
l. 2362. Gr. inserts ana, = lone-going, before xxx.: approved by B.; and Kr邦ger, Beit. ix. 575. Cf. l. 379.
l. 2362. "Beowulf has the strength of thirty men in the original tale. Here, then, the new inventor makes him carry off thirty coats of mail."--Br., p. 48.
l. 2364. Hetware = Chattuarii, a nation allied against Hygelac in his Frisian expedition; cf. ll. 1208 seq., 2917, etc.
l. 2368. B. proposes quiet sea as trans, of si車leea bigong, and compares Goth. anasilan_, to be still; Swed. dial, _sil, still water between waterfalls.--Zachers Zeitschr. iv. 214.
l. 2380. hyne--Heardr那d; so him, l. 2358.
l. 2384. E. calls attention to Swi車-r?ce as identical with the modern Sverige = Sweden; cf. l. 2496.
l. 2386. Gr. reads on feorme, = at the banquet; cf. M?ller, _Alteng. Volksepos_, 111, who reads (f)or feorme. The MS. has or.
l. 2391. Cf. l. 11.
l. 2394. B., Gr., and M?llenh. understand ll. 2393-2397 to mean that E芍dgils, ?hthere's son, driven from Sweden, returns later, supported by Beowulf, takes the life of his uncle Onela, and probably becomes himself O.'s successor and king of Sweden. For another view see H.-So., p. 115. MS. has freond (l. 2394), which Leo, etc., change to fe車nd. G. translates friend_.--_Beit._ xii. 13; _Anzeiger f. d. Altert. iii. 177.
l. 2395. E芍dgils is ?hthere's son; cf. l. 2381; Onela is ?hthere's brother; cf. ll. 2933, 2617.
l. 2402. "Twelfsome"; cf. "fifteensome" at l. 207, etc. As _Be車wulf_ is essentially the Epic of Philanthropy, of the true love of man, as distinguished from the ordinary love-epic, the number twelve in this passage may be reminiscent of another Friend of Man and another Twelve. In each case all but one desert the hero.
l. 2437. R. proposes styred, = ordered, decreed, for str那d.--_Zachers Zeitschr._ iii. 409.
l. 2439. B. corrects to fre車-wine = noble friend, asking, "How can Herebeald be called H?ecyn's fre芍-wine [MS.], lord?"
l. 2442. feohle芍s gefeoht, "a homicide which cannot be atoned for by money--in this case an unintentional fratricide."--Sw.
l. 2445. See Ha., pp. 82, 83, for a discussion of ll. 2445-2463. Cf. G., p. 75.
l. 2447. MS. reads wrece, justified by B. (Tidskr. viii. 56). W. conceives wrece as optative or hortative, and places a colon before tonne.
l. 2449. For helpan read helpe.--K., Th., S. (Zeitschr. f. D. Phil. xxi. 3, 357).
ll. 2454-2455. (1) M邦llenh. (Haupts Zeitschr. xiv. 232) proposes:
tonne se an hafae?turh d?da nyd de芍ees gefandod.
(2) B. proposes:
turh d?da n?e de芍ees gefondad.
--Zachers Zeitschr. iv. 215.
l. 2458. Cf. sce車tend, pl., ll. 704, 1155, like r?dend. Cf. Judith, l. 305, etc.
l. 2474. Th. considers the "wide water" here as the M?lar lake, the boundary between Swedes and Goths.
l. 2477. On otte = and_, cf. B., _Tidskr. viii. 57. See Ha., p. 83.
l. 2489. B. proposes hre芍-blac for Gr.'s heoro-.--Tikskr. viii. 297.
l. 2494. S. suggests 那eel-wynne.
l. 2502. E. translates for dugeeum, of my prowess; so Ettm邦ller.
ll. 2520-2522. Gr. and S. translate, "if I knew how else I might combat the monster's boastfulness."--Ha., p. 85.
l. 2524. and-hattres is H.'s invention. Gr. reads oreees and attres, _blast and venom_. Cf. orue, l. 2558, and l. 2840 (where attor- also occurs).
l. 2526. E. quotes fle車n f?tes trym from Maldon, l. 247.
l. 2546. Gr., H.-So., and Ho. read standan stan-bogan (for st?d on stan-bogan) depending on geseah.
l. 2550. Grundt. and B. propose de車r, brave one, i.e. Beowulf, for de車p.
L. 2565. MS. has ungleaw (K., Th.), unglaw (Grundt.). B. proposes unslaw, = sharp_.--_Beit. xii. 104. So H.-So., Ha., p. 86.
ll. 2570, 2571. (1) May not gesc?fe (MS. to gscipe) = German schief, "crooked," "bent," "aslant," and hence be a parallel to gebogen, _bent, coiled?_ cf. l. 2568, ta se wyrm gebe芍h sn?de t?somne, and l. 2828. Coiled serpents spring more powerfully for the coiling. (2) Or perhaps destroy comma after t? and read gesc?pe, = his fate; cf. l. 26: him ta Scyld gewat t? gesc?p-hw?le. G. appar. adopts this reading, p. 78.
l. 2589. grund-wong = the field_, not _the earth (so B.); H.-So., cave, as at l. 2771. So Ha., p. 87.
l. 2595. S. proposes colon after stefne.--Beit. ix. 141.
l. 2604. M邦llenh. explains le車d Scylfinga in Anzeiger f. d. Altert. iii. 176-178.
l. 2607. are = possessions, holding (Kl., Beit. ix. 192; Ha., p. 88).
l. 2609. folcrihta. Add "folk-right" to the meanings in the Gloss.; and cf. 那eel-, land-riht, word-riht.
l. 2614. H.-So. reads with Gr. wr?ccan winele芍sum Weohstan bana, = _whom, a friendless exile, W. had slain_.
ll. 2635-61. E. quotes Tacitus, Germania, xiv.: "turpe comitatui virtutem principis non adaequare." Beowulf had been deserted by his comitatus.
l. 2643. B. proposes ?ser.--Zachers Zeitschr. iv. 216.
l. 2649. wutun; l. 3102, uton = pres. subj. pl. 1st person of w?tan, _to go_, used like Mod. Eng. let us_ + inf., Lat. _eamus_, Ital. _andiamo, Fr. allons; M. E. (Layamon) uten_. Cf. Psa. ii. 3, etc. March, A.-S. Gram._, pp. 104, 196.
l. 2650. B. suggests hat for hyt,.--Beit. xii. 105.
l. 2656. fane = fah-ne; cf. fara = fah-ra, l. 578; so he芍nne (MS.) = he芍h-ne, etc., l. 984. See Cook's Sievers' Gram.
ll. 2660, 2661. Why not read beadu-scr?d, as at l. 453, = battle-shirt? B. and R. suppose two half-verses omitted between byrdu-scr?d and bam gem?ne. B. reads bywdu, = handsome, etc. Gr. suggests unc n?, = _to us two now_, for ?rum; and K. and Grundt. read be車n gem?ne for bam, etc. This makes sense. Cf. Ha., p. 89.
l. 2666. Cf. the dat. absolute without preposition.
l. 2681. N?gling; cf. Hrunting, Lafing, and other famous wundor-smiea geweorc of the poem.
l. 2687. B. changes tonne into tone (rel. pro.) = which_.--_Beit. xii. 105.
l. 2688. B. supports the MS. reading, wundum.
l. 2688. Cf. l. 2278 for similar language.
l. 2698. B. (Beit. xii. 105) renders: "he did not heed the head of the dragon (which Beowulf with his sword had struck without effect), but he struck the dragon somewhat further down." Cf. Saxo, vi. p. 272.
l. 2698. Cf. the language used at ll. 446 and 1373, where hafelan also occurs; and hydan.
l. 2700. hw那ne; cf. Lowl. Sc. wheen_, a number; Chaucer's _woon, number.
l. 2702. S. proposes ta (for t?t) t?t fyr, etc., = when the fire began, etc.
l. 2704. "The (hup)-seax has often been found in Saxon graves on the hip of the skeleton."--E.
l. 2707. Kl. proposes: feorh ealne wr?c, = drove out all the life; cf. Gen._ l. 1385.--_Beit._ ix. 192. S. suggests gefylde,--he felled the foe_, etc.--Ibid. Parentheses seem unnecessary.
l. 2727. d?g-hw?l = time allotted, lifetime.
l. 2745, 2745. Ho. removes geong from the beginning of l. 2745 and places it at the end of l. 2744.
l. 2750. R. proposes sigle searogimmas, as at l. 1158.
l. 2767. (1) B. proposes doubtfully oferh?gean or oferh?gan, = Goth, ufarhauhjan_, p. p. _ufarhauhids (Gr. [Greek: tuphwtheis]) = _exceed in value_.--Tidskr. viii. 60. (2) Kl. proposes oferhydian, = _to make arrogant, infatuate_; cf. oferhyd.--Beit. ix. 192.
l. 2770. gelocen leoeocr?ftum = (1) spell-bound (Th., Arnold, E.); (2) wrought with hand-craft (G.); (3) meshed, linked together (H., Ho.); cf. Elene, ll. 1251, 522.
l. 2778. B. considers bill ... ealdhlafordes as Beowulf's short sword, with which he killed the dragon, l. 2704 (Tidskr. viii. 299). R. proposes ealdhlaforde. M邦llenh. understands ealdhlaford to mean the former possessor of the hoard. W. agrees to this, but conceives ?rgesc?d as a compd. = ?re calceatus, sheathed in brass. Ha. translates ?rgesc?d as vb. and adv.
l. 2791. Cf. l. 224, eoletes ?t ende; landes ?t ende, Exod. (Hunt).
l. 2792. MS. reads w?teres weorpan, which R. would change to w?tere sweorfan.
l. 2806. "Men saw from its height the whales tumbling in the waves, and called it Whale's Ness (Hrones-n?s)."--Br. p. 28. Cf. l. 3137.
l. 2815. W?glaf was the next of kin, the last of the race, and hence the recipient of Beowulf's kingly insignia. There is a possible play on the word laf (W?g-_laf_, ende-_laf_).
l. 2818. gingeste word; cf. novissima verba_, and Ger. j邦ngst_, lately.
l. 2837. E. translates on lande, in the world_, comparing on l?fe, on worulde_.
l. 2840. ger?sde = pret. of ger?san (omitted from the Gloss.), same as r?san; cf. l. 2691.
l. 2859. B. proposes de芍e ar?dan, = determine death_.--_Beit. xii. 106.
l. 2861. Change geongum to geongan as a scribal error (?), but cf. Lichtenheld, Haupts Zeitschr. xvi. 353-355.
l. 2871. S. and W. propose ?w那r.--Beit. ix. 142.
l. 2873. S. punctuates: wraee forwurpe, ta, etc.
l. 2874. H.-So. begins a new sentence with nealles, ending the preceding one with beget.
l. 2879. ?tgifan = to render, to afford; omitted in Gloss.
ll. 2885-2892. "This passage ... equals the passage in Tacitus which describes the tie of chief to companion and companion to chief among the Germans, and which recounts the shame that fell on those who survived their lord."--Br., p. 56.
l. 2886. cyn thus has the meaning of gens or clan, just as in many Oriental towns all are of one blood. E. compares Tacitus, Germania, 7; and cf. "kith and kin."
l. 2892. Death is preferable to dishonor. Cf. Kemble, Saxons, i. 235.
l. 2901. The _[Greek: angelos]_ begins his _[Greek: angelia]_ here.
l. 2910. S. proposes higem那ee, sad of soul; cf. ll. 2853 and 2864 (Beit. ix. 142). B. considers higem那eum a dat. or instr. pl. of an abstract in -u (Beit. xii. 106). H. makes it a dat. pl. = for the dead. For heafod-wearde, etc., cf. note on l. 446.
l. 2920-2921. B. explains "he could not this time, as usual, give jewels to his followers."--Beit. xii. 106.
l. 2922. The Merovingian or Frankish race.
l. 2940 seq. B. conjectures:
cw?e h?e on mergenne m那ces ecgum?g那tan wolde, sumon galgtreowu?ahe芍wan on holte ond h?e ah?an on ta?fuglum t? gamene.
--Beit._ xii. 107, 372. Cf. S., _Beit. ix. 143. g那tan = _cause blood to be shed._
l. 2950. B. proposes gomela for g?da; "a surprising epithet for a Geat to apply to the 'terrible' Ongentheow."--Ha. p. 99. But "good" does not necessarily mean "morally excellent," as a "good" hater, a "good" fighter.
l. 2959. See H.-So. for an explanatory quotation from Paulus Diaconus, etc. B., K., and Th. read segn Higelaces, = H.'s banner uplifted began to pursue the Swede-men.--Beit. xii. 108. S. suggests s?ce, = pursuit.
l. 2977. gewyrpton: this vb. is also used reflexively in Exod. (Hunt), l. 130: wyrpton hie w那rige.
l. 2989. b?r is Grundt.'s reading, after the MS. "The surviving victor is the heir of the slaughtered foe."--H.-So. Cf. Hildebrands Lied, ll. 61, 62.
l. 2995. "A hundred of thousands in land and rings" (Ha., p. 100). Cf. ll. 2196, 3051. Cf. B., Beit._ xii. 20, who quotes Saxo's _bis senas gentes and remarks: "Hrolf Kraki, who rewards his follower, for the slaying of the foreign king, with jewels, rich lands, and his only daughter's hand, answers to the Jutish king Hygelac, who rewards his liegeman, for the slaying of Ongenthe車w, with jewels, enormous estates, and his only daughter's hand."
l. 3006. H.-So. suggests Scilfingas for Scyldingas, because, at l. 2397, Beowulf kills the Scylfing E芍dgils and probably acquires his lands. Thus ll. 3002, 3005, 3006, would indicate that, after Beowulf's death, the Swedes desired to shake off his hated yoke. M邦llenh., however, regards l. 3006 as a thoughtless repetition of l. 2053.--Haupts Zeitschr. xiv. 239.
l. 3008. Cf. the same proverb at l. 256; and Exod. (Hunt.) l. 293.
l. 3022. E. quotes:
"Thai token an harp gle and game?And maked a lai and yaf it name."
--Weber, l. 358.
and from Percy, "The word glee, which peculiarly denoted their art (the minstrels'), continues still in our own language ... it is to this day used in a musical sense, and applied to a peculiar piece of composition."
l. 3025. "This is a finer use than usual of the common poetic attendants of a battle, the wolf, the eagle, and the raven. The three are here like three Valkyrie, talking of all that they have done."--Br., p. 57.
l. 3033. Cf. Hunt's Dan. l. 731, for similar language.
l. 3039. B. supplies a supposed gap here:
[banan e芍c fundon bennum se車cne?(n那) ?r h? t?m ges那gan syll?cran wiht]?wyrm on wonge...
--Beit. xii. 372.
Cf. Ha., p. 102. W. and Ho. insert [t?r] before ges那gan.
l. 3042. Cf. l. 2561, where gryre-giest occurs as an epithet of the dragon. B. proposes gry[re-fah].
l. 3044. lyft-wynne, in the pride of the air_, E.; to rejoice in the air_, Ha.
l. 3057. (1) He (God) is men's hope; (2) he is the heroes' hope; (3) gehyld = the secret place of enchanters; cf. h那lsmanna gehyld, Gr.'s reading, after A.-S. h?lsere, haruspex, augur.
l. 3060. B. suggests gehyede, = plundered (i.e. by the thief), for gehydde.
ll. 3063-3066. (1) B. suggests wundur [de芍ee] hwar tonne eorl ellenrof ende gef那re = let a brave man then somewhere meet his end by wondrous venture, etc.--Zachers Zeitschr. iv. 241; cf. l. 3038. (2) S. supposes an indirect question introduced by hwar and dependent upon wundur, = _a mystery is it when it happens that the hero is to die, if he is no longer to linger among his people_.--Beit. ix. 143. (3) M邦llenh. suggests: _is it to be wondered at that a man should die when he can no longer live?_--Zachers Zeitschr. xiv. 241. (4) Possibly thus:
Wundrae hw?t tonne,?eorl ellen-r?f, ende gef那re?l?f-gesceafta, tonne leng ne m?g (etc.),
in which hw?t would = turh hw?t at l. 3069, and eorl would be subject of the conjectural vb. wundrae: "the valiant earl wondereth then through what he shall attain his life's end, when he no longer may live.... So Be車wulf knew not (wondered how) through what his end should come," etc. W. and Ho. join tonne to the next line. Or, for hwar read w?re: Wundur w?re tonne (= gif), etc., = "would it be any wonder if a brave man," etc., which is virtually M邦llenhoff's.
l. 3053. galdre bewunden, spell-bound, throws light on l. 2770, gelocen leoeo-cr?ftum. The "accursed" gold of legend is often dragon-guarded and placed under a spell. Even human ashes (as Shakespeare's) are thus banned. ll. 3047-3058 recall the so-called "Treasury of Atreus."
l. 3073. herh, hearh, temple_, is conjectured by E. to survive in Harrow. Temple, barrow_, etc., have thus been raised to proper names. Cf. Bi車wulfes biorh of l. 2808.
l. 3074. H.-So. has strude, = ravage, and compares l. 3127. MS. has strade. S. suggests stride, = tread.
l. 3074. H.-So. omits stradan, = tread, stride over, from the Gloss., referring ll. 3174 and 3074 to str?dan, q. v.
l. 3075. S. proposes: n?s h那 goldhw?tes gearwor h?fde, etc., = _Beowulf had not before seen the greedy possessor's favor_.--Beit. ix. 143. B. reads, goldhw?te gearwor h?fde, etc., making goldhw?te modify 那st, = _golden favor_; but see Beit. xii. 373, for B.'s later view.
l. 3086-3087. B. translates, "that which (i.e. the treasure) drew the king thither was granted indeed, but it overwhelmed us."--Beit. xii. 109.
l. 3097. B. and S. propose ?fter wine de芍dum, = _in memory of the dead friend_.--Beit. ix. 144.
l. 3106. The brad gold here possibly includes the i迆-monna gold of l. 3053 and the wunden gold of l. 3135. E. translates brad by bullion.
l. 3114. B. supposes folc-agende to be dat. sg. to g?dum, referring to Beowulf.
l. 3116. C. considers weaxan, = Lat. vescor, to devour, as a parallel to fretan, and discards parentheses.--Beit. viii. 573.
l. 3120. f?s = furnished with; a meaning which must be added to those in the Gloss.
ll. 3124-3125. S. proposes:
e車de eahta sum under inwit-hr?f?hilderinca: sum on handa b?r, etc.
--Beit. ix. 144.
l. 3136. H.-So. corrects (after B.) to ?eelingc_, the MS. having _e.
l. 3145. "It was their [the Icelanders'] belief that the higher the smoke rose in the air the more glorious would the burnt man be in heaven."-- Ynglinga Saga, 10 (quoted by E.). Cf. the funeral pyre of Herakles.
l. 3146-3147. B. conjectures:
... sw?gende l那c?w?pe bewunden windblonda l那g
(l那c from lacan, see Gloss.).--Beit. xii. 110. Why not windblonda lac?
l. 3147. M邦llenhoff rejected wind-blond gel?g because a great fire raises rather than "lays" the wind; hence B., as above, = "swoughing sported the flame wound with the howling of wind-currents."
l. 3151 seq. B. restores conjecturally:
swylce gi?mor-gyd sio ge車-meowle?[?fter Be車wulfe] bunden-heorde?[song] sorg-cearig, s?de geneahhe,?t?t hi車 hyre [hearm-]dagas hearde on [dr]那de,?w?lfylla worn, [w]?gendes egesan,?hy[n]eo ond h?ftnyd, he車f on r?ce wealg.
--Beit. xii. 100.
Here ge車-meowle = old woman_ or _widow;_ bunden-heorde = with bound locks;_ he車f = lamentation; cf. l. 3143. on r?ce wealg is less preferable than the MS. reading, heofon r那ce swealg = heaven swallowed the smoke.-- H.-So. B. thinks Beowulf's widow (ge車meowle) was probably Hygd; cf. ll. 2370, 3017-3021.
l. 3162. H.-So. reads (with MS.) bronda be lafe, for betost, and omits colon after b那cn. So B., Zachers Zeitschr. iv. 224.
l. 3171. E. quotes Gibbon's accounts of the burial of Attila when the "chosen squadrons of the Hun, wheeling round in measured evolutions, chanted a funeral song to the memory of a hero."
ll. 3173-3174. B. proposes:
woldon g那n cw?ean [ond] kyning?wordgyd wrecan ond ymb wel sprecan.
--Beit. xii. 112.
l. 3183. Z., K., Th. read manna for mannum.
l. 3184. "It is the English ideal of a hero as it was conceived by an Englishman some twelve hundred years ago."--Br., p. 18.
NOTES TO THE FIGHT AT FINNSBURG.
The original MS. of this fragment has vanished, but a copy had been made and printed by Hickes in his Thesaurus Linguarum Septentrionalium, i. 192. The original was written on a single sheet attached to a codex of homilies in the Lambeth Library. M?ller, Alteng. Epos, p. 65, places the fragment in the Finn episode, between ll. 1146 and 1147. Bugge (Beit. xii. 20) makes it illustrate the conflict in which Hn?f fell, i.e. as described in _Be車wulf_ as antecedent to the events there given. Heinzel (Anzeiger f. d. Altert.), however, calls attention to the fact that Hengest in the fragment is called cyning, whereas in _Be車wulf_, l. 1086, he is called tegn. See H.-So., p. 125.
"The Fight at Finnsburg_ and the lays from which our Be車wulf_ was composed were, as it seems to me, sung among the English who dwelt in the north of Denmark and the south of Sweden, and whose tribal name was the Jutes or Goths."--Br., p. 101.
l. 1. R. supposes [hor]nas, and conjectures such an introductory conversation as follows: "Is it dawning in the east, or is a fiery dragon flying about, or are the turrets of some castle burning?" questions which the king negatives in the same order. Then comes the positive declaration, "rather they are warriors marching whose armor gleams in the moonlight." --Alt- und Angels. Lesebuch, 1861. Heinzel and B. conjecture, [beorhtor hor]nas byrnae n?fre. So. G.--Beit._ xii. 22; _Anzeiger f. d. Altert. x. 229.
l. 5. B. conjectures fugelas to mean arrows, and supplies:
ac h那r fore berae [fyrdsearu rincas,?flacre flanbogan], fugelas singae.
He compares Saxo, p. 95, cristatis galeis hastisque sonantibus instant, as explanatory of l. 6.--Beit._ xii. 22. But see Brooke, Early Eng. Literature_, who supposes fugelas = raven_ and _eagle, while gr?g-hama is = wulf (the "grey-coated one"), the ordinary accompaniers of battle.
l. 11. hicgeae, etc.: cf. Maldon_, l. 5; _Exod. l. 218.
l. 15. Cf. B. (Beit. xii. 25), etc., and Saxo, p. 101, for l. 13.
ll. 18-21. H.-So. remarks: "If, according to M?ller and Bugge, Garulf is one of the attackers, one of Finn's men, this does not harmonize with his character as G?elaf's son (l. 33), who (l. 16, and _Be車wulf_, l. 1149) is a Dane, therefore one of Finn's antagonists." B. (Beit. xii. 25) conjectures:
ta gyt G?edene Garulf styrode,?t?t h那 swa fre車l?c feorh forman s?ee?t? t?re healle durum hyrsta ne b?re,?n? h?e n?ea heard anyman wolde;
in which G?edene is the same as Sigefere, l. 24; h那 (l. 22) refers to Garulf; and h?e (l. 21) to hyrsta.
l. 27. sw?eer = either (bad or good, life or death).--H.-So.
l. 29. c那lod: meaning doubtful; cf. Maldon, l. 283. G. renders "curved board"; Sw. suggests "round"? "hollow"?
l. 30. B. suggests bar-helm, = boar-helm._ Cf. Saxo, p. 96.--_Beit. xii. 26.
l. 34. B. conjectures: (1) hwearf flacra hr?w hr?fen, wandrode; (2) hwearf flacra hr?w hr?fen fram ?erum = flew from one corpse to another_.--_Beit. xii. 27.
l. 43. B. supposes wund h?lee to be a Dane, folces hyrde to be Hn?f, in opposition to Holtzmann (Germania, viii. 494), who supposes the wounded man to be a Frisian, and folces hyrde to be their king, Finn.--Beit. xii. 28.
l. 45. B. adopts Th.'s reading heresceorp unhr?r = _equipments useless_.--Beit. xii. 28.
l. 47. "Though wounded, they had retained their strength and activity in battle."--B., Beit. xii. 28.
ADDENDA.
ll. 105 and 218. MS. and Ho. read won-s?li and fami-heals.
ll. 143, 183, 186, etc. Read t?m for t?m.
l. 299. MS. reads g?d-fremmendra. So H.-So.
l. 338. Ho. marks wr?c- and its group long.
l. 530. Hw?t should here probably be printed as an interj., hw?t! Cf. ll. 1, 943, 2249.
l. 2263. Koeppel suggests nis for n?s.
The editors are much indebted to E. Koeppel (in Eng. Stud. xiii. 3) for numerous corrections in text and glossary.
l. 3070. H.-So. begins a new line with swa.
GLOSSARY
A
ac, conj. denoting contrariety: hence 1) but (like N.H.G. sondern), 109, 135, 339, etc.--2) but (N.H.G. aber), nevertheless, 602, 697, etc.--3) in direct questions: nonne, numquid, 1991.
agl?ca, ahl?ca, ?gl?ca, -cea, w. m. (cf. Goth, aglo, trouble, O.N. agi, terror, + lac, gift, sport: = misery, vexation, = bringer of trouble; hence): 1) evil spirit, demon, a demon-like being; of Grendel, 159, 433, 593, etc.; of the drake, 2535, 2906, etc.--2) great hero, mighty warrior; of Sigemund, 894; of Be車wulf: gen. sg. agl?can(?), 1513; of Be車wulf and the drake: nom. pl. ta agl?cean, 2593.
agl?c-w?f, st. n., demon, devil, in the form of a woman; of Grendel's mother, 1260.
aldor. See ealdor.
al-wealda. See eal-w.
am-biht (from and-b., Goth, and-baht-s), st. m., servant, man-servant: nom. sg. ombeht, of the coast-guard, 287; ombiht, of Wulfgar, 336.
ambiht-tegn (from ambiht n. officium and tegn, which see), _servant, man-servant_: dat. sg. ombiht-tegne, of Be車wulf's servant, 674.
an, prep, with the dat., on, in, with respect to_, 678; with, among, at, upon_ (position after the governed word), 1936; with the acc., 1248. Elsewhere on, which see.
ancor, st. m., anchor: dat. sg. ancre, 303, 1884.
ancor-bend, m. (?) f. (?), anchor-cable: dat. pl. oncer-bendum, 1919.
and, conj. (ond is usual form; for example, 601, 1149, 2041), and 33, 39, 40, etc. (See Appendix.)
anda, w. m., excitement, vexation, horror: dat. wraeum on andan, 709, 2315.
and-git, st. n., insight, understanding: nom. sg., 1060. See gitan.
and-hator, st. m. n., heat coming against one: gen. sg. r那ees and-hattres, 2524.
and-lang, -long, adj., very long. hence 1) _at whole length, raised up high_: acc. andlongne eorl, 2696 (cf. Bugge upon this point, Zachers Ztschr., 4, 217).--2) continual, entire; andlangne d?g, 2116, _the whole day_; andlonge niht, 2939.
and-le芍n, st. n., reward, payment in full: acc. sg., 1542, 2095 (hand-, hond-lean, MS.).
and-risno, st. f. (see r?san, surgere, decere), _that which is to be observed, that which is proper, etiquette_: dat. pl. for andrysnum, according to etiquette, 1797.
and-saca, w. m., adversary: godes andsaca (Grendel), 787, 1683.
and-slyht, st. m., blow in return: acc. sg., 2930, 2973 (MS. both times hond-slyht).
and-swaru, st. f., act of accosting: 1) to persons coming up, _an address_, 2861.--2) in reply to something said, an answer, 354, 1494, 1841.
and-weard, adj., present, existing: acc. sg. n. sw?n ofer helme and-weard (the image of the boar, which stands on his helm), 1288.
and-wlita, w. m., countenance: acc. sg. -an, 690.
an-sund, adj., entirely unharmed: nom. sg. m., 1001.
an-syn, f., the state of being seen: hence 1) the exterior, the form, 251: ansyn ywde, showed his form, i.e. appeared, 2835.--2) _aspect, appearance_, 929; on-syn, 2773.
an-walda, w. m., He who rules over all, God, 1273. See Note.
atol, adj. (also eatol, 2075, etc.), hostile, frightful, cruel: of Grendel, 159, 165, 593, 2075, etc.; of Grendel's mother's hands (dat. pl. atolan), 1503; of the undulation of the waves, 849; of battle, 597, 2479.--cf. O.N. atall, fortis, strenuus.
atel?c, adj., terrible, dreadful: atel?c egesa, 785.
?
a, adv. (Goth, 芍iv, acc. from aiv-s aevum), ever, always, 455, 882, 931, 1479: a syeean, ever afterwards, ever, ever after_, 283, 2921.--_ever, 780.--Comp. na.
ad st. m. funeral pile: acc. sg. ad, 3139; dat. sg. ade, 1111, 1115.
ad-faru, st. f., way to the funeral pile, dat. sg. on ad-f?re, 3011.
adl, st. f. sickness, 1737, 1764, 1849.
ae, st. m., oath in general_, 2740; _oath of allegiance, 472 (?); _oath of reconciliation of two warring peoples_, 1098, 1108.
ae-sweord, st. n., the solemn taking of an oath, the swearing of an oath: nom. pl., 2065. See sweord.
aeum-swerian, m. pl., son-in-law and father-in-law: dat. pl., 84.
agan, verb, pret. and pres., to have, to possess, w. acc.: III. prs. sg. ah, 1728; inf. agan, 1089; prt. ahte, 487, 522, 533; with object, geweald, to be supplied, 31. Form contracted with the negative: prs. sg. I. nah hwa sweord wege (I have no one to wield the sword), 2253.
agen, adj., own, peculiar, 2677.
agend (prs. part. of agan), possessor, owner, lord: gen. sg. agendes, _of God_, 3076.--Compounds: bl?d-, bold-, folc-, m?gen-agend.
agend-fre芍, w. m., owner, lord: gen. sg. agend-fre芍n, 1884.
ahsian, ge-ahsian, w. v.: 1) to examine, to find out by inquiring: pret. part. ge-ahsod, 433.--2) to experience, to endure: pret. ahsode, 1207; pl. ahsodon, 423.
aht, st. n. (contracted from a-wiht, which see), something, anything: aht cwices, 2315.
an, num. The meaning of this word betrays its apparent demonstrative character: 1) this, that, 2411, of the hall in the earth mentioned before; similarly, 100 (of Grendel; already mentioned), cf. also 2775.--2) one, a particular one among many, a single one, in numerical sense: ymb ane niht (the next night), 135; turh anes cr?ft, 700; tara anum, 1038; an ?fter anum, one for the other (Hr那eel for Herebeald), 2462: similarly, an ?fter eallum, 2269; anes hw?t, some single thing, a part, 3011; se an le車da duguee, the one of the heroes of the people, 2238; anes willan, for the sake of a single one, 3078, etc.--Hence, again, 3) _alone, distinguished_, 1459, 1886.--4) _a_, in the sense of an indefinite article: an ... fe車nd, 100; gen. sg. anre b那ne (or to No.2[?]), 428; an ... draca, 221l--5) gen. pl. anra, in connection with a pronoun, single; anra gehwylces, every single one, 733; anra gehwylcum, 785. Similarly, the dat. pl. in this sense: nemne fe芍um anum, except a few single ones, 1082.--6) solus, alone: in the strong form, 1378, 2965; in the weak form, 145, 425, 431, 889, etc.; with the gen., ana Ge芍ta duguee, _alone of the warriors of the Ge芍tas_, 2658.--7) solitarius, alone, lonely, see ?n.--Comp. nan.
an-feald, adj., simple, plain, without reserve: acc. sg. anfealdne get?ht, simple opinion, 256.
an-genga, -gengea, w. m., he who goes alone, of Grendel, 165, 449.
an-haga, w. m., he who stands alone, solitarius, 2369.
an-hydig, adj. (like the O.N. ein-rad-r, of one resolve, i.e. of firm resolve), of one opinion, i.e. firm, brave, decided, 2668.
anga, adj. (only in the weak form), single, only: acc. sg. angan d?htor, 375, 2998; angan eaferan, 1548; dat. sg. angan br那eer, 1263.
an-p?e, st. m., lonely way, path: acc. pl. anpaeas, 1411.
an-r?d, adj. (cf. under an-hydig), of firm resolution, resolved, 1530, 1576.
an-t?d, st. f., one time, i.e. the same time, ymb an-t?d ?eres d?gores, about the same time the second day (they sailed twenty-four hours), 219.--an stands as in an-mod, O.H.G. ein-muoti, _harmonious, of the same disposition_.
anunga, adv., throughout, entirely, wholly, 635.
ar, st. m., ambassador, messenger, 336, 2784.
ar, st. f., 1) honor, dignity: arum healdan, to hold in honor, 296; similarly, 1100, 1183.--2) favor, grace, support: acc. sg. are, 1273, 2607; dat. sg. are, 2379; gen. pl. hw?t ... arna, 1188.--Comp. worold-ar; also written ?r.
ar-f?st, adj., honorable, upright, 1169; of H?nfere (with reference to 588). See f?st.
arian, w. v., (to be gracious), to spare: III. sg. prs. w. dat. n?negum arae; of Grendel, 599.
ar-st?f, st. m.,(elementum honoris), grace, favor: dat. pl. mid arstafum, 317.--Help, support: dat. pl. for ar-stafum, to the assistance, 382, 458. See st?f.
ater-te芍r, m., poisonous drop: dat. pl. ?ren ater-te芍rum fah (steel which is dipped in poison or in poisonous sap of plants), 1460.
attor, st. n., poison, here of the poison of the dragon's bite: nom., 2716.
attor-sceaea, w. m., poisonous enemy, of the poisonous dragon: gen. sg. -sceaean, 2840.
awa, adv. (certainly not the dative, but a reduplicated form of a, which see), ever: awa t? aldre, _f?r ever and ever_, 956.
?
?dre, adv., hastily, directly, immediately, 77, 354, 3107. [?dre.]
?eele, adj., noble: nom. sg., of Be車wulf, 198, 1313; of Be車wulf's father, 263, where it can be understood as well in a moral as in a genealogical sense; the latter prevails decidedly in the gen. sg. ?eelan cynnes, 2235.
?eeling, st. m., nobleman, man of noble descent, especially the appellation of a man of royal birth; so of the kings of the Danes, 3; of Scyld, 33; of Hr?egar, 130; of Sigemund, 889; of Be車wulf, 1226, 1245, 1597, 1816, 2189, 2343, 2375, 2425, 2716, 3136; perhaps also of D?ghrefn, 2507;--then, in a broader sense, also denoting other noble-born men: ?schere, 1295; Hr?egar's courtiers, 118, 983; Herem?d's courtiers, 907; Hengest's warriors, 1113; Be車wulf's retinue, 1805, 1921, 3172; noble-born in general, 2889. --Comp. sib-?eeling.
?eelu, st. n., only in the pl., noble descent, nobility, in the sense of noble lineage: acc. pl. ?eelu, 392; dat. pl. cyning ?eelum g?d, _the king, of noble birth_, 1871; ?eelum di車re, worthy on account of noble lineage, 1950; ?eelum (h?letum, MS.), 332.--Comp. f?der-?eelu.
?fnan, w. v. w. acc., to perform, to carry out, to accomplish: inf. ellen-weorc ?fnan, to do a heroic deed, 1465; pret. unriht ?fnde, perpetrated wrong, 1255.
ge-?fnan, 1) to carry out, to do, to accomplish: pret. pl. t?t ge?fndon swa, so carried that out, 538; pret. part. ae w?s ge?fned, _the oath was sworn_, 1108.--2) get ready, prepare: pret. part. ge?fned, 3107. See efnan.
?fter (comparative of af, Ags. of, which see; hence it expresses the idea of forth, away, from, back), a) adv., thereupon, afterwards, 12, 341, 1390, 2155.--ic him ?fter sceal, I shall go after them, 2817; in word ?fter cw?e, 315, the sense seems to be, spoke back, having turned; b) prep. w. dat., 1) (temporal) after, 119, 128, 187, 825, 1939, etc.; ?fter beorne, after the (death of) the hero, 2261, so 2262; ?fter maeeum-welan, after (obtaining) the treasure, 2751.--2) (causal) as proceeding from something, denoting result and purpose, hence, _in consequence of, conformably to_: ?fter rihte, in accordance with right, 1050, 2111; ?fter faroee, with the current, 580; so 1321, 1721, 1944, 2180, etc., ?fter heaeo-swate, in consequence of the blood of battle, 1607; ?fter w?ln?ee, in consequence of mortal enmity_, 85; in accordance with, on account of, after, about_: ?fter ?eelum (h?letum, MS.)fr?gn, asked about the descent, 332; ne frin tu ?fter s?lum, _ask not after my welfare_, 1323; ?fter sincgyfan gre車tee, weeps for the giver of treasure, 1343; him ?fter de車rum men dyrne langae, _longs in secret for the dear man_, 1880; an ?fter anum, one for the other, 2462, etc.--3) (local), along: ?fter gumcynnum, throughout the races of men, among men, 945; s?hte bed ?fter b?rum, sought a bed among the rooms of the castle (the castle was fortified, the hall was not), 140; ?fter recede wlat, _looked along the hall_, 1573; stone ?fter stane, smelt along the rocks, 2289; ?fter lyfte, along the air through the air, 2833; similarly, 996, 1068, 1317, etc.
?f-tunca, w. m., anger, chagrin, vexatious affair: nom., 502.
?gl?cea. See agl?cea.
?led (Old Sax. eld, O.N. edl-r), st. m., fire, 3016. [?led.]
?led-le車ma, w. m., _(fire-light), torch_: acc. sg. le車man, 3126. See le車ma.
?l-fylce (from ?l-, Goth. ali-s, [Greek: allos], and fylce, O.N. fylki, collective form from folc), st. n., other folk, hostile army: dat. pl. wie ?lfylcum, 2372.
?l-mihtig (for eal-m.), adj., almighty: nom. sg. m., of the weak form, se ?l-mihtiga, 92.
?l-wiht, st. m., being of another species, monster: gen. pl. ?l-wihta eard, of the dwelling-place of Grendel's kindred, 1501.
?ppel-fealu, adj., dappled sorrel_, or _apple-yellow: nom. pl. ?ppel-fealuwe mearas, apple-yellow steeds, 2166.
?rn, st. n., house, in the compounds heal-, hord-, medo-, trye-, win-?rn.
?sc, st. m., ash (does not occur in Be車wulf in this sense), _lance, spear_, because the shaft consists of ash wood: dat. pl. (qua instr.) ?scum and ecgum, with spears and swords, 1773.
?sc-holt, st. n., ash wood, ashen shaft: nom. pl. ?sc-holt ufan gr?g, the ashen shafts gray above (spears with iron points), 330.
?sc-w?ga, w. m., spear-fighter, warrior armed with the spear: nom. sg., 2043.
?t, prep. w. dat., with the fundamental meaning of nearness to something, hence 1) local, a) with, near, at, on, in (rest): ?t hyee, in harbor, 32; ?t symle, at the meal, 81, ?t ade, on the funeral-pile, 1111, 1115; ?t te anum, with thee alone, 1378; ?t w?ge, in the fight, 1338; ?t hilde, 1660, 2682; ?t ?te, in eating, 3027, etc. b) to, towards, at, on (motion to): de芍ees wylm hran ?t heortan, seized upon the heart, 2271; geh那ton ?t h?rgtrafum, vowed at (or to) the temples of the gods, 175. c) with verbs of taking away, away from (as starting from near an object): geteah t?t ful ?t Wealhte車n, took the cup from W., 630; fela ic gebad grynna ?t Grendle, from Grendel, 931; ?t m?num f?der genam, _took me from my father to himself_, 2430.--2) temporal, _at, in, at the time of_: ?t frumsceafte, in the beginning, 45; ?t ende, at an end, 224; fand s?nne dryhten ealdres ?t ende, at the end of life, dying, 2791; similarly, 2823; ?t feohgyftum, in giving gifts, 1090; ?t s?eestan, finally, 3014.
?t-gr?pe, adj., laying hold of, prehendens, 1270.
?t-rihte, adv., almost, 1658.
?
?dre, 那dre, st. f., aqueduct, canal (not in Be車w.), vein (not in Be車w.), stream, violent pouring forth: dat. pl. swat ?drum sprong, _the blood sprang in streams_, 2967; bl?d 那drum dranc, _drank the blood in streams_(?), 743.
?em, st. m., breath, gasp, snort: instr. sg. hreeer ?eme we車ll, _the breast_ (of the drake) heaved with snorting, 2594.
?fen, st. m., evening, 1236.
?fen-gram, adj., hostile at evening, night-enemy: nom. sg. m. ?fen-grom, of Grendel, 2075.
?fen-le車ht, st. n., evening-light: nom. sg., 413.
?fen-r?st, st. f., evening-rest: acc. sg. -r?ste, 647, 1253.
?fen-spr?c, st. f., evening-talk: acc. sg. gemunde ...?fen-spr?ce, thought about what he had spoken in the evening, 760.
?fre, adv., ever, at any time, 70, 280, 504, 693, etc.: in negative sentences, ?fre ne, never, 2601.--Comp. n?fre.
?g-hwa (O.H.G. 那o-ga-hw?r), pron., every, each: dat. sg. ?ghw?m, 1385. The gen. sg. in adverbial sense, in all, throughout, thoroughly: ?ghw?s unt?le, thoroughly blameless, 1866; ?ghw?s unr?m, _entirely innumerable quantity_, i.e. an enormous multitude, 2625, 3136.
?g-hw?eer (O.H.G. 那o-ga-hw?dar): 1) each (of two): nom. sg. h?fde ?ghw?eer ende gef那red, each of the two (Be車wulf and the drake) _had reached the end_, 2845; dat. sg. ?ghw?erum w?s br?ga fram ?erum, _to each of the two_ (Be車wulf and the drake) was fear of the other, 2565; gen. sg. ?ghw?eres ... worda and worca, 287.--2) each (of several): dat. sg. heora ?ghw?erum, 1637.
?g-hw?r, adv., everywhere, 1060.
?g-hwilc (O.H.G. 那o-gi-hw?lih), pron., unusquisque, every (one): 1) used as an adj.: acc. sg. m. d?l ?ghwylcne, 622.--2) as substantive, a) with the partitive genitive: nom. sg. ?g-hwylc, 9, 2888; dat. sg. ?ghwylcum, 1051. b) without gen.: nom. sg. ?ghwylc, 985, 988; (w?s) ?ghwylc ?erum trywe, each one (of two) true to the other, 1166.
?g-weard, st. f., watch on the sea shore: acc. sg. ?g-wearde, 241.
?ht (abstract form from agan, denoting the state of possessing), st. f.: 1) possession, power: acc. sg. on fl?des ?ht, 42; on w?teres ?ht, _into the power of the water_, 516; on ?ht gehwearf Denigea fre芍n, _passed over into the possession of a Danish master_, 1680.--2) _property, possessions, goods_: acc. pl. ?hte, 2249.--Comp. maem-, gold-?ht.
?ht (O.H.G. ahta), st. f., pursuit: nom. ta w?s ?ht boden Sweona le車dum, segn Higelace, _then was pursuit offered to the people of the Sweonas, (their) banner to Hygelac_ (i.e. the banner of the Swedes, taken during their flight, fell into the hands of Hygelac), 2958.
ge-?htan, w. v., to prize, to speak in praise of: pret. part. ge?hted, 1866. [ge?htan.]
ge-?htla, w. m., or ge-?htle, w. f., _a speaking of with praise, high esteem_: gen. sg. hy ... wyree tinceae eorla ge?htlan, _seem worthy of the high esteem of the noble-born_, 369. [ge?htla.]
?n (oblique form of an), num., one: acc. sg. m. tone ?nne tone..., _the one whom_..., 1054; oftor micle tonne on ?nne s?e, _much oftener than one time_, 1580; fore onsendon ?nne, sent him forth alone, 46.
?ne, adv., once: oft nalles ?ne, 3020.
?nig, pron., one, any one, 474, 503, 510, 534, etc.: instr. sg. nolde ... 0nige tinga, would in no way, not at all, 792; lyt ?nig mearn, _little did any one sorrow_ (i.e. no one), 3130.--With the article: n?s se folccyning ... ?nig, no people's king, 2735.--Comp. n?nig.
?n-l?c, adj., alone, excellent, distinguished: ?nl?c ansyn, distinguished appearance, 251; te芍h te hi車 ?nl?cu sy, _though she be beautiful_, 1942.
?r (comparative form, from a): 1) adv., sooner, before, beforehand, 15, 656, 695, 758, etc., for a long time, 2596; eft swa ?r, _again as formerly_, 643; ?r ne sieean, neither sooner nor later, 719; ?r and s?e, sooner and later (all times), 2501; n? ty ?r (not so much the sooner), yet not, 755, 1503, 2082, 2161, 2467.--2) conjunct., before, ere: a) with the ind.: ?r hi車 t? setle ge車ng, 2020. b) w. subjunc.: ?r ge fyr f那ran, before you travel farther, 252; ?r he on hwurfe 164, so 677, 2819; ?r ton d?g cw?me, ere the day break, 732; ?r correlative to ?r adv.: ?r he feorh selee, aldor an ?fre, ?r he wille ..., he will sooner (rather) leave his life upon the shore, before (than) he will ..., 1372.--3) prepos. with dat., before ?r de芍ee, before death, 1389; ?r d?ges hw?le, before daybreak, 2321; ?r swylt-d?ge, before the day of death, 2799.
?ror, comp. adv., sooner, before-hand_, 810; _formerly, 2655.
?rra, comp. adj., earlier; instr. pl., ?rran m?lum, in former times, 908, 2238, 3036.
?rest, superl.: 1) adv., first of all, foremost, 6, 617, 1698, etc.--2) as subst. n., relation to, the beginning: acc. t?t ic his ?rest te eft ges?gde (_to tell thee in what relation it stood at first to the coat of mail that has been presented_), 2158. See Note.
?r-d?g, st. m. (before-day), morning-twilight, gray of morning: dat. sg. mid ?rd?ge, 126; samod ?rd?ge, 1312, 2943.
?rende, st. n., errand, trust: acc. sg., 270, 345.
?r-f?der, st. m., late father, deceased father: nom sg. swa his ?rf?der, 2623.
?r-gestre車n, st. n., old treasure, possessions dating from old times: acc sg., 1758; gen. sg. swylcra fela ?rgestre車na, much of such old treasure, 2233. See gestre車n.
?r-geweorc, st. n., work dating from old times: nom. sg. enta ?r-geweorc, the old work of the giants (of the golden sword-hilt from Grendel's water-hall), 1680. See geweorc.
?r-g?d, adj., good since old times, long invested with dignity or advantages: ?eeling ?rg?d, 130; (eorl) ?rg?d, 1330; ?ren ?rg?d (excellent sword), 990, 2587.
?r-wela, w. m., old possessions, riches dating from old times: acc. sg. ?rwelan, 2748. See wela.
?s, st. n., carcass, carrion: dat. (instr.) sg. ?se, of ?schere's corpse, 1333.
?t, st. m., food, meat: dat, sg., h? him ?t ?te spe車w, _how he fared well at meat_, 3027.
?ttren (see attor), adj., poisonous: w?s t?t bl?d t? t?s hat, ?ttren ellorgast, se ?r inne swealt, _so hot was the blood, (and) poisonous the demon_ (Grendel's mother) who died therein, 1618
B
bana, bona, w. m., murderer, 158, 588, 1103, etc.: acc. sg. bonan Ongente車wes, of Hygelac, although in reality his men slew Ongente車w (2965 ff.), 1969. Figuratively of inanimate objects: ne w?s ecg bona, 2507; weare wracu Weohstanes bana, 2614.--Comp.: ecg-, feorh-, gast-, hand-, m?e-bana.
bon-gar, st. m. murdering spear, 2032.
ge-bannan, st. v. w. acc. of the thing and dat. of the person, _to command, to bid_: inf., 74.
bad, st. f., pledge, only in comp.: nyd-bad.
ban, st. n., bone: dat. sg. on bane (on the bony skin of the drake), 2579; dat. pl. heals ealne ymbef那ng biteran banum (here of the teeth of the drake), 2693.
ban-c?fa, w. m., "cubile ossium" (Grimm) of the body: dat. sg. -c?fan, 1446.
ban-fag, adj., variegated with bones, either with ornaments made of bone-work, or adorned with bone, perhaps deer-antlers; of Hr?egar's hall, 781. The last meaning seems the more probable.
ban-f?t, st. n., bone-vessel, i.e. the body: acc. pl. ban-fatu, 1117.
ban-hring, st. m., the bone-structure, joint, bone-joint: acc. pl. hire wie halse ... banhringas br?c (broke her neck-joint), 1568.
ban-h?s, st. n., bone-house, i.e. the body: acc. sg. banh?s gebr?c, 2509; similarly, 3148.
ban-loca, w. m., the enclosure of the bones, i.e. the body: acc. sg. bat banlocan, bit the body, 743; nom. pl. burston banlocan, the body burst (of Grendel, because his arm was torn out), 819.
bat, st. m., boat, craft, ship, 211.--Comp. s?-bat.
bat-weard, st. m., boat-watcher, he who keeps watch over the craft. dat. sg. -wearde, 1901.
b?e, st. n., bath: acc. sg. ofer ganotes b?e, over the diver's bath (i.e. the sea), 1862.
b?rnan, w. v., to cause to burn, to burn: inf. h那t ... banfatu b?rnan, bade that the bodies be burned, 1117; ongan ... beorht hofu b?rnan, began to consume the splendid country-seats (the dragon), 2314.
for-b?rnan, w. v., consume with fire: inf. hy hine ne m?ston ... brondefor-b?rnan, they (the Danes) could not burn him (the dead ?schere) upon the funeral-pile, 2127.
b?dan (Goth, baidjan, O.N. beeia), to incite, to encourage: pret. b?dde byre geonge, encouraged the youths (at the banquet), 2019.
ge-b?dan, w. v., to press hard: pret. part. bysigum geb?ded, _distressed by trouble, difficulty, danger_ (of battle), 2581; _to drive, to send forth_: str?la storm strengum geb?ded, _the storm of arrows sent with strength_, 3118; overcome: draca ... bealwe geb?ded, _the dragon ... overcome by the ills of battle_, 2827.
b?l (O.N. bal), st. n., fire, flames: (wyrm) mid b?le f?r, _passed (through the air) with fire_, 2309; h?fde landwara l?ge befangan, b?le and bronde, with fire and burning_, 2323.--Especially, the fire of the funeral-pile, the funeral-pile_, 1110, 1117, 2127; ?r he b?l cure, _ere he sought the burning_ (i.e. died), 2819; hatae ... hl?w gewyrcean ... ?fter b?le, after I am burned, let a burial mound be thrown up (Be車wulf's words), 2804.
b?l-fyr, st. n., bale-fire, fire of the funeral-pile: gen. pl. b?lfyra m?st, 3144.
b?l-stede, st. m., place for the funeral-pile: dat. sg. in b?l=stede, 3098.
b?l-wudu, st. m., wood for the funeral-pile, 3113.
b?r, st. f., bier, 3106.
ge-b?ran, w. v., to conduct one's self, behave: inf. w. adv., ne gefr?gen ic ta m?gee ... s那l geb?ran, _I did not hear that a troop bore itself better, maintained a nobler deportment_, 1013; he on eorean geseah tone le車festan l?fes ?t ende ble芍te geb?ran, _saw the best-beloved upon the earth, at the end of his life, struggling miserably_ (i.e. in a helpless situation), 2825.
ge-b?tan (denominative from b?te, the bit), w. v., _to place the bit in the mouth of an animal, to bridle_: pret. part. ta w?s Hr?egare hors geb?ted, 1400.
be, prep. w. dat. (with the fundamental meaning near, "but not of one direction, as ?t, but more general"): 1) local, near by, near, at, on (rest): be ydlafe uppe l?gon, lay above, upon the deposit of the waves (upon the strand, of the slain nixies), 566; h?fde be honda, _held by the hand_ (Be車wulf held Grendel), 815; be s?m tweonum, _in the circuit of both the seas_, 859, 1686; be m?ste, on the mast, 1906; by fyre, _by the fire_, 2220; be n?sse, at the promontory, 2244; s?t be t?m gebr?erum tw?m, sat by the two brothers, 1192; w?s se gryre l?ssa efne swa micle swa bie m?gea cr?ft be w?pnedmen, _the terror was just so much less, as is the strength of woman to the warrior_ (i.e. is valued by), 1285, etc.--2) also local, but of motion from the subject in the direction of the object, on, upon, by: gef那ng be eaxle, seized by the shoulder, 1538; al那don le車fne te車den be m?ste, laid the dear lord near the mast, 36; be healse genam, took him by the neck, fell upon his neck, 1873; w?pen hafenade be hiltum, grasped the weapon by the hilt, 1757, etc.--3) with this is connected the causal force, on account of, for, according to: ic tis gid be te awr?c, I spake this solemn speech for thee, for thy sake, 1724; t? te l?r be ton, learn according to this, from this, 1723; be f?der lare, according to her father's direction, 1951.--4) temporal, while, during: be te lifigendum, while thou livest, during thy life, 2666. See b?.
bed, st. n., bed, couch: acc. sg. bed, 140, 677; gen. sg. beddes, 1792; dat. pl. beddum, 1241.--Comp: deae-, hlin-, l?ger-, moreor-, w?l-bed.
ge-bedde, w. f., bed-fellow: dat. sg. wolde s那can ew那n t? gebeddan, wished to seek the queen as bed-fellow, to go to bed with her, 666.--Comp. heals-gebedde.
begen, fem. ba, both: nom. m., 536, 770, 2708; acc. fem. on ba healfa, on two sides (i.e. Grendel and his mother), 1306; dat. m. bam, 2197; and in connection with the possessive instead of the personal pronoun, ?rum bam, 2661; gen. n. bega, 1874, 2896; bega gehw?eres, each one of the two, 1044; bega folces, of both peoples, 1125.
ge-belgan, st. v. (properly, to cause to swell, to swell), to irritate: w. dat. (pret. subj.) t?t he 那cean dryhtne bitre gebulge, _that he had bitterly angered the eternal Lord_, 2332; pret. part. gebolgen, 1540; (gebolge, MS.), 2222; pl. gebolgne, 1432; more according to the original meaning in torne gebolgen, 2402.
a-belgan, to anger: pret. sg. w. acc. ?e t?t hyne an abealh mon on m?de, till a man angered him in his heart, 2281; pret. part. abolgen, 724.
ben, st. f., wound: acc. sg. benne, 2725.--Comp.: feorh-, seax-ben.
benc, st. f., bench: nom. sg. benc, 492; dat. sg. bence, 327, 1014, 1189, 1244.--Comp.: ealu-, medu-benc.
benc-sw那g, st. m., (bench-rejoicing), _rejoicing which resounds from the benches_, 1162.
benc-tel, st. n., _bench-board, the wainscotted space where the benches stand_: nom. pl. benc-telu, 486; acc. pl. benctelu beredon, _cleared the bench-boards_ (i.e. by taking away the benches, so as to prepare couches), 1240.
bend, st. m. f., bond, fetter_: acc. sg. forstes bend, _frost's bond, 1610; dat. pl. bendum, 978.--Comp.: fyr-, hell-, hyge-, ?ren-, oncer-, searo-, w?l-bend.
ben-geat, st. n., (wound-gate), wound-opening: nom. pl. ben-geato, 1122.
bera (O.N. beri), w. m., bearer: in comp. hleor-bera.
beran, st. v. w. acc., to carry; III. sg. pres. byree, 296, 448; tone maeeum byree, carries the treasure (upon his person), 2056; pres. subj. bere, 437; pl. beren, 2654; inf. beran, 48, 231, 291, etc.; h那ht ta se hearda Hrunting beran, to bring Hrunting, 1808; up beran, 1921; in beran, 2153; pret. b?r, 495, 712, 847, etc.; mandryhtne b?r f?ted w?ge, _brought the lord the costly vessel_, 2282; pl. b?ron, 213, 1636, etc.; b?ran, 2851; pret. part. boren, 1193, 1648, 3136.--The following expressions are poetic paraphrases of the forms go, come: t?t we rondas beren eft t? earde, 2654; gew?tae fore beran w?pen and gew?du, 291; ic gefr?gn sunu Wihstanes hringnet beran, 2755; w?gheafolan b?r, 2662; helmas b?ron, 240 (conjecture); scyldas b?ran, 2851: they lay stress upon the connection of the man with his weapons.
?t-beran, to carry to: inf. t? beadulace (battle) ?tberan, 1562; pret. ta hine on morgent?d on Heaeor?mas holm up ?tb?r, _the sea bore him up to the Heaeor?mas_, 519; hi車 Be車wulfe medoful ?tb?r _brought Be車wulf the mead-cup_, 625; m?genbyreenne ... hider ?t ?tb?r cyninge m?num, _bore the great burden hither to my king_, 3093; pl. h? hyne ?tb?ron t? brimes faroee, 28.
for-beran, to hold, to suppress: inf. t?t he tone bre車stwylm forberan ne mehte, that he could not suppress the emotions of his breast, 1878.
ge-beran, to bring forth, to bear: pret. part. t?t la m?g secgan se te s?e and riht fremee on folce ... t?t tes eorl w?re geboren betera (_that may every just man of the people say, that this nobleman is better born_), 1704.
?e-beran, to bring hither: pret. ta mec s? ?eb?r on Finna land, 579.
on-beran (O.H.G. in b?ran, intp?ran, but in the sense of carere), auferre, to carry off, to take away: inf. ?ren ?rg?d t?t t?s ahl?can bl?dge beadufolme onberan wolde, _excellent sword which would sweep off the bloody hand of the demon_, 991; pret. part. (w?s) onboren be芍ga hord, _the treasure of the rings had been carried off_, 2285.--Compounds with the pres. part.: helm-, sawl-berend.
berian (denominative from b?r, naked), w. v., to make bare, to clear: pret. pl. benctelu beredon, cleared the bench-place (by removing the benches), 1240.
berstan, st. v., to break, to burst: pret. pl. burston banlocan, 819; bengeato burston, 1122.--to crack, to make the noise of breaking: fingras burston, the fingers cracked (from Be車wulf's gripe), 761.
for-berstan, break, to fly asunder: pret. N?gling forb?rst, _N?gling_ (Be車wulf's sword) broke in two, 2681.
betera, adj. (comp.), better: nom. sg. m. betera, 469, 1704.
bet-l?c, adj., excellent, splendid: nom. sg. n., of Hr?egar's hall, 781; of Hygelac's residence, 1926.
betst, betost (superl.), best, the best: nom. sg. m. betst beadurinca, 1110; neut. nu is ?fost betost, t?t we ..., _now is haste the best, that we..._, 3008; voc. m. secg betsta, 948; neut. acc. beaduscr?da betst, 453; acc. sg. m. tegn betstan, 1872.
b那cn, st. n., _(beacon), token, mark, sign_: acc. sg. betimbredon beadu-r?fes b那cn (of Be車wulf's grave-mound), 3162. See beacen.
b那g. See be芍g.
b那n, st. f., entreaty: gen. sg. b那ne, 428, 2285.
b那na, w. m., suppliant, supplex: nom. sg. swa tu b那na eart (_as thou entreatest_), 352; swa he b那na w?s (as he had asked), 3141; nom. pl. hy b那nan synt, 364.
ge-betan: 1) to make good, to remove: pret. ac tu Hr?egare w?dc?ene we芍n wihte geb那ttest, _hast thou in any way relieved Hr?egar of the evil known afar_, 1992; pret. part. acc. sg. swylce oncyeee ealle geb那tte, _removed all trouble_, 831. --2) to avenge: inf. wihte ne meahte on tam feorhbonan f?hee geb那tan, could in no way avenge the death upon the slayer, 2466.
beadu, st. f., battle, strife, combat: dat. sg. (as instr.) beadwe, _in combat_, 1540; gen. pl. bad beadwa ge-tinges, waited for the combats (with Grendel) that were in store for him, 710.
beadu-folm, st. f., battle-hand: acc. sg. -folme, of Grendel's hand, 991.
beado-gr?ma, w. m., _(battle-mask), helmet_: acc. pl. -gr?man, 2258.
beado-hr?gl, st. n., _(battle-garment), corselet, shirt of mail_, 552.
beadu-lac, st. n., (exercise in arms, tilting), combat, battle: dat. sg. t? beadu-lace, 1562.
beado-le車ma, w. m., (battle-light), sword: nom. sg., 1524.
beado-m那ce, st. m., battle-sword: nom. pl. beado-m那cas, 1455.
beado-rinc, st. m., battle-hero, warrior: gen. pl. betst beadorinca, 1110.
beadu-r?f, adj., strong in battle: gen. sg. -r?fes, of Be車wulf, 3162.
beadu-r?n, st. f., mystery of battle: acc. sg. onband beadu-r?ne, _solved the mystery of the combat_, i.e. gave battle, commenced the fight, 501.
beadu-scearp, adj., battle-sharp, sharp for the battle, 2705.
beadu-scr?d, st. n., (battle-dress), corselet, shirt of mail: gen. pl. beaduscr?da betst, 453.
beadu-serce, w. f., (battle-garment), corselet, shirt of mail: acc. sg. brogdne beadu-sercean (because it consists of interlaced metal rings), 2756.
beado-weorc, st. n., (battle-work), battle: gen. sg. gefeh beado-weorces, rejoiced at the battle, 2300.
beald, adj., bold, brave: in comp. cyning-beald.
bealdian, w. v., to show one's self brave: pret. bealdode g?dum d?dum (through brave deeds), 2178.
bealdor, st. m., lord, prince: nom. sg. sinca baldor, 2429; winia bealdor, 2568.
bealu, st. n., evil, ruin, destruction: instr. sg. bealwe, 2827; gen. pl. bealuwa, 281; bealewa, 2083; bealwa, 910.--Comp.: cwealm-, ealdor-, hreeer-, le車d-, moreor-, niht-, sweord-, w?g-bealu.
bealu, adj., deadly, dangerous, bad: instr. sg. hyne sar hafae befongen balwon bendum, pain has entwined him in deadly bands, 978.
bealo-cwealm, st. m., violent death, death by the sword(?), 2266.
bealo-hycgende, pres. part., thinking of death, meditating destruction: gen. pl. ?ghw?erum bealo-hycgendra, 2566.
bealo-hydig, adj., thinking of death, meditating destruction: of Grendel, 724.
bealo-n?e, st. m., (zeal for destruction), deadly enmity: nom. sg., 2405; destructive struggle: acc. sg. bebeorh te tone bealon?e, _beware of destructive striving_, 1759; death-bringing rage: nom. sg. him on bre車stum bealo-n?e we車ll, in his breast raged deadly fury (of the dragon's poison), 2715.
bearhtm (see beorht): 1) st. m., splendor, brightness, clearness: nom. sg. e芍gena bearhtm, 1767.--2) sound, tone: acc. sg. bearhtm ongeaton, g?ehorn galan, _they heard the sound, (heard) the battle-horn sound_, 1432.
bearm, m., gremium, sinus, lap, bosom: nom. sg. foldan bearm, 1138; acc. sg. on bearm scipes, 35, 897; on bearm nacan, 214; him on bearm hladan bunan and discas, 2776.--2) figuratively, possession, property, because things bestowed were placed in the lap of the receiver (1145 and 2195, on bearm licgan, alecgan); dat. sg. him t? bearme cwom maeeumf?t m?re, _came into his possession_, 2405.
bearn, st. n., 1) child, son: nom. sg. bearn Healfdenes, 469, etc.; Ecglafes bearn, 499, etc.; dat. sg. bearne, 2371; nom. pl. bearn, 59; dat. pl. bearnum, 1075.--2) in a broader sense, scion, offspring, descendant: nom. sg. Ongente車w's bearn, of his grandson, 2388; nom. pl. yldo. bearn, 70; gumena bearn, children of men, 879; h?leea bearn, 1190; ?eelinga bearn, 3172; acc. pl. ofer ylda bearn, 606; dat. pl. ylda bearnum, 150; gen. pl. nieea bearna, 1006.--Comp.: br?eor-, dryht-bearn.
bearn-gebyrdu, f., birth, birth of a son: gen. sg. t?t hyre ealdmetod 那ste w?re bearn-gebyrdo, _has been gracious through the birth of such a son_ (i.e. as Be車wulf), 947.
bearu, st. m., (the bearer, hence properly only the fruit-tree, especially the oak and the beech), tree_, collectively _forest: nom. pl. hr?mge bearwas, rime-covered_ or _ice-clad, 1364.
be芍cen, st. n., sign, banner, vexillum: nom. sg. beorht be芍cen godes, _of the sun_, 570; gen. pl. be芍cna beorhtost, 2778. See b那cn.
ge-be芍cnian, w. v., to mark, to indicate: pret. part. ge-be芍cnod, 140.
be芍g, st. m., ring, ornament: nom. sg. be芍h (neck-ring), 1212; acc. sg. be芍h (the collar of the murdered king of the Heaeobeardnas), 2042; b那g (collective for the acc. pl.), 3165; dat. sg. cwom Wealhte車 fore gan under gyldnum be芍ge, _she walked along under a golden head-ring, wore a golden diadem_, 1164; gen. sg. be芍ges (of a collar), 1217; acc. pl. be芍gas (rings in general), 80, 523, etc.; gen. pl. be芍ga, 35, 352, 1488, 2285, etc.-- Comp.: earm-, heals-be芍g.
be芍g-gyfa, w. m., ring-giver, designation of the prince: gen. sg. -gyfan, 1103.
be芍g-hroden, adj., adorned with rings, ornamented with clasps: nom. sg. be芍ghroden, cw那n, of Hr?egar's consort, perhaps with reference to her diadem (cf. 1164), 624.
be芍h-hord, st. m. n., ring-hoard, treasure consisting of rings: gen. sg. be芍h-hordes, 895; dat. pl. be芍h-hordum, 2827; gen. pl. be芍h-horda weard, of King Hr?egar, 922.
be芍h-sele, st. m., ring-hall, hall in which the rings were distributed: nom. sg., of Heorot, 1178.
be芍h-tegu, st. f., the receiving of the ring: dat. sg. ?fter be芍h-tege, 2177.
be芍h-wriea, w. m. ring-band, ring with prominence given to its having the form of a band: acc. sg. be芍h-wriean, 2019.
be芍m, st. m., tree, only in the compounds fyrgen-, gle車-be芍m.
be芍tan, st. v., thrust, strike: pres. sg. mearh burhstede be芍tee, _the steed beats the castle-ground_ (place where the castle is built), i.e. with his hoofs, 2266; pret. part. swealt bille ge-be芍ten, _died, struck by the battle-axe_, 2360.
beorh, st. m.: 1) mountain, rock: dat. sg. beorge, 211; gen. sg. beorges, 2525, 2756; acc. pl. beorgas, 222.--2) grave-mound, tomb-hill: acc. sg. biorh, 2808; beorh, 3098, 3165. A grave-mound serves the drake as a retreat (cf. 2277, 2412): nom. sg. beorh, 2242; gen. sg. beorges, 2323.--Comp. stan-beorh.
beorh, st. f., veil, covering, cap; only in the comp. he芍fod-beorh.
beorgan, st. v. (w. dat. of the interested person or thing), _to save, to shield_: inf. wolde feore beorgan, place her life in safety, 1294; here-byrne ... se車 te banc?fan beorgan c?ee, _which could protect his body_, 1446; pret. pl. ealdre burgan, 2600.
be-beorgan (w. dat. refl. of pers. and acc. of the thing), _to take care, to defend one's self from_: inf. him be-beorgan ne con wom, _cannot keep himself from stain_ (fault), 1747; imp. bebeorh te tone bealonte, 1759.
ge-beorgan (w, dat. of person or thing to be saved), to save, to protect: pret. sg. t?t gebearh feore, protected the life, 1549; scyld wel gebearg l?fe and l?ce, 2571.
ymb-beorgan, to surround protectingly: pret. sg. bring ?tan ymb-bearh, 1504.
beorht, byrht, adj.: 1) gleaming, shining, radiant, shimmering: nom. sg. beorht, of the sun, 570, 1803; beorhta, of Heorot, 1178; t?t beorhte bold, 998; acc. sg. beorhtne, of Be車wulf's grave-mound, 2804; dat. sg. t? t?re byrhtan (here-byrhtan, MS.) byrig, 1200; acc. pl. beorhte fr?twe, 214, 897; beorhte randas, 231; bordwudu beorhtan, 1244; n. beorht hofu, 2314. Superl.: be芍cna beorhtost, 2778. --2) excellent, remarkable: gen. sg. beorhtre b?te, 158. --Comp.: sadol-, wlite-beorht.
beorhte, adv., brilliantly, brightly, radiantly, 1518.
beorhtian, w. v., to sound clearly: pret. sg. beorhtode benc-sw那g, 1162.
beorn, st. m., hero, warrior, noble man: nom. sg. (Hr?egar), 1881, (Be車wulf), 2434, etc.; acc. sg. (Be車w.), 1025, (?schere), 1300; dat. sg. beorne, 2261; nom. pl. beornas (Be車wulf and his companions), 211, (Hr?egar's guests), 857; gen. pl. biorna (Be車wulf's liege-men), 2405.--Comp.: folc-, g?e-beorn.
beornan, st. v., to burn: pres. part. byrnende (of the drake), 2273.--Comp. un-byrnende.
for-beornan, to be consumed, to burn: pret. sg. for-barn, 1617, 1668; for-born, 2673.
ge-beornan, to be burned: pret. gebarn, 2698.
beorn-cyning, st. m., king of warriors, king of heroes: nom. sg. (as voc.), 2149.
be車dan, st. v.: 1) to announce, to inform, to make known: inf. bi車dan, 2893.--2) to offer, to proffer (as the notifying of a transaction in direct reference to the person concerned in it): pret. pl. him getingo budon, offered them an agreement, 1086; pret. part. ta w?s ?ht boden Sweona le車dum, then was pursuit offered the Swedish people, 2958; inf. ic t?m g?dan sceal maemas be車dan, I shall offer the excellent man treasures, 385.
a-be車dan, to present, to announce: pret. word inne abe芍d, _made known the words within_, 390; to offer, to tender, to wish: pret. him h?l abe芍d, wished him health (greeted him), 654. Similarly, h?lo abe芍d, 2419; eoton weard abe芍d, offered the giant a watcher, 669.
be-be車dan, to command, to order: pret. swa him se hearda bebe芍d, _as the strong man commanded them_, 401. Similarly, swa se r?ca bebe芍d, 1976.
ge-be車dan: 1) to command, to order: inf. h那t ta gebe車dan byre Wihstanes h?leea monegum, t?t hie..., _the son of Wihstan caused orders to be given to many of the men..._, 3111.--2) to offer: him Hygd gebe芍d hord and r?ce, offered him the treasure and the chief power, 2370; inf. g?ee gebe車dan, to offer battle, 604.
be車d-gene芍t, st. m., table-companion: nom. and acc. pl. gene芍tas, 343, 1714.
be車n, verb, to be_, generally in the future sense, _will be: pres. sg. I. g?egeweorca ic be車 gearo s?na, _I shall immediately be ready for warlike deeds_, 1826; sg. III. wa bie t?m te sceal..., woe to him who...! 183; so, 186; gifeee bie is given, 299; ne bie te wilna gad (_no wish will be denied thee_), 661; t?r te bie manna tearf, _if thou shalt need the warriors_, 1836; ne bie swylc cw那nl?c te芍w, _is not becoming, honorable to a woman_, 1941; eft s?na bie will happen directly, 1763; similarly, 1768, etc.; pl. tonne bi車e brocene, then are broken, 2064; feor cyeee be車e s那lran ges?hte tam te..., "terrae longinquae meliores sunt visitatu ei qui..." (Grein), 1839; imp. be車 (bi車) tu on ?feste, hasten! 386, 2748; be車 wie Ge芍tas gl?d, _be gracious to the Ge芍tas_, 1174.
be車r, st. n., beer: dat. sg. ?t be車re, at beer-drinking, 2042; instr. sg. be車re druncen, 531; be車re druncne, 480.
be車r-scealc, st. m., keeper of the beer, cup-bearer: gen. pl. be車r-scealca sum (one of Hr?egar's followers, because they served the Ge芍tas at meals), 1241.
be車r-sele, st. m., beer-hall, hall in which beer is drunk: dat. sg. in (on) be車rsele, 482, 492, 1095; bi車rsele, 2636.
be車r-tegu, st. f., beer-drinking, beer-banquet: dat. sg. ?fter be車rtege, 117; ?t t?re be車rtege, 618.
be車t, st. n., _promise, binding agreement to something that is to be undertaken_: acc. sg. he be車t ne al那h, did not break his pledge, 80; be車t eal ... gel?ste, performed all that he had pledged himself to, 523.
ge-be車tian, w. v., _to pledge one's self to an undertaking, to bind one's self_: pret. gebe車tedon, 480, 536.
be車t-word, st. n., same as be車t: dat. pl. be車t-wordum spr?c, 2511.
biddan, st. v., to beg, to ask, to pray: pres. sg. I. d?e swa ic bidde! 1232; inf. (w. acc. of the pers. and gen. of the thing asked for) ic te biddan wille anre b那ne, beg thee for one, 427; pret. swa he selfa b?d, as he himself had requested, 29; b?d hine bl?ene (supply wesan) ?t t?re be車rtege, begged him to be cheerful at the beer-banquet, 618; ic te lange b?d t?t tu..., begged you a long time that you, 1995; frioeow?re b?d hlaford s?nne, begged his lord for protection (acc. of pers. and gen. of thing), 2283; b?d t?t ge geworhton, asked that you..., 3097; pl. wordum b?don t?t..., 176.
on-bidian, w. v., to await: inf. l?tae hilde-bord her onbidian ... worda getinges, let the shields await here the result of the conference (lay the shields aside here), 397.
bil, st. n. sword: nom. sg. bil, 1568; bill, 2778; acc. sg. bil, 1558; instr. sg. bille, 2360; gen. sg. billes, 2061, etc.; instr. pl. billum, 40; gen. pl. billa, 583, 1145.--Comp.: g?e-, hilde-, w?g-bil.
bindan, st. v., to bind, to tie_: pret. part. acc. sg. wudu bundenne, the bound wood_, i.e. the built ship, 216; bunden golde swurd, _a sword bound with gold_, i.e. either having its hilt inlaid with gold, or having gold chains upon the hilt (swords of both kinds have been found), 1901; nom. sg. heoru bunden, 1286, has probably a similar meaning.
ge-bindan, to bind: pret. sg. t?r ic f?fe geband, _where I had bound five_(?), 420; pret. part. cyninges tegn word ?eer fand s?ee gebunden, _the king's man found_ (after many had already praised Be車wulf's deed) _other words_ (also referring to Be車wulf, but in connection with Sigemund) rightly bound together, i.e. in good alliterative verses, as are becoming to a gid, 872; wundenm?l wr?ttum gebunden, sword bound with ornaments, i.e. inlaid, 1532; bisgum gebunden, bound together by sorrow, 1744; gomel g?ew?ga eldo gebunden, hoary hero bound by old age (fettered, oppressed), 2112.
on-bindan, to unbind, to untie, to loose: pret. onband, 501.
ge-bind, st. n. coll., that which binds, fetters: in comp. ?s-gebind.
bite, st. m., bite, figuratively of the cut of the sword: acc. sg. bite ?rena, the swords' bite, 2260; dat. sg. ?fter billes bite, 2061.--Comp. lae-bite.
biter (primary meaning that of biting), adj.: 1) _sharp, cutting, cutting in_: acc. sg. biter (of a short sword), 2705; instr. sg. biteran str?le, 1747; instr. pl. biteran banum, with sharp teeth, 2693.--2) _irritated, furious_: nom. pl. bitere, 1432.
bitre, adv., bitterly (in a moral sense), 2332.
b?, big (fuller form of the prep. be, which see), prep. w. dat.: 1) _near, at, on, about, by_ (as under be, No. 1): b? s?m twe車num, _in the circuit of both seas_, 1957; aras b? ronde, raised himself up by the shield, 2539; b? wealle ges?t, sat by the wall, 2718. With a freer position: him big st?dan bunan and orcas, round about him, 3048.--2) to, towards (motion): hwearf ta b? bence, turned then towards the bench, 1189; ge車ng b? sesse, went to the seat, 2757.
b?d (see b?dan), st. n., tarrying hesitation: t?r weare Ongenti車 on b?d wrecen, forced to tarry, 2963.
b?dan, st. v.: 1) to delay, to stay, to remain, to wait: inf. n? on wealle leng b?dan wolde, would not stay longer within the wall (the drake), 2309; pret. in tystrum bad, remained in darkness, 87; flota stille bad, the craft lay still, 301; receda ... on t?m se r?ca bad, where the mighty one dwelt, 310; t?r se snottra bad, where the wise man (Hr?egar) waited, 1314; he on searwum bad, he (Be車wulf) _stood there armed_, 2569; ic on earde bad m?lgesceafta, _lived upon the paternal ground the time appointed me by fate_, 2737; pret. pl. sume t?r bidon, _some remained, waited there_, 400.--2) to await, to wait for, with the gen. of that which is awaited: inf. b?dan woldon Grendles g?ee, _wished to await the combat with Grendel, to undertake it_, 482; similarly, 528; w?ges b?dan, await the combat, 1269; nalas andsware b?dan wolde, _would await no answer_, 1495; pret. bad beadwa getinges, _awaited the event of the battle_, 710; s?genga bad agend-fre芍n, the sea-goer (boat) _awaited its owner_, 1883; sele ... heaeowylma bad, laean l?ges (the poet probably means to indicate by these words that the hall Heorot was destroyed later in a fight by fire; an occurrence, indeed, about which we know nothing, but which 1165 and 1166, and again 2068 ff. seem to indicate), 82.
a-b?dan, to await, with the gen.: inf., 978.
ge-b?dan: 1) to tarry, to wait: imp. geb?de ge on beorge, _wait ye on the mountain_, 2530; pret. part. te芍h te wintra lyt under burhlocan gebiden h?bbe H?reees d?htor _although H's daughter had dwelt only a few years in the castle_, 1929.--2) to live through, to experience, to expect (w. acc.): inf. sceal ended?g m?nne geb?dan, shall live my last day, 639; ne w那nde ... b?te geb?dan, did not hope ... to live to see reparation, 935; fela sceal geb?dan le車fes and laees, _experience much good and much affliction_, 1061; ende geb?dan, 1387, 2343; pret. he t?s fr?fre gebad, received consolation (compensation) therefore, 7; gebad wintra worn, lived a great number of years, 264; in a similar construction, 816, 930, 1619, 2259, 3117. With gen.: inf. t? geb?danne ?eres yrfeweardes, _to await another heir_, 2453. With depend, clause: inf. t? geb?danne t?t his byre r?de on galgan, to live to see it, that his son hang upon the gallows, 2446; pret. dre芍m-le芍s gebad t?t he..., _joyless he experienced it, that he_..., 1721; t?s te ic on aldre gebad t?t ic..., _for this, that I, in my old age, lived to see that_..., 1780.
on-b?dan, to wait, to await: pret. hordweard onbad earfoel?ce ?e t?t ?fen cwom, scarcely waited, could scarcely delay till it was evening, 2303.
b?tan, st. v., to bite, of the cutting of swords: inf. b?tan, 1455, 1524; pret. bat banlocan, bit into his body (Grendel), 743; bat unsw?eor, _cut with less force_ (Be車wulf's sword), 2579.
blanca, w. m., properly that which shines here of the horse, not so much of the white horse as the dappled: dat. pl. on blancum, 857.
ge-bland, ge-blond, st. n., mixture, heaving mass, a turning.--Comp.: sund-, ye-geblond, windblond.
blanden-feax, blonden-feax, adj., mixed, i.e. having gray hair, gray-headed, as epithet of an old man: nom. sg. blondenfeax, 1792; blondenfexa, 2963; dat. sg. blondenfeaxum, 1874; nom. pl. blondenfeaxe, 1595.
bl?c, adj., dark, black: nom. sg, hrefn blaca, 1802.
blac, adj.: 1) gleaming, shining: acc. sg. blacne le車man, _a brilliant gleam_, 1518.--2) of the white death-color, pale; in comp. heoroblac.
bl?d, st. m.: 1) strength, force, vigor: nom. sg. w?s hira bl?d scacen (of both tribes), strength was gone, i.e. the bravest of both tribes lay slain, 1125; nu is t?nes m?gnes bl?d ane hw?le, _now the fulness of thy strength lasts for a time_, 1762.--2) reputation, renown, knowledge (with stress upon the idea of filling up, spreading out): nom. sg. bl?d, 18; (t?n) bl?d is ar?red, thy renown is spread abroad, 1704.
bl?d-agend, pt., having renown, renowned: nom. pl. bl?d-agende, 1014.
bl?d-f?st, adj., firm in renown, renowned, known afar: acc. sg. bl?df?stne beorn (of ?schere, with reference to 1329), 1300.
ble芍t, adj., miserable, helpless; only in comp. w?l-ble芍t.
ble芍te, adv., miserably, helplessly, 2825.
bl?can, st. v., shine, gleam: inf., 222
bl?ee, adj.: 1) blithe, joyous, happy acc. sg. bl?ene, 618.--2) gracious, pleasing: nom. sg. bl?ee, 436.--Comp. un-bl?ee.
bl?e-heort, adj., joyous in heart, happy: nom. sg., 1803.
bl?d, st. n., blood: nom. sg., 1122; acc. sg., 743; dat. sg. bl?de, 848; ?fter de車rum men him langae beorn wie bl?de, the hero (Hr?egar) _longs for the beloved man contrary to blood_, i.e. he loves him although he is not related to him by blood, 1881; dat. as instr. bl?de, 486, 935, 1595, etc.
bl?d-fag, adj., spotted with blood, bloody, 2061.
bl?dig, adj., bloody: acc. sg. f. bl?dge, 991; acc. sg. n. bl?dig, 448; instr. sg. bl?digan gare, 2441.
ge-bl?dian, w. v., to make bloody, to sprinkle with blood: pret. part. ge-bl?degod, 2693.
bl?dig-t?e, adj., with bloody teeth: nom. sg. bona bl?dig-t?e (of Grendel, because he bites his victims to death), 2083.
bl?d-re車w, adj., bloodthirsty, bloody-minded: nom. sg. him on ferhee gre車w bre車st-hord bl?d-re車w, _in his bosom there grew a bloodthirsty feeling_, 1720.
be-bod, st. n., command, order; in comp. wundor-bebod.
bodian, w. v., _(to be a messenger), to announce, to make known_: pret. hrefn blaca heofones wynne bl?e-heort bodode, _the black raven announced joyfully heaven's delight_ (the rising sun), 1803.
boga, w. m., bow, of the bended form; here of the dragon, in comp. hring-boga; as an instrument for shooting, in the comp. flan-, horn-boga; bow of the arch, in comp. stan-boga.
bolca, w. m., "forus navis" (Grein), gangway; here probably the planks which at landing are laid from the ship to the shore: acc. sg. ofer bolcan, 231.
bold, st. n., building, house, edifice: nom. sg. (Heorot), 998; (Hygelac's residence), 1926; (Be車wulfs residence), 2197, 2327.--Comp. fold-bold.
bold-agend, pt., house-owner, property-holder: gen. pl. monegum boldagendra, 3113.
bolgen-m?d, adj., angry at heart, angry, 710, 1714.
bolster, st. m., bolster, cushion, pillow: dat. pl. (reced) geond-br?ded weare beddum and bolstrum, was covered with beds and bolsters, 1241.--Comp. hle車r-bolster.
bon-. See ban-.
bora, w. m., carrier, bringer, leader: in the comp. mund-, r?d-, w?g-bora.
bord, st. n., shield: nom. sg., 2674; acc. sg., 2525; gen. pl. ofer borda gebr?c, over the crashing of the shields, 2260.--Comp.: hilde-, w?g-bord.
bord-h?bbend, pt., one having a shield, shield-bearer: nom. pl. h?bbende, 2896.
bord-hre車ea, w. m., shield-cover, shield with particular reference to its cover (of hides or linden bark): dat. sg. -hre車ean, 2204.
bord-rand, st. m., shield: acc. sg., 2560.
bord-weall, st. m., shield-wall, wall of shields: acc. sg., 2981.
bord-wudu, st. m., shield-wood, shield: acc. pl. beorhtan beord-wudu, 1244.
botm, st. m., bottom: dat. sg. t? botme (here of the bottom of the fen-lake), 1507.
b?t (emendation, cf. b那tan), st. f.: 1) relief, remedy: nom. sg., 281; acc. sg. b?te, 935; acc. sg. b?te, 910.--2) _a performance in expiation, a giving satisfaction, tribute_: gen. sg. b?te, 158.
brand, brond, st. m.: 1) burning, fire: nom. sg. ta sceal brond fretan (the burning of the body), 3015; instr. sg. by hine ne m?ston ... bronde forb?rnan (could not bestow upon him the solemn burning), 2127; h?fde landwara l?ge befangen, b?le and bronde, with glow, fire, and flame, 2323.--2) in the passage, t?t hine n? brond ne beadom那cas b?tan ne meahton, 1455, brond has been translated sword, brand (after the O.N. brand-r). The meaning fire may be justified as well, if we consider that the old helmets were generally made of leather, and only the principal parts were mounted with bronze. The poet wishes here to emphasize the fact that the helmet was made entirely of metal, a thing which was very unusual.--3) in the passage, forgeaf ta Be車wulfe brand Healfdenes segen gyldenne, 1021, our text, with other editions, has emendated, bearn, since brand, if it be intended as a designation of Hr?egar (perhaps son), has not up to this time been found in this sense in A.-S.
brant, bront, adj., raging, foaming, going-high, of ships and of waves: acc. sg. brontne, 238, 568.
brad, adj.: 1) extended, wide: nom. pl. brade r?ce, 2208.--2) broad: nom. sg. he芍h and brad (of Be車wulf's grave-mound), 3159; acc. sg. bradne m那ce, 2979; (seax) brad [and] br?necg, _the broad, short sword with bright edge_, 1547.--3) massive, in abundance. acc, sg. brad gold, 3106.
ge-br?c, st. n., noise, crash: acc. sg. borda gebr?c, 2260.
geond-br?dan, w. v., to spread over, to cover entirely: pret. part. geond-br?ded, 1240.
brecan, st. v.: 1) to break, to break to pieces: pret. banhringas br?c, (the sword) broke the joints, 1568. In a moral sense: pret. subj. t?t t?r ?nig mon w?re ne br?ce, that no one should break the agreement, 1101; pret. part. tonne bi車e brocene ... ae-sweord eorla, _then are the oaths of the men broken_, 2064.--2) probably also simply _to break in upon something, to press upon_, w. acc.: pret. sg. s?de車r monig hildetuxum heresyrcan br?c, _many a sea-animal pressed with his battle-teeth upon the shirt of mail_ (did not break it, for, according to 1549 f., 1553 f., it was still unharmed). 1512.--3) to break out, to spring out: inf. geseah ... stre芍m ?t brecan of beorge, saw a stream break out from the rocks, 2547; l那t se hearda Higelaces tegn bradne m那ce ... brecan ofer bordweal, caused the broadsword to spring out over the wall of shields, 2981.--4) figuratively, to vex, not to let rest: pret. hine fyrwyt br?c, _curiosity tormented_ (N.H.G. brachte die Neugier um), 232, 1986, 2785.
ge-brecan, to break to pieces: pret. banh?s gebr?c, _broke in pieces his body_ (Be車wulf in combat with D?ghrefn), 2509.
t?-brecan, to break in pieces: inf., 781; pret. part. t?-brocen, 998.
turh-brecan, to break through, pret. wordes ord bre車sthord turh-br?c, the word's point broke through his closed breast, i.e. a word burst out from his breast, 2793.
brece, st. f., condition of being broken, breach: nom. pl. m?des brecea (sorrow of heart), 171.
a-bredwian, w. v. w. acc., to fell to the ground, to kill (?): pret. abredwade, 2620.
bregdan, st. v., properly to swing round, hence: 1) to swing: inf. under sceadu bregdan, _swing among the shadows, to send into the realm of shadows_, 708; pret. br?gd ealde lafe, swung the old weapon, 796; br?gd feorh-gen?elan, swung his mortal enemy (Grendel's mother), threw her down, 1540; pl. git e芍gorstre芍m ... mundum brugdon, _stirred the sea with your hands_ (of the movement of the hands in swimming), 514; pret. part. broden (brogden) m?l, the drawn sword, 1617, 1668.--2) _to knit, to knot, to plait_: inf., figuratively, inwitnet ?erum bregdan, _to weave a waylaying net for another_ (as we say in the same way, to lay a trap for another, to dig a pit for another), 2168; pret. part. beadohr?gl broden, _a woven shirt of mail_ (because it consisted of metal rings joined together), 552; similarly, 1549; brogdne beadusercean, 2756.
a-bregdan, to swing: pret. hond up a-br?d, swung, raised his hand, 2576.
ge-bregdan: 1) swing: pret. hring-m?l gebr?gd, swung the ringed sword, 1565; eald sweord e芍cen ... t?t ic ty w?pne gebr?gd, _an old heavy sword that I swung as my weapon_, 1665; with interchanging instr. and acc. w?llseaxe gebr?d, biter and beadu-scearp, 2704; also, _to draw out of the sheath_: sweord ?r gebr?d, had drawn the sword before, 2563.--2) _to knit, to knot, to plait_: pret. part. bere-byrne hondum gebroden, 1444.
on-bregdan, to tear open, to throw open: pret. onbr?d ta recedes m?ean, had then thrown open the entrance of the hall (onbregdan is used because the opening door swings upon its hinges), 724.
brego, st. m., prince, ruler: nom. sg. 427, 610.
brego-r?f, adj., powerful, like a ruler, of heroic strength: nom. sg. m., 1926.
brego-st?l, st. m., throne_, figuratively for _rule: acc. sg. him gesealde seofon t?sendo, bold and brego-st?l, seven thousand see under sceat), a country-seat, and the dignity of a prince, 2197; t?r him Hygd gebe芍d ... brego-st?l, where H. offered him the chief power, 2371; l那t tone bregost?l Be車wulf healdan, _gave over to Be車wulf the chief power_ (did not prevent Be車wulf from entering upon the government), 2390.
breme, adj., known afar, renowned. nom. sg., 18.
brenting (see brant), st. m., ship craft: nom. pl. brentingas, 2808.
a-bre芍tan, st. v., to break, to break in pieces, to kill: pret. abre車t brimw?san, killed the sea-king (King H?ecyn), 2931. See bre車tan.
bre車st, st. n.: 1) breast: nom. sg., 2177; often used in the pl., so acc. t?t m?ne bre車st weree, which protects my breast, 453; dat. pl. beadohr?gl broden on bre車stum l?g. 552.--2) _the inmost thoughts, the mind, the heart, the bosom_: nom. sg. bre車st innan we車ll te車strum getoncum, _his breast heaved with troubled thoughts_, 2332; dat. pl. l那t ta of bre車stum word ?t faran, caused the words to come out from his bosom, 2551.
bre車st-gehygd, st. n. f., breast-thought, secret thought: instr. pl. -gehygdum, 2819.
bre車st-gew?du, st. n. pl., breast-clothing, garment covering the breast, of the coat of mail: nom., 1212; acc., 2163.
bre車st-hord, st. m., _breast-hoard, that which is locked in the breast, heart, mind, thought, soul_: nom. sg., 1720; acc. sg., 2793.
bre車st-net, st. n., breast-net, shirt of chain-mail, coat of mail: nom. sg. bre車st-net broden, 1549.
bre車st-weoreung, st. f., ornament that is worn upon the breast: acc. sg. bre車st-weoreunge, 2505: here the collar is meant which Be車wulf receives from Wealhte車w (1196, 2174) as a present, and which B., according to 2173, presents to Hygd, while, according to 1203, it is in the possession of her husband Hygelac. In front the collar is trimmed with ornaments (fr?twe), which hang down upon the breast, hence the name bre車st-weoreung.
bre車st-wylm, st. m., heaving of the breast, emotion of the bosom: acc. sg, 1878.
bre車tan, st. v., to break, to break in pieces, to kill: pret. bre芍t be車dgene芍tas, killed his table-companions (courtiers), 1714.
a-bre車tan, same as above: pret. tone te he車 on r?ste abre芍t, _whom she killed upon his couch_, 1299; pret. part. ta t?t monige geweare, t?t hine se車 brimwylf abroten h?fde, many believed that the sea-wolf (Grendel's mother) had killed him, 1600; h? hyne ... abroten h?fdon, _had killed him_ (the dragon), 2708.
brim, st. n., flood, the sea: nom. sg., 848, 1595; gen. sg. t? brimes faroee, to the sea, 28; ?t brimes nosan, at the sea's promontory, 2804; nom. pl. brimu swaeredon, the waves subsided, 570.
brim-clif, st. n., sea-cliff, cliff washed by the sea: acc. pl. -clifu, 222.
brim-lad, st. f., flood-way, sea-way: acc. sg. tara te mid Be車wulfe brimlade te芍h, who had travelled the sea-way with B., 1052.
brim-l?eend, pt, sea-farer, sailor acc. p. -l?eende, 568.
brim-stre芍m, st. m., sea-stream, the flood of the sea: acc. pl. ofer brim-stre芍mas, 1911.
brim-w?sa, w. m., sea-king: acc. sg. brimw?san, of H?ecyn, king of the Ge芍tas, 2931.
brim-wylf, st. f., sea-wolf (designation of Grendel's mother): nom. sg. se車 brimwylf, 1507, 1600.
brim-wylm, st. m., sea-wave: nom. sg., 1495.
bringan, anom. v., to bring, to bear: prs. sg. I. ic te t?senda tegna bringe t? helpe, bring to your assistance thousands of warriors, 1830; inf. sceal hringnaca ofer he芍eu bringan lac and luftacen, _shall bring gifts and love-tokens over the high sea_, 1863; similarly, 2149, 2505; pret. pl. we tas s?lac ... br?hton, brought this sea-offering (Grendel's head), 1654.
ge-bringan, to bring: pres. subj. pl. tat we tone gebringan ... on adf?re, that we bring him upon the funeral-pile, 3010.
brosnian, w. v., to crumble, to become rotten, to fall to pieces: prs. sg. III. herepad ... brosnae ?fter beorne, _the coat of mail falls to pieces after_ (the death of) the hero, 2261.
br?eor, st. m., brother: nom. sg., 1325, 2441; dat sg. br那eer, 1263; gen. sg. his br?eor bearn, 2620; dat. pl. br?erum, 588, 1075.
ge-br?eru, pl., brethren, brothers: dat. pl. s?t be t?m gebr?erum tw?m, sat by the two brothers, 1192.
br?ga, w. m., terror, horror: nom. sg., 1292, 2325, 2566; acc. sg. billa br?gan, 583.--Comp.: gryre-, here-br?ga.
br?can, st. v. w. gen., to use, to make use of: prs. sg. III. se te longe her worolde br?cee, who here long makes use of the world, i.e. lives long, 1063; imp. br?c manigra m那da, _make use of many rewards, give good rewards_, 1179; to enjoy: inf. t?t he be芍hhordes br?can m?ste, _could enjoy the ring-hoard_, 895; similarly, 2242, 3101; pret. bre芍c l?fgesceafta, enjoyed the appointed life, lived the appointed time, 1954. With the genitive to be supplied: bre芍c tonne m?ste, 1488; imp. br?c tisses be芍ges, enjoy this ring, take this ring, 1217. Upon this meaning depends the form of the wish, wel br?can (compare the German geniesze froh!): inf. h那t hine wel br?can, 1046; h那t hine br?can well, 2813; imp. br?c ealles well, 2163.
br?n, adj., having a brown lustre, shining: nom. sg. si車 ecg br?n, 2579.
br?n-ecg, adj., having a gleaming blade: acc. sg. n. (hyre seaxe) brad [and] br?necg, her broad sword with gleaming blade, 1547.
br?n-fag, adj., gleaming like metal: acc. sg. br?nfagne helm, 2616.
bryne-le車ma, w. m., light of a conflagration, gleam of fire : nom. sg., 2314.
bryne-wylm, st. m., wave of fire: dat. pl. -wylmum, 2327.
brytnian (properly to break in small pieces, cf. bre車tan), w. v., _to bestow, to distribute_: pret. sinc brytnade, distributed presents, i.e. ruled (since the giving of gifts belongs especially to rulers), 2384.
brytta, w. m., giver, distributer, always designating the king: nom. sg. sinces brytta, 608, 1171, 2072; acc. sg. be芍ga bryttan, 35, 352, 1488; sinces bryttan, 1923.
bryttian (to be a dispenser), w. v., to distribute, to confer: prs. sg. III. god manna cynne snyttru bryttae, bestows wisdom upon the human race, 1727.
bryd, st. f.: 1) wife, consort: acc. sg. bryd, 2931; bryde, 2957, both times of the consort of Ongente車w (?).--2) betrothed, bride: nom. sg., of Hr?egar's daughter, Fre芍ware, 2032.
bryd-b?r, st. n., woman's apartment: dat. sg. eode ... cyning of brydb?re, the king came out of the apartment of his wife (into which, according to 666, he had gone), 922.
bunden-stefna, w. m., _(that which has a bound prow), the framed ship_: nom. sg., 1911.
bune, w. f., can_ or _cup, drinking-vessel: nom. pl. bunan, 3048; acc. pl. bunan, 2776.
burh, burg, st. f., castle, city, fortified house: acc. sg. burh, 523; dat. sg. byrig, 1200; dat. pl. burgum, 53, 1969, 2434.--Comp.: fre車, freoeo-, he芍-, hle車-, hord-, le車d-, m?g-burg.
burh-loca, w. m., castle-bars_: dat. sg. under burh-locan, under the castle-bars_, i.e. in the castle (Hygelac's), 1929.
burh-stede, st. m., castle-place, place where the castle_ or city stands_: acc. sg. burhstede, 2266.
burh-wela, w. m., riches, treasure of a castle_ or _city: gen. sg. tenden he burh-welan br?can m?ste, 3101.
burne, w. f., spring, fountain: gen. t?re burnan w?lm, _the bubbling of the spring_, 2547.
b?an, st. v.: 1) to stay, to remain, to dwell: inf. gif he weard onfunde b?an on beorge, if he had found the watchman dwelling on the mountain, 2843.--2) to inhabit, w. acc.: meduseld b?an, _to inhabit the mead-house_, 3066.
ge-b?an, w. acc., to occupy a house, to take possession: pret. part. he芍n h?ses, h? hit Hring Dene ?fter be車rtege geb?n h?fdon, _how the Danes, after their beer-carouse, had occupied it_ (had made their beds in it), 117.--With the pres. part. b?end are the compounds ceaster-, fold-, grund-, lond-b?end.
b?gan, st. v., to bend, to bow, to sink; to turn, to flee: prs. sg. III. bon-gar b?gee, the fatal spear sinks, i.e. its deadly point is turned down, it rests, 2032; inf. t?t se byrnw?ga b?gan sceolde, _that the armed hero had to sink down_ (having received a deadly blow), 2919; similarly, 2975; pret. sg. be芍h eft under eoreweall, _turned, fled again behind the earth-wall_, 2957; pret. pl. bugon t? bence, turned to the bench, 327, 1014; hy on holt bugon, fled to the wood, 2599.
a-b?gan, to bend off, to curve away from: pret. fram sylle abe芍g medubenc monig, from the threshold curved away many a mead-bench, 776.
be-b?gan, w. acc., to surround, to encircle: prs. swa (which) w?ter beb?gee, 93; efne swa s?de swa s? beb?gee windige weallas, _as far as the sea encircles windy shores_, 1224.
ge-b?gan, to bend, to bow, to sink: a) intrans.: he車 on flet gebe芍h, sank on the floor, 1541; ta gebe芍h cyning, then sank the king, 2981; ta se wyrm gebe芍h sn?de t?somne (when the drake at once coiled itself up), 2568; gewat ta gebogen scr?ean t?, advanced with curved body (the drake), 2570.--b) w. acc. of the thing to which one bends or sinks: pret. selereste gebe芍h, sank upon the couch in the hall, 691; similarly gebe芍g, 1242.
b?r, st. n., apartment, room: dat. sg. b?re, 1311, 2456; dat. pl. b?rum, 140.--Comp. bryd-b?r.
b?tan, b?ton (from be and ?tan, hence in its meaning referring to what is without, excluded): 1) conj. with subjunctive following, lest: b?tan his l?c swice, lest his body escape_, 967. With ind. following, _but: b?ton hit w?s mare tonne ?nig mon ?eer t? beadulace ?tberan meahte, but it (the sword) was greater than any other man could have carried to battle, 1561. After a preceding negative verb, except: tara te gumena bearn gearwe ne wiston b?ton Fitela mid hine, _which the children of men did not know at all, except Fitela, who was with him_, 880; ne nom he maem-?hta ma b?ton tone hafelan, etc., _he took no more of the rich treasure than the head alone_, 1615.--2) prep, with dat., except: b?ton folcscare, 73; b?ton te, 658; ealle b?ton anum, 706.
bycgan, w. v., to buy, to pay: inf. ne w?s t?t gewrixle til t?t hie on ba healfa bicgan scoldon fre車nda feorum, _that was no good transaction, that they, on both sides_ (as well to Grendel as to his mother), _had to pay with the lives of their friends_, 1306.
be-bycgan, to sell: pret. nu ic on maema hord m?ne bebohte fr?de feorhlege (now I, for the treasure-hoard, gave up my old life), 2800.
ge-bycgan, to buy, to acquire; to pay: pret. w. acc. n? t?r ?nige ... fr?fre gebohte, obtained no sort of help, consolation, 974; hit (his, MS.) ealdre gebohte, paid it with his life, 2482; pret. part. sylfes feore be芍gas [geboh]te, bought rings with his own life, 3015.
byldan, w. v. (to make beald, which see), _to excite, to encourage, to brave deeds_: inf. w. acc. swa he Fresena cyn on be車rsele byldan wolde (by distributing gifts), 1095.
ge-byrd, st. n., "fatum destinatum" (Grein) (?): acc. sg. hie on gebyrd hruron gare wunde, 1075.
ge-byrdu, st. f., birth; in compound, bearn-gebyrdu.
byrdu-scr?d, st. n., shield-ornament, design upon a shield(?): nom. sg., 2661.
byre, st. m., (born) son: nom. sg., 2054, 2446, 2622, etc.; nom. pl. byre, 1189. In a broader sense, young man, youth: acc. pl. b?dde byre geonge, encouraged the youths (at the banquet), 2019.
byreen, st. f., burden; in comp. m?gen-byreen.
byrele, st. m., steward, waiter, cupbearer: nom. pl. byrelas, 1162.
byrgan, w. v., to feast, to eat: inf., 448.
ge-byrgea, w. m., protector; in comp. le車d-gebyrgea.
byrht. See beorht.
byrne, w. f., shirt of mail, mail: nom. sg. byrne, 405, 1630, etc.; hringed byrne, ring-shirt, consisting of interlaced rings, 1246; acc. sg. byrnan, 1023, etc.; s?de byrnan, large coat of mail, 1292; hringde byrnan, 2616; hare byrnan, gray coat of mail (of iron), 2154; dat. sg. on byrnan, 2705; gen. sg. byrnan hring, the ring of the shirt of mail (i.e. the shirt of mail), 2261; dat. pl. byrnum, 40, 238, etc.; beorhtum byrnum, with gleaming mail, 3141.--Comp.: g?e-, here-, heaeo-, ?ren-, ?sern-byrne.
byrnend. See beornan.
byrn-w?ga, w. m., warrior dressed in a coat of mail: nom. sg., 2919.
bysgu, bisigu, st. f., trouble, difficulty, opposition: nom. sg. bisigu, 281; dat. pl. bisgum, 1744, bysigum, 2581.
bysig, adj., opposed, in need, in the compounds l?f-bysig, syn-bysig.
byme, w. f., a wind-instrument, a trumpet, a trombone: gen. sg. byman gealdor, the sound of the trumpet, 2944.
bywan, w. v., to ornament, to prepare: inf. ta te beado-gr?man bywan sceoldon, who should prepare the helmets, 2258.
C
camp, st. m., combat, fight between two: dat. sg. in campe (Be車wulf's with D?ghrefn; cempan, MS.), 2506.
candel, st. f., light, candle: nom. sg. rodores candel, of the sun, 1573.--Comp. woruld-candel.
cempa, w. m., fighter, warrior, hero: nom. sg. ?eele cempa, 1313; Ge芍ta cempa, 1552; r那ee cempa, 1586; m?re cempa (as voc.), 1762; gyrded cempa, 2079; dat. sg. geongum (geongan) cempan, 1949, 2045, 2627; H?ga cempan, 2503; acc. pl. cempan, 206.--Comp. f那ee-cempa.
cennan, w. v.: 1) to bear, w. acc.: efne swa hwylc m?gea swa tone magan cende, who bore the son, 944; pret. part. t?m eafera w?s ?fter cenned, to him was a son born, 12.--2) reflexive, _to show one's self, to reveal one's self_: imp. cen tec mid cr?fte, prove yourself by your strength, 1220.
a-cennan, to bear: pret. part. n? hie f?der cunnon, hw?eer him ?nig w?s ?r acenned dyrnra gasta, they (the people of the country) _do not know his_ (Grendel's) _father, nor whether any evil spirit has been before born to him_ (whether he has begotten a son), 1357.
c那neu, st. f., boldness: acc. sg. c那neu, 2697.
c那ne, adj., keen, warlike, bold: gen. p.. c那nra gehwylcum, 769. Superl., acc. pl. c那noste, 206.--Comp.: d?d-, gar-c那ne.
ceald, adj., cold: acc. pl. cealde stre芍mas, 1262; dat. pl. cealdum cears?eum, with cold, sad journeys, 2397. Superl. nom. sg. wedera cealdost, 546;--Comp. morgen-ceald.
cearian, w. v., to have care, to take care, to trouble one's self: prs. sg. III. na ymb his l?f cearae, takes no care for his life, 1537.
cearig, adj., troubled, sad: in comp. sorh-cearig.
cear-s?e, st. m., sorrowful way, an undertaking that brings sorrow, i.e. a warlike expedition: dat. pl. cears?eum (of Be車wulf's expeditions against E芍dgils), 2397.
cearu, st. f., care, sorrow, lamentation: nom. sg., 1304; acc. sg. [ceare], 3173.--Comp.: ealdor-, g?e-, m?l-, m?d-cearu.
cear-w?lm, st. m., care-agitation, waves of sorrow in the breast: dat. pl. ?fter cear-w?lmum, 2067.
cear-wylm, st. m., same as above; nom. pl. ta cear-wylmas, 282.
ceaster-b?end, pt, _inhabitant of a fortified place, inhabitant of a castle_: dat. pl. ceaster-b?endum, of those established in Hr?egar's castle, 769.
ce芍p, st. m., purchase, transaction: figuratively, nom. sg. n?s t?t yee ce芍p, no easy transaction, 2416; instr. sg. te芍h te ?eer hit ealdre gebohte, heardan ce芍pe, _although the one paid it with his life, a dear purchase_, 2483.
ge-ce芍pian, w. v., to purchase: pret. part. gold unr?me grimme gece芍pod, gold without measure, bitterly purchased (with Be車wulf's life), 3013.
be-ceorfan, st. v., to separate, to cut off (with acc. of the pers. and instr. of the thing): pret. hine ta he芍fde becearf, cut off his head, 1591; similarly, 2139.
ceorl, st. m., man_: nom. sg. snotor ceorl monig, _many a wise man, 909; dat. sg. gomelum ceorle, the old man (of King Hr那eel), 2445; so, ealdum ceorle, of King Ongente車w, 2973; nom. pl. snotere ceorlas, wise men, 202, 416, 1592.
ce車l, st. m., keel, figuratively for the ship: nom. sg., 1913; acc. sg. ce車l, 38, 238; gen. sg. ce車les, 1807.
ce車san, st. v., to choose_, hence, _to assume: inf. tone cyned?m ci車san wolde, would assume the royal dignity_, 2377; _to seek: pret. subj. ?r he b?l cure, before he sought his funeral-pile (before he died), 2819.
ge-ce車san, to choose, to elect: gerund, t? gece車senne cyning ?nigne (s那lran), to choose a better king, 1852; imp. te t?t s那lre ge-ce車s, choose thee the better (of two: bealon?e and 那ce r?das), 1759; pret. he ?sic on herge gece芍s t? tyssum siefate, _selected us among the soldiers for this undertaking_, 2639; gece芍s 那cne r?d, chose the everlasting gain, i.e. died, 1202; similarly, godes le車ht gece芍s, 2470; pret. part. acc. pl. h?fde ... cempan gecorone, 206.
on-cirran, w. v., to turn, to change: inf. ne meahte ... t?s wealdendes [willan] wiht on-cirran, could not change the will of the Almighty, 2858; pret. ufor oncirde, turned higher, 2952; tyder oncirde, turned thither, 2971.
a-c?gan, w. v., to call hither: pret. ac?gde of corere cyninges tegnas syfone, called from the retinue of the king seven men, 3122.
clam, clom, st. m., f. n.? fetter, figuratively of a strong gripe: dat. pl. heardan clammum, 964; heardum clammum, 1336; atolan clommum (horrible claws of the mother of Grendel), 1503.
clif, cleof, st. n., cliff, promontory: acc. pl. Ge芍ta clifu, 1912.--Comp.: brim-, 那g-, holm-, stan-clif.
ge-cnawan, st. v., to know, to recognize: inf. meaht tu, m?n wine, m那ce gecnawan, mayst thou, my friend, recognize the sword, 2048.
on-cnawan, to recognize, to distinguish: hordweard oncni車w mannes reorde, distinguished the speech of a man, 2555.
cniht, st. m., boy, youth: dat. pl. tyssum cnyhtum, to these boys (Hr?egar's sons), 1220.
cniht-wesende, prs. part., being a boy_ or _a youth: acc. sg. ic hine c?ee cniht-wesende, knew him while still a boy, 372; nom. pl. wit t?t gecw?don cniht-wesende, we both as young men said that, 535.
cnyssan, w. v., to strike, to dash against each other: pret. pl. tonne ... eoferas cnysedan, _when the bold warriors dashed against each other, stormed_ (in battle), 1329.
collen-ferhe, -fere, adj., (properly, of swollen mind), _of uncommon thoughts, in his way of thinking, standing higher than others, high-minded_: nom. sg. cuma collen-ferhe, of Be車wulf, 1807; collen-fere, of W?glaf, 2786.
coreer, st. n., troop, division of an army, retinue: dat. sg. ta w?s ... Fin sl?gen, cyning on corere, then was Fin slain, the king in the troop (of warriors), 1154; of corere cyninges, out of the retinue of the king, 3122.
costian, w. v., to try; pret. (w. gen.) he m?n costode, tried me, 2085.
c?fa, w. m., apartment, sleeping-room, couch: in comp. ban-c?fa.
c?l, adj., cool: compar. cearwylmas c?lran wureae, _the waves of sorrow become cooler_, i.e. the mind becomes quiet, 282; him w?flufan ... c?lran weoreae, his love for his wife cools, 2067.
cr?ft, st. m., the condition of being able, hence: 1) _physical strength_: nom. sg. m?gea cr?ft, 1284; acc. sg. m?genes cr?ft, 418; turh anes cr?ft, 700; cr?ft and c那neu, 2697; dat. (instr.) sg. cr?fte, 983, 1220, 2182, 2361.--2) art, craft, skill: dat. sg. as instr. dyrnum cr?fte, with secret (magic) art, 2169; dyrnan cr?fte, 2291; te車fes cr?fte, with thief's craft, 2221; dat. pl. de車fles cr?ftum, _by devil's art_ (sorcery), 2089.--3) great quantity (?): acc. sg. wyrm-horda cr?ft, 2223.--Comp.: leoeo-, m?gen-, nearo-, w?g-cr?ft.
cr?ftig, adj.: 1) strong, stout: nom. sg. eafoees cr?ftig, 1467; n?ea cr?ftig, 1963. Comp. w?g-cr?ftig.--2) adroit, skilful: in comp. lagu-cr?ftig.--3) rich (of treasures); in comp. e芍cen-cr?ftig.
cringan, st. v., _to fall in combat, to fall with the writhing movement of those mortally wounded_: pret. subj. on w?l crunge, _would sink into death, would fall_, 636; pret. pl. for the pluperfect, sume on w?le crungon, 1114.
ge-cringan, same as above: pret. he under rande gecranc, _fell under his shield_, 1210; ?t w?ge gecrang, fell in battle, 1338; he車 on flet gecrong, fell to the ground_, 1569; in campe gecrong, fell in single combat_, 2506.
cuma (he who comes), w. m., newcomer, guest: nom. sg. 1807.--Comp.: cwealm-, wil-cuma.
cuman, st. v., to come: pres. sg. II. gyf tu on weg cymest, _if thou comest from there_, 1383; III. cymee, 2059; pres. subj. sg. III. cume, 23; pl. tonne we ?t cymen, when we come out, 3107; inf. cuman, 244, 281, 1870; pret. sg. com, 430, 569, 826, 1134, 1507, 1601, etc.; cwom, 419, 2915; pret. subj. sg. cw?me, 732; pret. part. cumen, 376; pl. cumene, 361. Often with the inf. of a verb of motion, as, com gongan, 711; com s?eian, 721; com in gan, 1645; cwom gan, 1163; com scacan, 1803; cw?mon l?dan, 239; cw?mon s那cean, 268; cw?man scr?ean, 651, etc. [pret. c?m, etc.]
be-cuman, to come, to approach, to arrive: pret. syeean niht becom, after the night had come, 115; te on ta le車de becom, _that had come over the people_, 192; ta he t? ham becom, 2993. And with inf. following: stefn in becom ... hlynnan under harne stan, 2553; lyt eft becwom ... hames ni車san, 2366; ?e t?t ende becwom, 1255; similarly, 2117. With acc. of pers.: ta hyne si車 trag becwom, when this time of battle came over him, 2884.
ofer-cuman, to overcome, to compel: pret. ty he tone fe車nd ofercwom, thereby he overcame the foe, 1274: pl. hie fe車nd heora ... oferc?mon, 700; pret. part. (w. gen.) n?ea ofercumen, compelled by combats, 846.
cumbol, cumbor, st. m., banner: gen. sg. cumbles hyrde, 2506.--Comp. hilte-cumbor.
cund, adj., originating in, descended from: in comp. feorran-cund.
cunnan, verb pret. pres.: 1) to know, to be acquainted with (w. acc. or depend, clause): sg. pres. I. ic m?nne can gl?dne Hr?eulf t?t he ... wile, I know my gracious H., that he will..., 1181; II. eard git ne const, thou knowest not yet the land, 1378; III. he t?t wyrse ne con, _knows no worse_, 1740. And reflexive: con him land geare, knows the land well, 2063; pl. men ne cunnon hwyder helr?nan scr?eae, _men do not know whither_..., 162; pret. sg. ic hine c?ee, knew him, 372; c?ee he dugue te芍w, knew the customs of the distinguished courtiers, 359; so with the acc., 2013; seolfa ne c?ee turh hw?t..., _he himself did not know through what_..., 3068; pl. sorge ne c?eon, 119; so with the acc., 180, 418, 1234. With both (acc. and depend. clause): n? hie f?der cunnon (scil. n? hie cunnon) hw?eer him ?nig w?s ?r acenned dyrnra gasta, 1356.--2) with inf. following, can, to be able_: prs. sg. him bebeorgan ne con, cannot defend himself_, 1747; prs. pl. men ne cunnon secgan, cannot say, 50; pret. sg. c?ee reccan, 90; beorgan c?ee, 1446; pret. pl. h那rian ne c?eon, _could not praise_, 182; pret. subj. healdan c?ee, 2373.
cunnian, w. v., to inquire into, to try, w. gen. or acc.: inf. sund cunnian (figurative for roam over the sea), 1427, 1445; geongne cempan higes cunnian, to try the young warrior's mind, 2046; pret. eard cunnode, tried the home_, i.e. came to it, 1501; pl. wada cunnedon, tried the flood_, i.e. swam through the sea, 508.
c?e, adj.: 1) known, well known; manifest, certain: nom. sg. undyrne c?e, 150, 410; w?de c?e, 2924; acc. sg. fern. c?ee folme, 1304; c?ee str?te, 1635; nom. pl. ecge c?ee, 1146; acc. pl. c?ee n?ssas, 1913.--2) renowned: nom. sg. g?eum c?e, 2179; nom. pl. cystum c?ee, 868.--3) also, _friendly, dear, good_ (see un-c?e).--Comp.: un-, w?d-c?e.
c?e-l?ce, adv., openly, publicly: comp. n? her c?el?cor cuman ongunnon lind-h?bbende, no shield-bearing men undertook more boldly to come hither (the coast-watchman means by this the secret landing of the Vikings), 244.
cwalu, st. f., murder, fall: in comp. de芍e-cwalu.
cweccan (to make alive, see cwic), w. v., to move, to swing: pret. cwehte m?gen-wudu, swung the wood of strength (= spear), 235.
cweean, st. v., to say, to speak: a) absolutely: prs. sg. III. cwie ?t be車re, speaks at beer-drinking, 2042.--b) w. acc.: pret. word ?fter cw?e, 315; fe芍 worda cw?e, 2247, 2663.--c) with t?t following: pret. sg. cw?e, 92, 2159; pl. cw?don, 3182.--d) with t?t omitted: pret. cw?e he g?e-cyning s那cean wolde, said he would seek out the war-king, 199; similarly, 1811, 2940.
a-cweean, to say, to speak, w. acc.: prs. t?t word acwye, _speaks the word_, 2047; pret. t?t word acw?e, 655.
ge-cweean, to say, to speak: a) absolutely: pret. sg. II. swa tu gecw?de, 2665.--b)w. acc.: pret. wel-hwylc gecw?e, spoke everything, 875; pl. wit t?t gecw?don, 535.--c) w. t?t following: pret. gecw?e, 858, 988.
cwellan, w. v., (to make die), to kill, to murder: pret. sg. II. tu Grendel cwealdest, 1335.
a-cwellan, to kill: pret. sg. (he) wyrm acwealde, 887; tone te Grendel ?r mane acwealde, whom Grendel had before wickedly murdered, 1056; beorn acwealde, 2122.
cw那n, st. f.: 1) wife, consort (of noble birth): nom. sg. cw那n, 62; (Hr?egar's), 614, 924; (Finn's), 1154.--2) particularly denoting the queen: nom. sg. be芍ghroden cw那n (Wealhte車w), 624; m?ru cw那n, 2017; fremu folces cw那n (Tryeo), 1933; acc. sg. cw那n (Wealhte車w), 666.-Comp. folc-cw那n.
cw那n-l?c, adj., feminine, womanly: nom. sg. ne bie swylc cw那nl?c te芍w (such is not the custom of women, does not become a woman), 1941.
cwealm, st. m., violent death, murder, destruction: acc. sg. tone cwealm gewr?c, avenged the death (of Abel by Cain), 107; m?ndon mondryhtnes cwealm, lamented the ruler's fall, 3150.--Comp.: bealo-, de芍e-, gar-cwealm.
cwealm-bealu, st. n., the evil of murder: acc. sg., 1941.
cwealm-cuma, w. m., _one coming for murder, a new-comer who contemplates murder_: acc. sg. tone cwealm-cuman (of Grendel), 793.
cwic and cwico, adj., quick, having life, alive: acc. sg. cwicne, 793, 2786; gen. sg. aht cwices, something living, 2315; nom. pl. cwice, 98; cwico w?s ta gena, was still alive, 3094.
cwide, st. m., word, speech, saying: in comp. gegn-, gilp-, hle車-, eor- [non-existant form--KTH], word-cwide.
cw?ean, st. v., to complain, to lament: inf. w. acc. ongan ... gioguee cw?ean hilde-strengo, began to lament the (departed) _battle-strength of his youth_, 2113 [ceare] cw?ean, lament their cares, 3173.
cyme, st. m., coming, arrival: nom. pl. hwanan e車wre cyme syndon, _whence your coming is_, i. e. whence ye are, 257.--Comp. eft-cyme.
cyml?ce, adv., (convenienter), splendidly, grandly: comp. cyml?cor, 38.
cyn, st. n., race, both in the general sense, and denoting noble lineage: nom. sg. Fresena cyn, 1094; Wedera (gara, MS.) cyn, 461; acc. sg. eotena cyn, 421; giganta cyn, 1691; dat. sg. Caines cynne, 107; manna cynne, 811, 915, 1726; e車wrum (of those who desert Be車wulf in battle) cynne, 2886; gen. sg. manna (gumena) cynnes, 702, etc.; m?ran cynnes, 1730; laean cynnes, 2009, 2355; ?sses cynnes W?gmundinga, 2814; gen. pl. cynna gehwylcum, 98.--Comp.: eormen-, feorh-, frum-, gum-, man-, wyrm-cyn.
cyn, st. n., that which is suitable or proper: gen. pl. cynna (of etiquette) gemyndig, 614.
ge-cynde, adj., innate, peculiar, natural: nom. sg., 2198, 2697.
cyne-d?m, st. m., kingdom, royal dignity: acc. sg., 2377.
cyning, st. m., king: nom. acc. sg. cyning, II, 864, 921, etc.; kyning, 620, 3173; dat. sg. cyninge, 3094; gen. sg. cyninges, 868, 1211; gen. pl. kyning[a] wuldor, of God, 666.--Comp. beorn-, eore-, folc-, gue-, he芍h-, le車d-, s?-, s?e-, te車d-, worold-, wuldor-cyning.
cyning-beald, adj., "nobly bold" (Thorpe), excellently brave (?): nom. pl. cyning-balde men, 1635.
ge-cyssan, w. v., to kiss: pret. gecyste ta cyning ... tegen betstan, kissed the best thane (Be車wulf), 1871.
cyst (choosing, see ce車san), st. f., _the select, the best of a thing, good quality, excellence_: nom. sg. ?renna cyst, of the swords, 803, 1698; w?pna cyst, 1560; symbla cyst, choice banquet, 1233; acc. sg. ?rena cyst, 674; dat. pl. foldwegas ... cystum c?ee, _known through excellent qualities_, 868; (cyning) cystum gecyeed, 924.--Comp. gum-, hilde-cyst.
cye. See on-cye.
cyean (see c?e), w. v., to make known, to manifest, to show: imp. sg. m?gen-ellen cye, show thy heroic strength, 660; inf. cwealmbealu cyean, 1941; ellen cyean, 2696.
ge-cyean (to make known, hence): 1) to give information, to announce: inf. andsware gecyean, to give answer, 354; gerund, t? gecyeanne hwanan e車wre cyme syndon (to show whence ye come), 257; pret. part. s?e is gecyeed t?t ... (the truth has become known, it has shown itself to be true), 701; Higelace w?s s?e Be車wulfes sn?de gecyeed, _the arrival of B. was quickly announced_, 1972; similarly, 2325.--2) to make celebrated, in pret. part.: w?s m?n f?der folcum gecyeed (_my father was known to warriors_), 262; w?s his m?dsefa manegum gecyeed, 349; cystum gecyeed, 924.
cyeeu (properly, condition of being known_, hence _relationship), st. f., home, country, land: in comp. feor-cyeeu. [should be cye, feor-cye--KTH]
ge-cypan, w. v., to purchase: inf. n?s him ?nig tearf t?t he ... turfe wyrsan w?gfrecan weoree gecypan, _had need to buy with treasures no inferior warrior_, 2497.
D
daroe, st. m., spear: dat. pl. dareeum lacan (to fight), 2849.
ge-dal, st. n., parting, separation: nom. sg. his worulde gedal, _his separation from the world_ (his death), 3069.--Comp. ealdor-, l?f-gedal.
d?g, st. m., day: nom. sg. d?g, 485, 732, 2647; acc. sg. d?g, 2400; andlangne d?g, the whole day, 2116; morgenlongne d?g (_the whole morning_), 2895; ?e d?mes d?g, till judgment-day, 3070; dat. sg. on t?m d?ge tysses l?fes (eo tempore, tunc), 197, 791, 807; gen. sg. d?ges, 1601, 2321; hw?l d?ges, a day's time, a whole day, 1496; d?ges and nihtes, _day and night_, 2270; d?ges, by day_, 1936; dat. pl. on tyn dagum, in ten days_, 3161.--Comp. ?r-, de芍e-, ende-, ealdor-, fyrn-, gear-, l?n-, l?f-, swylt-, win-d?g, an-d?ges.
d?g-hw?l, st. f., day-time: acc. pl. t?t he d?ghw?la gedrogen h?fde eorean wynne, that he had enjoyed earth's pleasures during the days (appointed to him), i.e. that his life was finished, 2727.--(After Grein.)
d?g-r?m, st. n., series of days, fixed number of days: nom. sg. d?gera d?gr?m (number of the days of his life), 824.
d?d, st. f., deed, action: acc. sg. de車rl?ce d?d, 585; d?mle芍san d?d, 2891; fr那cne d?de, 890; d?d, 941; acc. pl. Grendles d?da, 195; gen. pl. d?da, 181, 479, 2455, etc.; dat. pl. d?dum, 1228, 2437, etc.--Comp. ellen-, fyren-, lof-d?d.
d?d-c那ne, adj., bold in deed: nom. sg. d?d-c那ne mon, 1646.
d?d-fruma, w. m., doer of deeds, doer: nom. sg., of Grendel, 2091.
d?d-bata, w. m., he who pursues with his deeds: nom. sg., of Grendel, 275.
d?dla, w. m., doer: in comp. man-for-d?dla.
d?l, st. m., part, portion: acc. sg. d?l, 622, 2246, 3128; acc. pl. d?las, 1733.--Often d?l designates the portion of a thing or of a quality which belongs in general to an individual, as, ?e t?t him on innan oferhygda d?l weaxee, _till in his bosom his portion of arrogance increases_: i.e. whatever arrogance he has, his arrogance, 1741. Bi車wulfe weare dryhtmaema d?l de芍ee, forgolden, _to Be車wulf his part of the splendid treasures was paid with death_, i.e. whatever splendid treasures were allotted to him, whatever part of them he could win in the fight with the dragon, 2844; similarly, 1151, 1753, 2029, 2069, 3128.
d?lan, w. v., to divide, to bestow, to share with, w. acc.: pres. sg. III. madmas d?lee, 1757; pres. subj. t?t he wie agl?cean eofoeo d?le, _that he bestow his strength upon_ (strive with) the bringer of misery the drake), 2535; inf. hringas d?lan, 1971; pret. be芍gas d?lde, 80; sceattas d?lde, 1687.
be-d?lan, w. instr., _(to divide), to tear away from, to strip of_: pret. part. dre芍mum (dre芍me) bed?led, deprived of the heavenly joys (of Grendel), 722, 1276.
ge-d?lan: 1) to distribute: inf. (w. acc. of the thing distributed); b?r on innan eall ged?lan geongum and ealdum swylc him god sealde, distribute therein to young and old all that God had given him, 71.--2) to divide, to separate, with acc.: inf. sundur ged?lan l?f wie l?ce, separate life from the body, 2423; so pret. subj. t?t he ged?lde ... anra gehwylces l?f wie l?ce, 732.
denn (cf. denu, dene, vallis), st. n., den, cave: acc. sg. t?s wyrmes denn, 2761; gen. sg. (draca) gewat dennes ni車sian, 3046.
ge-defe, adj.: 1) (impersonal) proper, appropriate: nom. sg. swa hit ged那fe w?s (bie), as was appropriate, proper, 561, 1671, 3176.--2) _good, kind, friendly_; nom sg. be車 tu suna m?num d?dum ged那fe, _be friendly to my son by deeds_ (support my son in deed, namely, when he shall have attained to the government), 1228.--Comp. un-ge-d那fel?ce.
d那man (see d?m), w. v.: 1) to judge, to award justly: pres. subj. m?reo d那me, 688.--2) to judge favorably, to praise, to glorify: pret. pl. his ellenweorc dugueum d那mdon, praised his heroic deed with all their might, 3176.
d那mend, judge: d?da d那mend (of God), 181.
deal, adj., "superbus, clarus, fretus" (Grimm): nom. pl. tryeum dealle, 494.
de芍d, adj., dead: nom. sg. 467, 1324, 2373; acc. sg. de芍dne, 1310.
de芍e, st. m., death, dying: nom. sg, de芍e, 441, 447, etc.; acc. sg. de芍e, 2169; dat. sg. de芍ee, 1389, 1590, (as instr.) 2844, 3046; gen. sg. de芍ees wylm, 2270; de芍ees nyd, 2455.--Comp. g?e-, w?l-, wundor-de芍e.
de芍e-bed, st. n., death-bed: dat. sg. de芍e-bedde f?st, 2902.
de芍e-cwalu, st. f., violent death_, _ruin and death: dat. pl. t? de芍e-cwalum, 1713.
de芍e-cwealm, st. m., violent death, murder: nom. sg. 1671.
de芍e-d?g, st. m., death-day, dying day: dat. sg. ?fter de芍e-d?ge (_after his death_), 187, 886.
de芍e-f?ge, adj., given over to death: nom. sg. (Grendel) de芍e-f?ge de車g, had hidden himself, being given over to death (mortally wounded), 851.
de芍e-sc?a, w. m., death-shadow, ghostly being, demon of death: nom. sg. deorc de芍e-sc?a (of Grendel), 160.
de芍e-w那rig, adj., weakened by death, i.e. dead: acc. sg. de芍e-w那rigne, 2126. See w那rig.
de芍e-w?c, st. n. death's house, home of death: acc. sg. gewat de芍ew?c se車n (had died), 1276.
de芍gan (O.H.G. pret. part. tougan, hidden), _to conceal one's self, to hide_: pret. (for pluperf.) de車g, 851.--Leo.
deorc, adj., dark: of the night, nom. sg. (nihthelm) deorc, 1791; dat. pl. deorcum nihtum, 275, 2212; of the terrible Grendel, nom. sg. deorc de芍e-sc?a, 160.
de車fol, st. m. n., devil: gen. sg. de車fles, 2089; gen. pl. de車fla, of Grendel and his troop, 757, 1681.
de車gol, dygol, adj., _concealed, hidden, inaccessible, beyond information, unknown_: nom. sg. de車gol d?dhata (of Grendel), 275; acc. sg. dygel lond, inaccessible land, 1358.
de車p, st. n., deep, abyss: acc. sg., 2550.
de車p, adv. deeply: acc. sg. de車p w?ter, 509, 1905.
di車pe, adj., deep: hit ?e d?mes d?g di車pe benemdon te車dnas m?re, _the illustrious rulers had charmed it deeply till the judgment-day, had laid a solemn spell upon it_, 3070.
de車r, st. n., animal, wild animal: in comp. mere-, s?-de車r.
de車r, adj.: 1) wild, terrible: nom. sg. di車r d?d-fruma (of Grendel), 2091.--2) bold, brave: nom. n?nig ... de車r, 1934.--Comp.: heaeu-, hilde-de車r.
de車re, dyre, adj.: 1) dear, costly (high in price): acc. sg. dyre ?ren, 2051; drincf?t dyre (de車re), 2307, 2255; instr. sg. de車ran sweorde, 561; dat. sg. de車rum maeme, 1529; nom. pl. dyre swyrd, 3049; acc. pl. de車re (dyre) maemas, 2237, 3132.--2) dear, beloved, worthy: nom. sg. f., ?eelum di車re, worthy by reason of origin, 1950; dat. sg. ?fter de車rum men, 1880; gen. sg. de車rre duguee, 488; superl. acc. sg. aldortegn tone de車restan, 1310.
de車r-l?c, adj., bold, brave: acc. sg. de車rl?ce d?d, 585. See de車r.
disc, st. m., disc, plate, flat dish: nom. acc. pl. discas, 2776, 3049.
ge-d?gan. See ge-dygan.
dol-gilp, st. m., _mad boast, foolish pride, vain-glory, thoughtless audacity_: dat. sg. for dolgilpe, 509.
dol-l?c, adj., audacious: gen. pl. m?st ... d?da doll?cra, 2647.
dol-sceaea, w. m., bold enemy: acc. sg. tone dol-scaean (Grendel), 479.
d?gor, st. m. n., day; 1) day as a period of 24 hours: gen. sg. ymb ant?d ?eres d?gores, at the same time of the next day, 219; morgen-le車ht ?eres d?gores, the morning-light of the second day, 606.--2) day in the usual sense: acc. sg. n. tys d?gor, during this day, 1396; instr. ty d?gore, 1798; forman d?gore, 2574; gen. pl. d?gora gehwam, 88; d?gra gehwylce, 1091; d?gera d?grim, the number of his days (the days of his life), 824.--3) day in the wider sense of time: dat. pl. ufaran d?grum, _in later days, times_, 2201, 2393.--Comp. ende-d?gor.
d?gor-ger?m, st. n., series of days: gen. sg. w?s eall sceacen d?gor-ger?mes, the whole number of his days (his life) was past, 2729.
d?htor, st. f., daughter: nom. acc. sg. d?htor, 375, 1077, 1930, 1982, etc.
d?m, st. m.: I., condition, state in general; in comp. cyne-, wis-d?m.--II., having reference to justice, hence: 1) _judgment, judicial opinion_: instr. sg. weotena d?me, _according to the judgment of the Witan_, 1099. 2) custom: ?fter d?me, according to custom, 1721. 3) court, tribunal: gen. sg. miclan d?mes, 979; ?e d?mes d?g, 3070, both times of the last judgment.--III., condition of freedom_ or _superiority, hence: 4) choice, free will: acc. sg. on s?nne sylfes d?m, _according to his own choice_, 2148; instr. sg. selfes d?me, 896, 2777. 5) _might, power_: nom. sg. d?m godes, 2859; acc. sg. Eofores anne d?m, 2965; dat. sg. drihtnes d?me, 441. 6) glory, honor, renown: nom. sg. [d?m], 955; d?m unlytel, not a little glory, 886; t?t w?s forma s?e de車rum maeme t?t his d?m al?g, it was the first time to the dear treasure (the sword Hrunting) that its fame was not made good, 1529; acc. sg. ic me d?m gewyrce, _make renown for myself_, 1492; t?t tu ne al?te d?m gedre車san, _that thou let not honor fall_, 2667; dat. instr. sg. t?r he d?me forle芍s, _here he lost his reputation_, 1471; d?me gewuread, adorned with glory, 1646; gen. sg. wyrce se te m?te d?mes, let him make himself reputation, whoever is able, 1389. 7) splendor (in heaven): acc. s?e-f?stra d?m, _the glory of the saints_, 2821.
d?m-le芍s, adj., without reputation, inglorious: acc. sg. f. d?mle芍san d?d, 2891.
d?n, red. v., to do, to make, to treat: 1) absolutely: imp. d?e swa ic bidde, do as I beg, 1232.--2) w. acc.: inf. h那t hire selfre sunu on b?l d?n, 1117; pret. ta he him of dyde ?sernbyrnan, _took off the iron corselet_, 672; (tonne) him H?nlafing, ... billa s那lest, on bearm dyde, _when he made a present to him of H?nlafing, the best of swords_, 1145; dyde him of healse hring gyldenne, took off the gold ring from his neck, 2810; ne him t?s wyrmes w?g for wiht dyde, eafoe and ellen, _nor did he reckon as anything the drake's fighting, power, and strength_, 2349; pl. hi on beorg dydon b那g and siglu, _placed in the (grave-) mound rings and ornaments_, 3165.--3) representing preceding verbs: inf. t? Ge芍tum sprec mildum wordum! swa sceal man d?n, as one should do, 1173; similarly, 1535, 2167; pres. metod eallum we車ld, swa he nu git d那e, _the creator ruled over all, as he still does_, 1059; similarly, 2471, 2860, and (sg. for pl.) 1135; pret. II. swa tu ?r dydest, 1677; III. swa he nu gyt dyde, 957; similarly, 1382, 1892, 2522; pl. swa hie oft ?r dydon, 1239; similarly, 3071. With the case also which the preceding verb governs: w那n' ic t?t he wille ... Ge芍tena le車de etan unforhte, swa he oft dyde m?gen Hr那emanna, _I believe he will wish to devour the Ge芍t people, the fearless, as he often did_ (devoured) _the bloom of the Hr那emen_, 444; gif ic t?t gefricge ... t?t tec ymbesittend egesan tywae, swa tec hetende hw?lum dydon, _that the neighbors distress thee as once the enemy did thee_ (i.e. distressed), 1829; gif ic ?wihte m?g t?nre m?d-lufan maran tilian tonne ic gyt dyde, _if I can with anything obtain thy greater love than I have yet done_, 1825; similarly, pl. tonne ta dydon, 44.
ge-d?n, to do, to make, with the acc. and predicate adj.: prs. (god) ged那e him swa gewealdene worolde d?las, makes the parts of the world (i.e. the whole world) so subject that ..., 1733; inf. ne hyne on medo-bence micles wyrene drihten wereda ged?n wolde, _nor would the leader of the people much honor him at the mead-banquet_, 2187. With adv.: he mec t?r on innan ... ged?n wolde, wished to place me in there, 2091.
draca, w. m., drake, dragon: nom. sg., 893, 2212; acc. sg. dracan, 2403, 3132; gen. sg., 2089, 2291, 2550.--Comp.: eore-, fyr-, l那g-, l?g-, n?e-draca.
on-dr?dan, st. v., w. acc. of the thing and dat. of the pers., _to fear, to be afraid of_: inf. t?t tu him on-dr?dan ne tearft ... aldorbealu, _needest not fear death for them_, 1675; pret. n? he him ta s?cce ondr那d, _was not afraid of the combat_, 2348.
ge-dr?g (from dragan, in the sense se gerere), st. n., demeanor, actions: acc. sg. s那can de車fla gedr?g, 757.
drepan, st. v., to hit, to strike: pret. sg. sweorde drep ferhe-gen?elan, 2881; pret. part. bie on hreere ... drepen biteran str?le, _struck in the breast with piercing arrow_, 1746; w?s in feorh dropen (fatally hit), 2982.
drepe, st. m., blow, stroke: acc. sg. drepe, 1590.
dr那fan, ge-dr那fan, w. v., to move, to agitate, to stir up: inf. gewat ... dr那fan de車p w?ter (to navigate), 1905; pret. part. w?ter under st?d dre車rig and gedr那fed, 1418.
dre芍m, st. m., rejoicing, joyous actions, joy: nom. sg. h?leea dre芍m, 497; acc. sg. dre芍m hl?dne, 88; tu ... dre芍m healdende, _thou who livest in rejoicing_ (at the drinking-carouse), who art joyous, 1228: dat. instr. sg. dre芍me bed?led, 1276; gen. pl. dre芍ma le芍s, 851; dat. pl. dre芍mum (here adverbial) lifdon, lived in rejoicing, joyously, 99; dre芍mum bed?led, 722; the last may refer also to heavenly joys.--Comp. gle車-, gum-, man-, sele-dre芍m.
dre芍m-le芍s, adj., without rejoicing, joyless: nom. sg. of King Herem?d, 1721.
dre車gan, st. v.: 1) to lead a life, to be in a certain condition: pret. dre芍h ?fter d?me, lived in honor, honorably, 2180; pret. pl. fyren-tearfe ongeat, t?t hie ?r drugon aldorle芍se lange hwile, _(God) had seen the great distress, (had seen) that they had lived long without a ruler_ (?), 15.--2) to experience, to live through, to do, to make, to enjoy: imp. dre車h symbelwynne, pass through the pleasure of the meal, to enjoy the meal, 1783; inf. driht-scype dre車gan (do a heroic deed), 1471; pret. sundnytte dre芍h (had the occupation of swimming, i.e. swam through the sea), 2361; pret. pl. hie gewin drugon (fought), 799; h? s?e drugon, _made the way, went_, 1967.--3) to experience, to bear, to suffer: scealt werheo dre車gan, shall suffer damnation, 590; pret. tegn-sorge dre芍h, _bore sorrow for his heroes_, 131; nearotearfe dre芍h, 422; pret. pl. inwidsorge te hie ?r drugon, 832; similarly, 1859.
a-dre車gan, to suffer, to endure: inf. wr?c adre車gan, 3079.
ge-dre車gan, to live through, to enjoy, pret. part. t?t he ... gedrogen h?fde eorean wynne, that he had now enjoyed the pleasures of earth (i.e. that he was at his death), 2727.
dre車r, st. m., blood dropping or flowing from wounds: instr. sg. dre車re, 447.--Comp. heoru-, sawul-, w?l-dre車r.
dre車r-fah, adj., colored with blood, spotted with blood: nom. sg. 485.
dre車rig, adj., bloody, bleeding: nom. sg. w?ter st?d dre車rig, 1418; acc. sg. dryhten s?nne dri車rigne fand, 2790.--Comp. heoru-dre車rig.
ge-dre車san, st. v., to fall down, to sink: pres. sg. III. l?c-homa l?ne gedre車see, the body, belonging to death, sinks down, 1755; inf. t?t tu ne al?te d?m gedre車san, honor fall, sink, 2667.
drincan, st. v., to drink (with and without the acc.): pres. part. nom. pl. ealo drincende, 1946; pret. bl?d 那drum dranc, _drank the blood in streams_(?), 743; pret. pl. druncon w?n weras, the men drank wine, 1234; t?r guman druncon, where the men drank, 1649. The pret. part., when it stands absolutely, has an active sense: nom. pl. druncne dryhtguman, _ye warriors who have drunk, are drinking_, 1232; acc. pl. nealles druncne sl?g heore-gene芍tas, slew not his hearth-companions who had drunk with him, i.e. at the banquet, 2180. With the instr. it means drunken: nom. sg. be車re (w?ne) druncen, 531, 1468; nom. pl. be車re druncne, 480.
dr?fan, st. v., to drive: pres. pl. ta te brentingas ofer fl?da genipu feorran dr?fae, _who drive their ships thither from afar over the darkness of the sea_, 2809; inf. (w. acc.) te芍h te he [ne] meahte on mere dr?fan hringedstefnan, although he could not drive the ship on the sea, 1131.
to-dr?fan, to drive apart, to disperse: pret. ?e t?t unc fl?d t?draf, 545.
drohtoe, st. m., mode of living_ or _acting, calling, employment: nom. sg. ne w?s his drohtoe t?r swylce he ?r gem那tte, _there was no employment for him_ (Grendel) there such as he had found formerly, 757.
drusian, w. v. (cf. dre車san, properly, to be ready to fall; here of water), to stagnate, to be putrid. pret. lagu drusade (through the blood of Grendel and his mother), 1631.
dryht, driht, st. f., company, troop, band of warriors; noble band: in comp. mago-driht.
ge-dryht, ge-driht, st. f., troop, band of noble warriors: nom. sg. m?nra eorla gedryht, 431; acc. sg. ?eelinga gedriht, 118; mid his eorla (h?leea) gedriht (gedryht), 357, 663; similarly, 634, 1673.--Comp. sibbe-gedriht.
dryht-bearn, st. n., youth from a noble warrior band, noble young man: nom. sg. dryhtbearn Dena, 2036.
dryhten, drihten, st. m., commander, lord: a) temporal lord: nom. sg. dryhten, 1485, 2001, etc.; drihten, 1051; dat. dryhtne, 2483, etc.; dryhten, 1832.--b) God: nom. drihten, 108, etc.; dryhten, 687, etc.; dat. sg. dryhtne, 1693, etc.; drihtne, 1399, etc.; gen. sg. dryhtnes, 441; drihtnes, 941.--Comp.: fre芍-, fre車-, gum-, man-, sige-, wine-dryhten.
dryht-guma, w. m., one of a troop of warriors, noble warrior: dat. sg. drihtguman, 1389; nom. pl. drihtguman, 99; dryhtguman, 1232; dat. pl. ofer dryhtgumum, 1791 (of Hr?egar's warriors).
dryht-l?c, adj., _(that which befits a noble troop of warriors), noble, excellent_: dryhtl?c ?ren, excellent sword, 893; acc. sg. f. (with an acc. sg. n.) drihtl?ce w?f (of Hildeburh), 1159.
dryht-maeum, st. m., excellent jewel, splendid treasure: gen. pl. dryhtmaema, 2844.
dryht-scipe, st. m., _(lord-ship) warlike virtue, bravery; heroic deed_: acc. sg. drihtscype dre車gan, to do a heroic deed, 1471.
dryht-sele, st. m., excellent, splendid hall: nom. sg. driht-sele, 485; dryhtsele, 768; acc. sg. dryhtsele, 2321.
dryht-sib, st. f., peace_ or friendship between troops of noble warriors_: gen. sg. dryhtsibbe, 2069.
drync, st. m., drink: in comp. heoru-drync.
drync-f?t, st. n., vessel for drink, to receive the drink: acc. sg., 2255; drinc-f?t, 2307.
drysmian, w. v., to become obscure, gloomy (through the falling rain): pres. sg. III. lyft drysmae, 1376.
drysne, adj. See on-drysne.
dugan, v., to avail, to be capable, to be good: pres. sg. III. h?ru se aldor de芍h, especially is the prince capable, 369; eonne his ellen de芍h, if his strength avails, is good, 573; te him selfa de芍h, _who is capable of himself, who can rely on himself_, 1840; pres. subj. te芍h t?n wit duge, though, indeed, your understanding be good, avail, 590; similarly, 1661, 2032; pret. sg. tu ?s wel dohtest, _you did us good, conducted yourself well towards us_, 1822; similarly, nu se車 hand ligee se te e車w welhwylcra wilna dohte, which was helpful to each one of your desires, 1345; pret. subj. te芍h tu heaeor?sa gehw?r dohte, _though thou wast everywhere strong in battle_, 526.
dugue (state of being fit, capable), st. f.: 1) capability, strength: dat. pl. for dugeeum, in ability(?), 2502; dugueum d那mdon, _praised with all their might_(?), 3176.--2) _men capable of bearing arms, band of warriors_, esp., noble warriors: nom. sg. dugue unlytel, 498; dugue, 1791, 2255; dat. sg. for duguee, before the heroes, 2021; nalles fr?twe geaf ealdor duguee, gave the band of heroes no treasure (more), 2921; le車da duguee on last, upon the track of the heroes of the people, i.e. after them, 2946; gen. sg. c?ee he duguee te芍w, _the custom of the noble warriors_, 359; de車rre duguee, 488; similarly, 2239, 2659; acc. pl. duguea, 2036.--3) contrasted with geogoe, dugue designates the noted warriors of noble birth (as in the Middle Ages, knights in contrast with squires): so gen. sg. duguee and geogoee, 160; gehwylc ... duguee and iogoee, 1675; duguee and geogoee d?l ?ghwylcne, 622.
durran, v. pret. and pres. to dare; prs. sg. II. tu dearst b?dan, _darest to await_, 527; III. he ges那cean dear, 685; pres. subj. s那c gyf tu dyrre, seek (Grendel's mother), if thou dare, 1380; pret. dorste, 1463, 1469, etc.; pl. dorston, 2849.
duru, st. f., door, gate, wicket: nom. sg., 722; acc. sg. [duru], 389.
ge-d?fan, st. v., to dip in, to sink into: pret. t?t sweord gede芍f (_the sword sank into the drake_, of a blow), 2701.
turh-d?fan, to dive through; to swim through, diving: pret. w?ter up turh-de芍f, swam through the water upwards (because he was before at the bottom), 1620.
dwellan, w. v., to mislead, to hinder: prs. III. n? hine wiht dwelee, adl ne yldo, him nothing misleads, neither sickness nor age, 1736.
dyhtig, adj., useful, good for: nom. sg. n. sweord ... ecgum dyhtig, 1288.
dynnan, w. v., to sound, to groan, to roar: pret. dryhtsele (healwudu, hruse) dynede, 768, 1318, 2559.
dyrne, adj.: 1) concealed, secret, retired: nom. sg. dyrne, 271; acc. sg. dryhtsele dyrnne (of the drake's cave-hall), 2321.--2) _secret, malicious, hidden by sorcery_: dat. instr. sg. dyrnan cr?fte, with secret magic art, 2291; dyrnum cr?fte, 2169; gen. pl. dyrnra gasta, of malicious spirits (of Grendel's kin), 1358.--Comp. un-dyrne.
dyrne, adv., in secret, secretly: him ...?fter de車rum men dyrne langae, longs in secret for the dear man, 1880.
dyrstig, adj., bold, daring: te芍h te he d?da gehw?s dyrstig w?re, although he had been courageous for every deed, 2839.
ge-dygan, ge-d?gan, w. v., to endure, to overcome, with the acc. of the thing endured: pres. sg. II. gif tu t?t ellenweorc aldre ged?gest, _if thou survivest the heroic work with thy life_, 662; III. t?t tone hilder?s hal ged?gee, that he survives the battle in safety, 300; similarly, inf. unf?ge ged?gan we芍n and wr?cs?e, 2293; hw?eer s那l m?ge wunde gedygan, which of the two can stand the wounds better (come off with life), 2532; ne meahte unbyrnende de車p gedygan, _could not endure the deep without burning_ (could not hold out in the deep), 2550; pret. sg. I. III. ge-d?gde, 578, 1656, 2351, 2544.
dygol. See de車gol.
dyre. See de車re.
E
ecg, st. f., edge of the sword, point: nom. sg. sweordes ecg, 1107; ecg, 1525, etc.; acc. sg. wie ord and wie ecge ingang forst?d, _defended the entrance against point and edge_ (i.e. against spear and sword), 1550; m那ces ecge, 1813; nom. pl. ecge, 1146.--_Sword, battle-axe, any cutting weapon_: nom. sg. ne w?s ecg bona (not the sword killed him), 2507; si車 ecg br?n (Be車wulf's sword N?gling), 2578; hyne ecg fornam, _the sword snatched him away_, 2773, etc.; nom. pl. ecga, 2829; dat. pl. ?scum and ecgum, 1773; dat. pl. (but denoting only one sword) e芍cnum ecgum, 2141; gen. pl. ecga, 483, 806, 1169;--blade: ecg w?s ?ren, 1460.--Comp.: br?n-, heard-, styl-ecg, adj.
ecg-bana, w. m., murderer by the sword: dat. sg. Cain weare t? ecg-banan angan br那eer, 1263.
ecg-hete, st. m., sword-hate, enmity which the sword carries out: nom. sg., 84, 1739.
ecg-tracu, st. f., sword-storm (of violent combat): acc. atole ecg-tr?ce, 597.
ed-hwyrft, st. m., return (of a former condition): ta t?r s?na weare edhwyrft eorlum, sieean inne fealh Grendles m?dor (i.e. after Grendel's mother had penetrated into the hall, the former perilous condition, of the time of the visits of Grendel, returned to the men), 1282.
ed-wendan, w. v., to turn back, to yield, to leave off: inf. gyf him edwendan ?fre scolde bealuwa bisigu, _if for him the affliction of evil should ever cease_, 280.
ed-wenden, st. f., turning, change: nom. sg. edwenden, 1775; ed-wenden torna gehwylces (reparation for former neglect), 2189.
edw?t-l?f, st. n., life in disgrace: nom. sg., 2892.
efn, adj., even, like_, with preceding on, and with depend. dat., upon the same level, near_: him on efn ligee ealdorgewinna, lies near him, 2904.
efnan (see ?fnan) w. v., to carry out, to perform, to accomplish: pres. subj. eorlscype efne (accomplish knightly deeds), 2536; inf. eorlscipe efnan, 2623; sweorda gelac efnan (to battle), 1042; gerund. t? efnanne, 1942; pret. eorlscipe efnde, 2134, 3008.
efne, adv., even, exactly, precisely, just, united with swa or swylc: efne swa sw?ee swa, just so much as, 1093; efne swa s?de swa, 1224; w?s se gryre l?ssa efne swa micle swa, by so much the less as ..., 1284; le車ht inne st?d efne swa ... sc?nee, a gleam stood therein (in the sword) just as when ... shines, 1572; efne swa hwylc m?gea swa tone magan cende (a woman who has borne such a son), 944; efne swa hwylcum manna swa him gemet t?hte, to just such a man as seemed good to him, 3058; efne swylce m?la swylce ... tearf ges?lde, _just at the times at which necessity commanded it_, 1250.
eft, adv.: l) thereupon, afterwards: 56, 1147, 2112, 3047, etc.; eft s?na bie, then it happens immediately, 1763; b?t eft cuman, help come again, 281.--2) again, on the other side: t?t hine on ylde eft gewunigen wilges?eas, that in old age again (also on their side) _willing companions should be attached to him_, 22;--anew, again: 135, 604, 693, 1557, etc.; eft swa ?r, again as formerly, 643.--3) retro, rursus, back: 123, 296, 854, etc.; t?t hig ?eelinges eft ne w那ndon (_did not believe that he would come back_), 1597.
eft-cyme, st. m., return: gen. sg. eftcymes, 2897.
eft-s?e, st. m., journey back, return: acc. sg. 1892; gen. sg. eft-s?ees georn, 2784; acc. pl. efts?eas te芍h, went the road back, i.e. returned, 1333.
egesa, egsa (state of terror, active or passive): l) frightfulness: acc. sg. turh egsan, 276; gen. egesan ne gymee, _cares for nothing terrible, is not troubled about future terrors_(?), 1758.--2) _terror, horror, fear_: nom. sg. egesa, 785; instr. sg. egesan, 1828, 2737.--Comp.: gl那d-, l?g-, w?ter-egesa.
eges-full, adj., _horrible (full of fear, fearful)_, 2930.
eges-l?c, adj., terrible, bringing terror: of Grendel's head, 1650; of the beginning of the fight with the drake, 2310; of the drake, 2826.
egle, adj., causing aversion, hideous: nom. pl. neut., or, more probably, perhaps, adverbial, egle (MS. egl), 988.
egsian (denominative from egesa), w. v., to have terror, distress: pret. (as pluperf.) egsode eorl(?), 6.
ehtian, w. v., to esteem, to make prominent with praise: III. pl. pres. t?t te ... weras ehtigae, that thee men shall esteem, praise, 1223.
elde (those who generate, cf. O.N. al-a, generare), st. m. only in the pl., men_: dat. pl. eldum, 2215; mid eldum, _among men, 2612.--See ylde.
eldo, st. f., age: instr. sg. eldo gebunden, 2112.
el-land, st. n., foreign land, exile: acc. sg. sceall ... elland tredan, (shall be banished), 3020.
ellen, st. n., strength, heroic strength, bravery: nom. sg. ellen, 573; eafoe and ellen, 903; Ge芍ta ... eafoe and ellen, 603; acc. sg. eafoe and ellen, 2350; ellen cyean, show bravery_, 2696; ellen fremedon, exercised heroic strength, did heroic deeds_, 3; similarly, ic gefremman sceal eorl?c ellen, 638; ferh ellen wr?c, life drove out the strength, i.e. with the departing life (of the dragon) his strength left him, 2707; dat. sg. on elne, 2507, 2817; as instr. ta w?s ?t tam geongum grim andswaru 那ebeg那te tam te ?r his elne forle芍s, then it was easy for (every one of) _those who before had lost his hero-courage, to obtain rough words from the young man_ (W?glaf), 2862; mid elne, 1494, 2536; elne, alone, in adverbial sense, strongly, zealously_, and with the nearly related meaning, hurriedly, transiently_, 894, 1098, 1968, 2677, 2918; gen. sg. elnes l?t, 1530; ta him w?s elnes tearf, 2877.--Comp. m?gen-ellen.
ellen-d?d, st. f., heroic deed: dat. pl. -d?dum, 877, 901.
ellen-g?st, st. m., strength-spirit, demon with heroic strength: nom. sg. of Grendel, 86.
ellen-l?ce, adv., strongly, with heroic strength, 2123.
ellen-m?reu, st. f., renown of heroic strength, dat. pl. -m?reum, 829, 1472.
ellen-r?f, adj., renowned for strength: nom. sg. 340, 358, 3064; dat. pl. -r?fum, 1788.
ellen-se車c, adj., infirm in strength: acc. sg. te車den ellensi車cne (_the mortally wounded king, Be車wulf_), 2788.
ellen-weorc, st. n., (strength-work), _heroic deed, achievement in battle_: acc. sg. 662, 959, 1465, etc.; gen. pl. ellen-weorca, 2400.
elles, adv., else, otherwise: a (modal), in another manner, 2521.--b (local), elles hw?r, somewhere else, 138; elles hwergen, 2591.
ellor, adv., to some other place, 55, 2255.
ellor-gast, -g?st, st. m., spirit living elsewhere (standing outside of the community of mankind): nom. sg. se ellorgast (Grendel), 808; (Grendel's mother), 1622; ellorg?st (Grendel's mother), 1618; acc. pl. ellorg?stas, 1350.
ellor-s?e, st. m., departure, death: nom. sg. 2452.
elra, adj. (comparative of a not existing form, ele, Goth. aljis, alius), another: dat. sg. on elran men, 753.
el-te車dig, adj., of another people: foreign: acc. pl. el-te車dige men, 336.
ende, st. m., the extreme: hence, 1) end: nom. sg. aldres (l?fes) ende, 823, 2845; ?e t?t ende becwom (scil. unrihtes), 1255; acc. sg. ende l?fgesceafta (l?fes, l?n-daga), 3064, 1387, 2343; h?fde eorescrafa ende genyttod, had used the end of the earth-caves (had made use of the caves for the last time), 3047; dat. sg. ealdres (l?fes) ?t ende, 2791, 2824; eoletes ?t ende, 224.--2) boundary: acc. sg. s?de r?ce t?t he his selfa ne m?g ... ende getencean, _the wide realm, so that he himself cannot comprehend its boundaries_, 1735.--3) summit, head: dat. sg. eorlum on ende, to the nobles at the end (the highest courtiers), 2022.--Comp. woruld-ende.
ende-d?g, st. m., last day, day of death: nom. sg. 3036; acc. sg. 638.
ende-d?gor, st. m., last day, day of death: gen. sg. bega on w那num ended?gores and eftcymes le車tes monnes (_hesitating between the belief in the death and in the return of the dear man_), 2897.
ende-laf, st. f., last remnant: nom. sg. tu eart ende-laf ?sses cynnes, art the last of our race, 2814.
ende-le芍n, st. n., final reparation: acc. sg. 1693.
ende-s?ta, w. m., he who sits on the border, boundary-guard: nom. sg. (here of the strand-watchman), 241.
ende-st?f, st. m. (elementum finis), end: acc. sg. hit on endest?f eft gelimpee, then it draws near to the end, 1754.
ge-endian, w. v., to end: pret. part. ge-endod, 2312.
enge, adj., narrow: acc. pl. enge anpaeas, narrow paths, 1411.
ent, st. m., giant: gen. pl. enta ?r-geweorc (the sword-hilt out of the dwelling-place of Grendel), 1680; enta geweorc (the dragon's cave), 2718; eald-enta ?r-geweorc (the costly things in the dragon's cave), 2775.
entisc, adj., coming from giants: acc. sg. entiscne helm, 2980.
etan, st. v., to eat, to consume: pres. sg. III. bl?dig w?l ... etee an-genga, he that goes alone (Grendel) will devour the bloody corpse, 448; inf. Ge芍tena le車de ... etan, 444.
turh-etan, to eat through: pret. part. pl. nom. swyrd ... turhetone, swords eaten through (by rust), 3050.
那
那c. See e芍c.
那ce, adj., everlasting; nom. 那ce drihten (God), 108; acc. sg. 那ce eorereced, the everlasting earth-hall (the dragon's cave), 2720; gece芍s 那cne r?d, chose the everlasting gain (died), 1202; dat. sg. 那cean dryhtne, 1693, 1780, 2331; acc. pl. gece車s 那ce r?das, 1761.
那dre. See ?dre.
那e-beg那te, adj., easy to obtain, ready: nom. sg. ta w?s ?t tam geongum grim andswaru 那e-beg那te, then from the young man (W?glaf) _it was an easy thing to get a gruff answer_, 2862.
那ee. See e芍ee.
那eel, st. m., hereditary possessions, hereditary estate: acc. sg. sw?sne 那eel, 520; dat. sg. on 那ele, 1731.--In royal families the hereditary possession is the whole realm: hence, acc. sg. 那eel Scyldinga, _of the kingdom of the Scyldings_, 914; (Offa) w?sd?me he車ld 那eel s?nne, _ruled with wisdom his inherited kingdom_, 1961.
那eel-riht, st. n., hereditary privileges (rights that belong to a hereditary estate): nom. sg. eard 那eel-riht, _estate and inherited privileges_, 2199.
那eel-st?l, st. m., hereditary seat, inherited throne: acc. pl. 那eel-st?las, 2372.
那eel-turf, st. f., inherited ground, hereditary estate: dat. sg. on m?nre 那eeltyrf, 410.
那eel-weard, st. m., lord of the hereditary estate (realm): nom. sg. 那eelweard (king), 1703, 2211; dat. sg. E芍st-Dena 那eel wearde (King Hr?egar), 617.
那eel-wyn, st. f., joy in_, or _enjoyment of, hereditary possessions: nom. sg. nu sceal ... eall 那eelwyn e車wrum cynne, lufen alicgean, _now shall your race want all home-joy, and subsistence_(?) (your race shall be banished from its hereditary abode), 2886; acc. sg. he me lond forgeaf, eard 那eelwyn, presented me with land, abode, and the enjoyment of home, 2494.
那e-gesyne, ye-ges那ne, adj., easy to see, visible to all: nom. sg. 1111, 1245.
那fstan, w. v., to be in haste, to hasten: inf. uton nu 那fstan, _let us hurry now_, 3102; pret. 那fste mid elne, hastened with heroic strength, 1494.
那g-clif, st. n., sea-cliff: acc. sg. ofer 那g-clif (ecg-clif, MS.), 2894.
那g-stre芍m, st. m., sea-stream, sea-flood: dat. pl. on 那g-stre芍mum, _in the sea-floods_, 577. See e芍gor-stre芍m.
那htan (M.H.G. ?chten; cf. ?ht and ge-?htla), w. v. w. gen., _to be a pursuer, to pursue_: pres. part. ?gl?ca 那htende w?s duguee and geogoee, 159; pret. pl. 那hton agl?can, they pursued the bringer of sorrow (Be車wulf)(?), 1513.
那st, st. m. f., favor, grace, kindness: acc. sg. he him 那st gete芍h meara and maema (honored him with horses and jewels), 2166; gearwor h?fde agendes 那st ?r gesce芍wod, would rather have seen the grace of the Lord (of God) sooner, 3076.--dat. pl., adverbial, libenter: him on folce he車ld, 那stum mid are, 2379; 那stum geywan (to present), 2150; him w?s ... wunden gold 那stum gee芍wed (presented), 1195; we t?t ellenweorc 那stum miclum fremedon, 959.
那ste, adj., gracious: w. gen. 那ste bearn-gebyrdo, _gracious through the birth_ (of such a son as Be車wulf), 946.
EA
eafoe, st. n., power, strength: nom, sg. eafoe and ellen, 603, 903; acc. sg. eafoe and ellen, 2350; we fr那cne gen那edon eafoe unc?ees, _we have boldly ventured against the strength of the enemy_ (Grendel) _have withstood him_, 961; gen. sg. eafoees cr?ftig, 1467; t?t tec adl oeee ecg eafoees getw?fed, shall rob of strength, 1764; acc. pl. eafeeo (MS. earfeeo) [This reading cancelled. See note to l. 534--KTH], 534; dat. pl. hine mihtig god ... eafeeum st那pte, made him great through strength, 1718. See Note for l. 534.
eafor, st. m., boar; here the image of the boar as banner: acc. sg. eafor, 2153.
eafora (offspring), w. m.: 1) son: nom. sg. eafera, 12, 898; eafora, 375; acc. sg. eaferan, 1548, 1848; gen. sg. eafera, 19; nom. pl. eaferan, 2476; dat. pl. eaferum, 1069, 2471; uncran eaferan, 1186.--2) in broader sense, successor: dat. pl. eaforum, 1711.
eahta, num., eight_: acc. pl. eahta mearas, 1036; eode eahta sum, went as one of eight, with seven others_, 3124.
eahtian, w. v.: 1) to consider; to deliberate: pret. pl. w. acc. r?d eahtedon, consulted about help, 172; pret. sg. (for the plural) tone s那lestan tara te mid Hr?egare ham eahtode, _the best one of those who with Hr?egar deliberated about their home_ (ruled), 1408.--2) _to speak with reflection of_ (along with the idea of praise): pret. pl. eahtodan eorlscipe, spoke of his noble character, 3175.
eal, eall, adj., all, whole: nom. sg. werod eall, 652; pl. eal benctelu, 486; sg. eall 那eelwyn, 2886; eal worold, 1739, etc.; t?t hit weare eal gearo, heal?rna m?st, 77; t?t hit (w?gbil) eal gemealt, 1609. And with a following genitive: t?r w?s eal geador Grendles grape, _there was all together Grendel's hand, the whole hand of Grendel_, 836; eall ... lissa, all favor, 2150; w?s eall sceacen d?gorger?mes, 2728. With apposition: t?hte him eall t? r?m, wongas and w?cstede, 2462; acc. sg. be車t eal, 523; similarly, 2018, 2081; oncyeee ealle, all distress, 831; heals ealne, 2692; hl?w ... ealne ?tan-weardne, 2298; gif he t?t eal gemon, 1186, 2428; t?t eall geondseh, recedes geatwa, 3089; ealne w?de-ferhe, _through the whole wide life, through all time_, 1223; instr. sg. ealle m?gene, _with all strength_, 2668; dat. sg. eallum ... manna cynne, 914; gen. sg. ealles moncynnes, 1956. Subst. ic t?s ealles m?g ... gefe芍n habban, 2740; br?c ealles well, 2163; fre芍n ealles tanc secge, _give thanks to the Lord of all_, 2795; nom. pl. untydras ealle, 111; sce車tend ... ealle, 706; we ealle, 942; acc. pl. fe車nd ealle, 700; similarly, 1081, 1797, 2815; subst. ofer ealle, 650; ealle hie de芍e fornam, 2237; l?g ealle forswealg tara te t?r g?e fornam, all of those whom the war had snatched away, 1123; dat. pl. eallum ceaster-b?endum, 768; similarly, 824, 907, 1418; subst. ana wie eallum, one against all, 145; with gen. eallum gumena cynnes, 1058; gen. pl. ?eelinga bearn ealra twelfa, the kinsmen of all twelve nobles (twelve nobles hold the highest positions of the court), 3172; subst. he ah ealra geweald, has power over all, 1728.
Uninflected: bil eal turhw?d fl?schoman, _the battle-axe cleft the body through and through_, 1568; h?fde ... eal gefeormod f那t and folma, _had devoured entirely feet and hands_, 745; se te eall geman gar-cwealm gumena, who remembers thoroughly the death of the men by the spear, 2043, etc.
Adverbial: te芍h ic eal m?ge, although I am entirely able, 681; h? on beorg dydon b那g and siglu eall swylce hyrsta, _they placed in the grave-mound rings, and ornaments, all such adornments_, 3165.--The gen. sg. ealles, adverbial in the sense of entirely, 1001, 1130.
eald, adj., old: a) of the age of living beings: nom. sg. eald, 357, 1703, 2211, etc.; dat. sg. ealdum, 2973; gen. sg. ealdes uhtflogan (dragon), 2761; dat. sg. ealdum, 1875; geongum and ealdum, 72.--b) of things and of institutions: nom. sg. helm monig eald and ?mig, 2764; acc. sg. ealde lafe (sword), 796, 1489; ealde w?san, 1866; eald sweord, 1559, 1664, etc.; eald gewin, old (lasting years), distress, 1782; eald enta geweorc (the precious things in the drake's cave), 2775; acc. pl. ealde maemas, 472; ofer ealde riht, against the old laws (namely, the Ten Commandments; Be車wulf believes that God has sent him the drake as a punishment, because he has unconsciously, at some time, violated one of the commandments), 2331.
yldra, compar. older: m?n yldra m?g, 468; yldra br?eor, 1325; ?e t?t he (Heardr那d) yldra weare, 2379.
yldesta, superl. oldest, in the usual sense; dat. sg. tam yldestan, 2436; in a moral sense, the most respected: nom. sg. se yldesta, 258; acc. sg. tone yldestan, 363, both times of Be車wulf.
eald-f?der, st. m., old-father, grandfather, ancestor: nom. sg. 373.
eald-gesegen, st. f., traditions from old times: gen. pl. eal-fela eald-gesegena, very many of the old traditions, 870.
eald-ges?e, st. m., _companion ever since old times, courtier for many years_: nom. pl. eald-ges?eas, 854.
eald-gestre車n, st. n., treasure out of the old times: dat. pl. eald-gestre車num, 1382; gen. pl. -gestre車na, 1459.
eald-gewinna, w. m., old-enemy, enemy for many years: nom. sg. of Grendel, 1777.
eald-gewyrht, st. n., _merit on account of services rendered during many years_: nom. pl. t?t n?ron eald-gewyrht, t?t he ana scyle gnorn trowian, _that has not been his desert ever since long ago, that he should bear the distress alone_, 2658.
eald-hlaford, st. m., lord through many years: gen. sg. bill eald-hlafordes (of the old Be車wulf(?)), 2779.
eald-metod, st. m., God ruling ever since ancient times: nom. sg. 946.
ealdor, aldor, st. m., lord, chief (king or powerful noble): nom. sg. ealdor, 1645, 1849, 2921; aldor, 56, 369, 392; acc. sg. aldor, 669; dat. sg. ealdre, 593; aldre, 346.
ealdor, aldor, st. n., life: acc. sg. aldor, 1372; dat. sg. aldre, 1448, 1525; ealdre, 2600; him on aldre st?d herestr?l hearda (in vitalibus), 1435; nalles for ealdre mearn, was not troubled about his life, 1443; of ealdre gewat, went out of life, died, 2625; as instr. aldre, 662, 681, etc.; ealdre, 1656, 2134, etc.; gen. sg. aldres, 823; ealdres, 2791, 2444; aldres orw那na, despairing of life_, 1003, 1566; ealdres scyldig, having forfeited life_, 1339, 2062; dat. pl. aldrum n那edon, 510, 538.--Phrases: on aldre (in life), ever, 1780; t? aldre (for life), always, 2006, 2499; awa t? aldre, for ever and ever, 956.
ealdor-bealu, st. n., life's evil: acc. sg. tu ... ondr?dan ne tearft ... aldorbealu eorlum, thou needest not fear death for the courtiers, 1677.
ealdor-cearu, st. f., trouble that endangers life, great trouble: dat. sg. he his le車dum weare ... t? aldor-ceare, 907.
ealdor-dagas, st. m. pl., days of one's life: dat. pl. n?fre on aldor-dagum (never in his life), 719; on ealder-dagum ?r (_in former days_), 758.
ealdor-gedal, st. n., severing of life, death, end: nom. sg. aldor-gedal, 806.
ealdor-gewinna, w. m., _life-enemy, one who strives to take his enemy's life_ (in N.H.G. the contrary conception, Tod-feind): nom. sg. ealdorgewinna (the dragon), 2904.
ealdor-le芍s, adj., without a ruler(?): nom. pl. aldor-le芍se, 15.
ealdor-le芍s, adj., lifeless, dead: acc. sg. aldor-le芍sne, 1588; ealdor-le芍sne, 3004.
ealdor-tegn, st. m., nobleman at the court, distinguished courtier: acc. sg. aldor-tegn (Hr?egar's confidential adviser, ?schere), 1309.
eal-fela, adj., very much: with following gen., eal-fela eald-gesegena, very many old traditions, 870; eal-fela eotena cynnes, 884.
ealgian, w. v., to shield, to defend, to protect: inf. w. acc. feorh ealgian, 797, 2656, 2669; pret. sieean he (Hygelac) under segne sinc eal-gode, w?lre芍f werede, _while under his banner he protected the treasures, defended the spoil of battle_ (i.e. while he was upon the Viking expeditions), 1205.
eal-gylden, adj., all golden, entirely of gold: nom. sg. swyn ealgylden, 1112; acc. sg. segn eallgylden, 2768.
eal-?renne, adj., entirely of iron: acc. sg. eall-?renne w?gbord, _a wholly iron battle-shield_, 2339.
ealu, st. n., ale, beer: acc. sg. ealo drincende, 1946.
ealu-benc, st. f., ale-bench, bench for those drinking ale: dat. sg. in ealo-bence, 1030; on ealu-bence, 2868.
ealu-scerwen, st. f., terror, under the figure of a mishap at an ale-drinking, probably the sudden taking away of the ale: nom. sg. Denum eallum weare ... ealuscerwen, 770.
ealu-w?ge, st. n., _ale-can, portable vessel out of which ale is poured into the cups_: acc. sg. 2022; hroden ealow?ge, 495; dat. sg. ofer ealow?ge (at the ale-carouse), 481.
eal-wealda, w. adj., all ruling (God): nom. sg. f?der alwalda, 316; alwalda, 956, 1315; dat. sg. al-wealdan, 929.
eard, st. m., cultivated ground, estate, hereditary estate; in a broader sense, ground in general, abode, place of sojourn: nom. sg. him w?s bam ... lond gecynde, eard 那eel-riht, _the land was bequeathed to them both, the land and the privileges attached to it._ 2199; acc. sg. f?fel-cynnes eard, the ground of the giant race, place of sojourn, 104; similarly, ?lwihta eard, 1501; eard gemunde, thought of his native ground, his home, 1130; eard git ne const, thou knowest not yet the place of sojourn. 1378; eard and eorlscipe, _pr?dium et nobilitatem_, 1728; eard 那eelwyn, _land and the enjoyment of home_, 2494; dat. sg. ellor hwearf of earde, _went elsewhere from his place of abode_, i.e. died, 56; t?t we rondas beren eft t? earde, that we go again to our homes, 2655; on earde, 2737; nom. pl. e芍cne eardas, the broad expanses (in the fen-sea where Grendel's home was), 1622.
eardian, w. v.: 1) to have a dwelling-place, to live; to rest: pret. pl. dyre swyrd swa hie wie eorean f?em t?r eardodon, _costly swords, as they had rested in the earth's bosom_, 3051.--2) also transitively, _to inhabit_: pret. sg. Heorot eardode, 166; inf. w?c eardian elles hwergen, inhabit a place elsewhere (i.e. die), 2590.
eard-lufa, w. m., the living upon one's land, home-life: acc. sg. eard-lufan, 693.
earfoe-l?ce, adv., with trouble, with difficulty_, 1637, 1658; with vexation, angrily_, 86; sorrowfully_, 2823; _with difficulty, scarcely, 2304, 2935.
earfoe-trag, st. f., time full of troubles, sorrowful time: acc. sg. -trage, 283.
earh, adj., cowardly: gen. sg. ne bie swylc earges s?e (_no coward undertaken that_), 2542.
earm, st. m., arm: acc. sg. earm, 836, 973; wie earm ges?t, _supported himself with his arm_, 750; dat. pl. earmum, 513.
earm, adj., poor, miserable, unhappy: nom. sg. earm, 2369; earme ides, the unhappy woman_, 1118; dat. sg. earmre teohhe, _the unhappy band, 2939.--Comp. acc. sg. earmran mannan, a more wretched, more forsaken man, 577.
earm-be芍g, st. m., arm-ring, bracelet: gen. pl. earm-be芍ga fela searwum ges?led, many arm-rings interlaced, 2764.
earm-hre芍d, st. f., arm-ornament. nom. pl. earm-hre芍de twa, 1195 (Grein's conjecture, MS. earm reade).
earm-l?c, adj., wretched, miserable: nom. sg. sceolde his ealdor-gedal earml?c wurean, his end should be wretched, 808.
earm-sceapen, pret. part. as adj. (_properly, wretched by the decree of fate_), wretched: nom. sg. 1352.
earn, st. m., eagle: dat. sg. earne, 3027.
eatol. See atol.
eaxl, st. f., shoulder: acc. sg. eaxle, 836, 973; dat. sg. on eaxle, 817, 1548; be eaxle, 1538; on eaxle ides gnornode, _the woman sobbed on the shoulder_ (of her son, who has fallen and is being burnt), 1118; dat. pl. s?t fre芍n eaxlum ne芍h, sat near the shoulders of his lord (Be車wulf lies lifeless upon the earth, and W?glaf sits by his side, near his shoulder, so as to sprinkle the face of his dead lord), 2854; he for eaxlum gest?d Deniga fre芍n, he stood before the shoulders of the lord of the Danes (i.e. not directly before him, but somewhat to the side, as etiquette demanded), 358.
eaxl-gestealla, w. m., he who has his position at the shoulder (sc. of his lord), trusty courtier, counsellor of a prince: nom. sg. 1327; acc. pl. -gesteallan, 1715.
E芍
e芍c, conj., also: 97, 388, 433, etc.; 那c, 3132.
e芍cen (pret. part. of a not existing eacan, augere), adj., wide-spread, large: nom. pl. e芍cne eardas, broad plains_, 1622.--_great, heavy: eald sweord e芍cen, 1664; dat. pl. e芍cnum ecgum, 2141, both times of the great sword in Grendel's habitation.--great, mighty, powerful: ?eele and e芍cen, of Be車wulf, 198.
e芍cen-cr?ftig, adj., immense (of riches), enormously great: acc. sg. hord-?rna sum e芍cen-cr?ftig, that enormous treasure-house, 2281; nom. sg. t?t yrfe e芍cen-cr?ftig, i迆monna gold, 3052.
e芍dig, adj., blessed with possessions, rich, happy by reason of property: nom. sg. wes, tenden tu lifige, ?eeling e芍dig, _be, as long as thou livest, a prince blessed with riches_, 1226; e芍dig mon, 2471.--Comp. sige-, sigor-, t?r-e芍dig.
e芍dig-l?ce, adv., in abundance, in joyous plenty: dre芍mum lifdon e芍digl?ce, lived in rejoicing and plenty, 100.
e芍ee, 那ee, yee, adj., easy, pleasant: nom. pl. gode tancedon t?s te him ye-lade e芍ee wurdon, thanked God that the sea-ways (the navigation) _had become easy to them_, 228; ne w?s t?t 那ee s?e, no pleasant way, 2587; n?s t?t yee ce芍p, no easy purchase, 2416; n? t?t yee bye t? befle車nne, _not easy_ (as milder expression for in no way, not at all), 1003.
e芍ee, yee, adv., easily. e芍ee, 478, 2292, 2765.
e芍e-fynde, adj., easy to find: nom. sg. 138.
e芍ge, w. n., eye: dat. pl. him of e芍gum st?d le車ht unf?ger, _out of his eyes came a terrible gleam_, 727; t?t ic ... e芍gum starige, _see with eyes, behold_, 1782; similarly, 1936; gen. pl. e芍gena bearhtm, 1767.
e芍gor-stre芍m, st. m., sea-stream sea: acc. sg. 513.
e芍-land, st. n., land surrounded by water (of the land of the Ge芍tas): acc. sg. e芍-lond, 2335; island.
e芍m, st. m., uncle, mothers brother: nom. sg. 882.
e芍stan, adv., from the east, 569.
e芍wan, w. v., to disclose, to show, to prove: pres. sg. III. e芍wee ... unc?ene n?e, shows evil enmity, 276. See e車wan, ywan.
ge-e芍wan, to show, to offer: pret. part. him w?s ... wunden gold 那stum ge-e芍wed, was graciously presented, 1195.
EO
eode. See gangan.
eodor, st. m., fence, hedge, railing. Among the old Germans, an estate was separated by a fence from the property of others. Inside of this fence the laws of peace and protection held good, as well as in the house itself. Hence eodor is sometimes used instead of house: acc. pl. h那ht eahta mearas on flet te車n, in under eoderas, _gave orders to lead eight steeds into the hall, into the house_, 1038.--2) figuratively, lord, prince, as protector: nom. sg. eodor, 428, 1045; eodur, 664.
eofoe, st. n., strength: acc. pl. eofoeo, 2535. See eafoe.
eofer, st. m.: 1) boar, here of the metal boar-image upon the helmet: nom. sg. eofer ?renheard, 1113.--2) figuratively, _bold hero, brave fighter_ (O.N. i?fur): nom. pl. tonne ... eoferas cnysedan, _when the heroes rushed upon each other_, 1329, where eoferas and f那ean stand in the same relation to each other as cnysedan and hniton.
eofor-l?c, st. n. boar-image (on the helmet): nom. pl. eofor-l?c scionon, 303.
eofor-spre車t, st. m., boar-spear: dat. pl. mid eofer-spre車tum he車ro-h?cyhtum, with hunting-spears which were provided with sharp hooks, 1438.
eogue, iogue. See geogoe.
eolet, st. m. n., sea(?): gen. sg. eoletes, 224.
eorclan-stan, st. m., precious stone: acc. pl. -stanas, 1209.
eore-cyning, st. m., king of the land: gen. sg. eore-cyninges (Finn), 1156.
eore-draca, w. m., earth-drake, dragon that lives in the earth: nom. sg. 2713, 2826.
eoree, w. f.: 1) earth (in contrast with heaven), world: acc. sg. ?lmihtiga eorean worhte, 92; w?de geond eorean, _far over the earth, through the wide world_, 266; dat. sg. ofer eorean, 248, 803; on eorean, 1823, 2856, 3139; gen. sg. eorean, 753.--2) earth, ground: acc. sg. he eorean gefe車ll, fell to the ground, 2835; forl那ton eorla gestre車n eorean healdan, let the earth hold the nobles' treasure, 3168; dat. sg. t?t hit on eorean l?g, 1533; under eorean, 2416; gen. sg. wie eorean f?em (_in the bosom of the earth_), 3050.
eore-reced, st. n., hall in the earth, rock-hall: acc. sg. 2720.
eore-scr?f, st. n., earth-cavern, cave: dat. sg. eore-[scr?fe], 2233; gen. pl. eore-scr?fe, 3047.
eore-sele, st. m., hall in the earth, cave: acc. sg. eore-sele, 2411; dat sg. of eoresele, 2516.
eore-weall, st. m., earth-wall: acc. sg. (Ongente車w) be芍h eft under eoreweall, fled again under the earth-wall (into his fortified camp), 2958; ta me w?s ... s?e alyfed inn under eoreweall, _then the way in, under the earth-wall was opened to me_ (into the dragon's cave), 3091.
eore-weard, st. m., land-property, estate: acc. sg. 2335.
eorl, st. m., noble born man, a man of the high nobility: nom. sg. 762, 796, 1229, etc.; acc. sg. eorl, 573, 628, 2696; gen. sg. eorles, 690, 983, 1758, etc.; acc. pl. eorlas, 2817; dat. pl. eorlum, 770, 1282, 1650, etc.; gen. pl. eorla, 248, 357, 369, etc.--Since the king himself is from the stock of the eorlas, he is also called eorl, 6, 2952.
eorl-gestre車n, st. n., wealth of the nobles: gen. pl. eorl-gestre車na ... hardfyrdne d?l, 2245.
eorl-gew?de, st. n., knightly dress, armor: dat. pl. -gew?dum, 1443.
eorl?c (i.e. eorl-l?c), adj., _what it becomes a noble born man to do, chivalrous_: acc. sg. eorl?c ellen, 638.
eorl-scipe, st. m., _condition of being noble born, chivalrous nature, nobility_: acc. sg. eorl-scipe, 1728, 3175; eorl-scipe efnan, _to do chivalrous deeds_, 2134, 2536, 2623, 3008.
eorl-weorod, st. n., followers of nobles: nom. sg. 2894.
eormen-cyn, st. n., very extensive race, mankind: gen. sg. eormen-cynnes, 1958.
eormen-grund, st. m., immensely wide plains, the whole broad earth: acc. sg. ofer eormen-grund, 860.
eormen-laf, st. f., enormous legacy: acc. sg. eormen-lafe ?eelan cynnes (the treasures of the dragon's cave) 2235.
eorre, adj., angry, enraged: gen. sg. eorres, 1448.
eoton, st. m.: 1) giant: nom. sg. eoten (Grendel), 762; dat. sg. uninflected, eoton (Grendel), 669; nom. pl. eotenas, 112.--2) Eotens, subjects of Finn, the N. Frisians: 1073, 1089, 1142; dat. pl. 1146. See List of Names, p. 114.
eotonisc, adj., gigantic, coming from giants: acc. sg. eald sweord eotenisc (eotonisc), 1559, 2980, (etonisc, MS.) 2617.
E車
e車red-geatwe, st. f. pl., warlike adornments: acc. pl., 2867.
e車wan, w. v., to show, to be seen: pres. sg. III. ne gesacu ?hw?r, ecghete e車wee, nowhere shows itself strife, sword-hate, 1739. See e芍wan, ywan.
e車wer: 1) gen. pl. pers. pron., vestrum: e車wer sum, that one of you (namely, Be車wulf), 248; f?hee e車wer le車de, _the enmity of the people of you_ (of your people), 597; nis t?t e車wer s?e ... nefne m?n anes, 2533.--2) poss. pron., your, 251, 257, 294, etc.
F
ge-fandian, -fondian, w. v., _to try, to search for, to find out, to experience_: w. gen. pret. part. t?t h?fde gumena sum goldes gefandod, that a man had discovered the gold, 2302; tonne se an hafae turh deaees nyd d?da gefondad, now the one (Herebeald) _has with death's pang experienced the deeds_ (the unhappy bow-shot of H?ecyn), 2455.
fara, w. m., farer, traveller: in comp. mere-fara.
faran, st. v., to move from one place to another, to go, to wander: inf. t? ham faran, to go home, 124; l那ton on gefl?t faran fealwe mearas, _let the fallow horses go in emulation_, 865; cwom faran flotherge on Fresna land, had come to Friesland with a fleet, 2916; com le車da dugoee on last faran, came to go upon the track of the heroes of his people, i.e. to follow them, 2946; gerund w?ron ?eelingas eft t? le車dum f?se t? farenne, the nobles were ready to go again to their people, 1806; pret. sg. gegnum f?r [ta] ofer myrcan m?r, there had (Grendel's mother) _gone away over the dark fen_, 1405; s?genga f?r, the seafarer (the ship) drove along, 1909; (wyrm) mid b?le f?r, (the dragon) fled away with fire, 2309; pret. pl. t?t ... scawan sc?rhame t? scipe f?ron, _that the visitors in glittering attire betook themselves to the ship_, 1896.
gefaran, to proceed, to act: inf. h? se mansceaea under f?rgripum gefaran wolde, how he would act in his sudden attacks, 739.
?t faran, to go out: w. acc. l那t of bre車stum ... word ?t faran, _let words go out of his breast, uttered words_, 2552.
faroe, st. m., stream, flood of the sea: dat. sg. t? brimes faroee, 28; ?fter faroee, with the stream, 580; ?t faroee, 1917.
faru, st. f., way, passage, expedition: in comp. ad-faru.
facen-st?f (elementum nequitiae), st. m., wickedness, treachery, deceit. acc. pl. facen-stafas, 1019.
fah, fag, adj., many-colored, variegated, of varying color (especially said of the color of gold, of bronze, and of blood, in which the beams of light are refracted): nom. sg. fah (covered with blood), 420; bl?de fah, 935; atertanum fah (sc. ?ren) [This is the MS reading; emmended to aterte芍rum in text--KTH], 1460; sadol searwum fah (_saddle artistically ornamented with gold_), 1039; sweord swate fah, 1287; brim bl?de fah, 1595; w?ldre車re fag, 1632; (draca) fyrwylmum fah (because he spewed flame), 2672; sweord fah and f?ted, 2702; bl?de fah, 2975; acc. sg. dre車re fahne, 447; goldsele f?ttum fahne, 717; on fagne fl?r treddode, _trod the shining floor_ (of Heorot), 726; hr?f golde fahne, the roof shining with gold, 928; nom. pl. eoforl?c ... fah and fyr-beard, 305; acc. pl. ta hilt since fage, 1616; dat. pl. fagum sweordum, 586.--Comp. ban-, bl?d-, br?n-, dre車r-, gold-, gryre-, searo-, sinc-, stan-, swat-, w?l-, wyrm-fah.
fah, fag, fa, adj.: 1) hostile: nom. sg. fah fe車nd-scaea, 554; he w?s fag wie god (Grendel), 812; acc. sg. fane (the dragon), 2656; gen. pl. fara, 578, 1464.--2) liable to pursuit, without peace, outlawed: nom. sg. fag, 1264; mane fah, outlawed through crime, 979; fyren-d?dum fag, 1002.--Comp. nearo-fah.
famig-heals, adj., with foaming neck: nom. sg. flota famig-heals, 218; (s?genga) famig-heals, 1910.
f?c, st. n., period of time: acc. sg. lytel f?c, during a short time, 2241.
f?der, st. m., father: nom. sg. f?der, 55, 262, 459, 2609; of God, 1610; f?der alwalda, 316; acc. sg. f?der, 1356; dat. sg. f?der, 2430; gen. sg. f?der, 21, 1480; of God, 188--Comp.: ?r, eald-f?der.
f?dera, w. m., father's brother in comp. suhter-gef?deran.
f?der-?eelo, st. n. pl., paternus principatus (?): dat. pl. f?der-?eelum, 912.
f?deren-m?g, st. m., _kinsman descended from the same father, co-descendant_: dat. sg. f?deren-m?ge, 1264.
f?em, st. m.: 1) the outspread, encircling arms: instr. pl. fe車ndes f?e[mum], 2129.--2) embrace, encircling: nom. sg. l?ges f?em, 782; acc. sg. in fyres f?em, 185.--3) bosom, lap: acc. sg. on foldan f?em, 1394; wie eorean f?em, 3050; dat. pl. t? f?der (God's) f?emum, 188.--4) _power, property_: acc. in Francna f?em, 1211.--Cf. s?d-f?emed, s?e-f?eme.
f?emian, w. v., to embrace, to take up into itself: pres. subj. t?t minne l?chaman ... gl那d f?emie, 2653; inf. l那ton fl?d f?emian fr?twa hyrde, 3134.
ge-f?g, adj., agreeable, desirable (Old Eng., fawe, willingly): comp. ge-f?gra, 916.
f?gen, adj., glad, joyous: nom. pl. ferheum f?gne, the glad at heart, 1634.
f?ger, adj., beautiful, lovely: nom. sg. f?ger fold-bold, 774; f?ger foldan bearm, 1138; acc. sg. freoeoburh f?gere, 522; nom. pl. t?r him fold-wegas f?gere t?hton, 867.--Comp. un-f?ger.
f?gere, f?gre, adv., _beautifully, well, becomingly, according to etiquette_: f?gere get?gon medoful manig, 1015; ta w?s flet-sittendum f?gere gereorded, becomingly the repast was served, 1789; Higelac ongan ... f?gre fricgean, 1986; similarly, 2990.
f?r, st. n., craft, ship: nom. sg., 33.
f?st, adj., bound, fast: nom. sg. bie se sl?p t? f?st, 1743; acc. sg. fre車ndscipe f?stne, 2070; f?ste frioeuw?re, 1097.--The prep. on stands to denote the where or wherein: w?s t? f?st on tam (sc. on f?hee and fyrene), 137; on ancre f?st, 303. Or, oftener, the dative: fe車nd-grapum f?st, _(held) fast in his antagonist's clutch_, 637; fyrbendum f?st, _fast in the forged hinges_, 723; handa f?st, 1291, etc.; hygebendum f?st (beorn him langae), _fast (shut) in the bonds of his bosom, the man longs for_ (i.e. in secret), 1879.--Comp: ar-, bl?d-, gin-, s?e-, t?r-, w?s-f?st.
f?ste, adv., _f?st_ 554, 761, 774, 789, 1296.--Comp. f?stor, 143.
be-f?stan, w. v., to give over: inf. h那t Hildeburh hire selfre sunu sweoloee bef?stan, to give over to the flames her own son, 1116.
f?sten, st. n., fortified place, or place difficult of access: acc. sg. le車da f?sten, _the fastness of the Ge芍tas_ (with ref. to 2327), 2334; f?sten (Ongente車w's castle or fort), 2951; f?sten (Grendel's house in the fen-sea), 104.
f?st-r?d, adj., firmly resolved: acc. sg. f?st-r?dne get?ht, _firm determination_, 611.
f?t, st. m., way, journey: in comp. s?e-f?t.
f?t, st. n., vessel; vase, cup_: acc. pl. fyrn-manna fatu, the (drinking-) vessels of men of old times_, 2762.--Comp.: ban-, drync-, maeeum-, sinc-, wundor-f?t.
f?t, st. n. (?), plate, sheet of metal_, especially _gold plate (Dietrich Hpt. Ztschr. XI. 420): dat. pl. gold sele ... f?ttum fahne, _shining with gold plates_ (the walls and the inner part of the roof were partly covered with gold), 717; sceal se hearda helm hyrsted golde f?tum befeallen (sc. wesan), the gold ornaments shall fall away from it, 2257.
f?ted, f?tt, part., ornamented with gold beaten into plate-form: gen. sg. f?ttan goldes, 1094, 2247; instr. sg. f?ttan golde, 2103. Elsewhere, covered, ornamented with gold plate: nom. sg. sweord ... f?ted, 2702; acc. sg. f?ted w?ge, 2254, 2283; acc. pl. f?tte scyldas, 333; f?tte be芍gas, 1751. [f?ted, etc.]
f?ted-hle車r, adj., phaleratus gena (Dietr.): acc. pl. eahta mearas f?ted-hle車re (eight horses with bridles covered with plates of gold), 1037.
f?t-gold, st. n., gold in sheets_ or _plates: acc. sg., 1922.
f?ge, adj.: 1) forfeited to death, allotted to death by fate: nom. sg. f?ge, 1756, 2142, 2976; f?ge and ge-flymed, 847; f?s and f?ge, 1242; acc. sg. f?gne fl?sc-homan, 1569; dat. sg. f?gum, 2078; gen. sg. f?ges, 1528.--2) dead: dat. pl. ofer f?gum (_over the warriors fallen in the battle_), 3026.--Comp.: de芍e-, un-f?ge.
f?he (state of hostility, see fah), st. f., hostile act, feud, battle: nom. sg. f?he, 2404, 3062; acc. sg. f?hee, 153, 459, 470, 596, 1334, etc.; also of the unhappy bowshot of the Hr那eling, H?ecyn, by which he killed his brother, 2466; dat. sg. fore f?hee and fyrene, 137; nalas for f?hee mearn (did not recoil from the combat), 1538; gen. sg, ne gefeah he t?re f?hee, 109; gen. pl. f?hea gemyndig, 2690.--Comp. w?l-f?he.
f?heo, st. f., same as above: nom. sg. si車 f?heo, 3000; acc. f?heo, 2490.
f?lsian, w. v., to bring into a good condition, to cleanse: inf. t?t ic m?te ... Heorot f?lsian (from the plague of Grendel), 432; pret. Hr?egares ... sele f?lsode, 2353.
ge-f?lsian, w. v., same as above: pret. part. h?fde gef?lsod ... sele Hr?egares, 826; Heorot is gef?lsod, 1177; w?ron ye-gebland eal gef?lsod, 1621.
f?mne, w. f., virgin, recens nupta: dat. sg. f?mnan, 2035; gen. sg. f?mnan, 2060, both times of Hr?egar's daughter Fre芍ware.
f?r, st. m., sudden, unexpected attack: nom. sg. (attack upon Hn?f's band by Finn's), 1069, 2231.
f?r-gripe, st. m., sudden, treacherous gripe, attack: nom. sg. f?r-gripe fl?des, 1517; dat. pl. under f?rgripum, 739.
f?r-gryre, st. m., fright caused by a sudden attack: dat. pl. wie f?r-gryrum (against the inroads of Grendel into Heorot), 174.
f?ringa, adv., suddenly, unexpectedly, 1415, 1989.
f?r-n?e, st. m., hostility with sudden attacks: gen. pl. hw?t me Grendel hafae ... f?rn?ea gefremed, 476.
feeer-gearwe, st. f. pl. _(feather-equipment), the feathers of the shaft of the arrow_: dat. (instr.) pl. sceft feeer-gearwum f?s, 3120.
fel, st. n., skin, hide: dat. pl. gl?f ... gegyrwed dracan fellum, _made of the skins of dragons_, 2089.
fela, I., adj. indecl., much, many: as subst.: acc. sg. fela fricgende, 2107. With worn placed before: hw?t tu worn fela ... ymb Brecan spr?ce, how very much you spoke about Breca, 530.--With gen. sg.: acc. sg. fela fyrene, 810; wyrm-cynnes fela, 1426; worna fela sorge, 2004; t? fela micles ... Denigea le車de, too much of the race of the Danes, 695; unc?ees fela, 877; fela laees, 930; fela le車fes and laees, 1061.--With gen. pl.: nom. sg. fela madma, 36; fela t?ra wera and w?fa, 993, etc.; acc. sg. fela missera, 153; fela fyrena, 164; ofer landa fela, 311; maeeum-sigla fela (falo, MS.), 2758; ne me sw?r fela aea on unriht, swore no false oaths, 2739, etc.; worn fela maema, 1784; worna fela g?ea, 2543.--Comp. eal-fela.
II., adverbial, very, 1386, 2103, 2951.
fela-hr?r, adj., valde agitatus, _very active against the enemy, very warlike_, 27.
fela-m?dig, adj., very courageous: gen. pl. -m?digra, 1638, 1889.
fela-synnig, adj., very criminal, very guilty: acc. sg. fela-sinnigne secg (in MS., on account of the alliteration, changed to simple sinnigne), 1380.
fe車lan, st. v., to betake one's self into a place, to conceal one's self: pret. sieean inne fealh Grendles m?dor (in Heorot), 1282; t?r inne fealh secg syn-bysig (in the dragon's cave), 2227.--_to fall into, undergo, endure_: searon?eas fealh, 1201.
?t-fe車lan, w. dat., insistere, adh?rere: pret. n? ic him t?s georne ?tfealh _(held him not fast enough_, 969.
fen, st. n., fen, moor: acc. sg. fen, 104; dat. sg. t? fenne, 1296; fenne, 2010.
fen-freoeo, st. f., refuge in the fen: dat. sg. in fen-freoeo, 852.
feng, st. m., gripe, embrace: nom. sg. fyres feng, 1765; acc. sg. fara feng (of the hostile sea-monsters), 578.--Comp. inwit-feng.
fengel (probably he who takes possession, cf. t? f?n, 1756, and f?n t? r?ce, to enter upon the government), st. m., lord, prince, king: nom. sg. w?sa fengel, 1401; snottra fengel, 1476, 2157; hringa fengel, 2346.
fen-ge-lad, st. n., fen-paths, fen with paths: acc. pl. fr那cne fengelad (fens difficult of access), 1360.
fen-hlie, st. n., marshy precipice: acc. pl. under fen-hleoeu, 821.
fen-hop, st. n., refuge in the fen: acc. pl. on fen-hopu, 765.
ferh, st. m. n., life; see feorh.
ferh, st. m., hog, boar, here of the boar-image on the helmet: nom. sg., 305.
ferhe, st. m., heart, soul: dat. sg. on ferhee, 755, 949, 1719; gehwylc hiora his ferhee tre車wde, t?t ..., each of them trusted to his (H?nfere's) heart, that ..., 1167; gen. sg. ferhees fore-tanc, 1061; dat. pl. (adverbial) ferheum f?gne, happy at heart, 1634; t?t mon ... ferheum fre車ge, that one ... heartily love, 3178.--Comp.: collen-, sarig-, swift-, wide-ferhe.
ferhe-frec, adj., having good courage, bold, brave: acc. sg. ferhe-frecan Fin, 1147.
ferhe-gen?ela, w. m., mortal enemy: acc. sg. ferhe-gen?elan, of the drake, 2882.
ferian, w. v. w. acc., to bear, to bring, to conduct: pres. II. pl. hwanon ferigeae f?tte scyldas, 333; pret. pl. t? scypum feredon eal ingesteald eorecyninges, 1155; similarly, feredon, 1159, 3114.
?t-ferian, to carry away, to bear off: pret. ic t?t hilt tanan fe車ndum ?tferede, 1669.
ge-ferian, bear, to bring, to lead: pres. subj. I. pl. tonne (we) geferian fre芍n ?serne, 3108; inf. geferian ... Grendles he芍fod, 1639; pret. t?t hi ?t geferedon dyre maemas, 3131; pret. part. her syndon geferede feorran cumene ... Ge芍ta le車de, _men of the Ge芍tas, come from afar, have been brought hither_ (by ship), 361.
?e-ferian, to tear away, to take away: pret. sg. I. uns?fte tonan feorh ?e-ferede, 2142.
of-ferian, to carry off, to take away, to tear away: pret. ?eer swylc ?t offerede, took away another such (sc. fifteen), 1584.
fetel-hilt, st. n., sword-hilt, with the gold chains fastened to it: acc. (sg. or pl.?), 1564. (See "Leitfaden f. nord. Altertumskunde," pp.45, 46.)
fetian, w. v., to bring near, bring: pres. subj. nah hwa ... fe[tige] f?ted w?ge, bring the gold-chased tankard, 2254; pret. part. hraee w?s t? b?re Be車wulf fetod, 1311.
ge-fetian, to bring: inf. h那t ta eorla hle車 in gefetian Hr那eles lafe, _caused Hr那eel's sword to be brought_, 2191.
a-f那dan, w. v., to nourish, to bring up: pret. part. t?r he af那ded w?s, 694.
f那ea (O.H.G. fendo), w. m.: 1) foot-soldiers: nom. pl. f那ean, 1328, 2545.--2) collective in sing., band of foot-soldiers, troop of warriors: nom. f那ea eal ges?t, 1425; dat. on f那ean, 2498, 2920.--Comp. gum-f那ea.
f那ee, st. n., gait, going, pace: dat. sg. w?s t? foremihtig fe車nd on f那ee, the enemy was too strong in going (i.e. could flee too fast), 971.
f那ee-cempa, w. m., foot-soldier: nom. sg., 1545, 2854.
f那ee-g?st, st. m., guest coming on foot: dat. pl. f那ee-gestum, 1977.
f那ee-last, st. m., signs of going, footprint: dat. pl. f那rdon fore tonon f那ee-lastum, went forth from there upon their trail, i.e. by the same way that they had gone, 1633.
f那ee-w?g, st. m., battle on foot: gen. sg. nealles Hetware hr那mge torfton (sc. wesan) f那ee-w?ges, 2365.
f那l (= fe車l), st. f. file: gen. pl. f那la lafe, _what the files have left behind_ (that is, the swords), 1033.
f那ran, w. v., iter (A.S. f?r) facere, to come, to go, to travel: pres. subj. II. pl. ?r ge ... on land Dena fureur f那ran, _ere you go farther into the land of the Danes_, 254; inf. f那ran on fre芍n w?re (to die), 27; gewiton him ta f那ran (set out upon their way), 301; m?l is me t? f那ran, 316; f那ran ... gang sce芍wigan, go, so as to see the footprints, 1391; w?de f那ran, 2262; pret. f那rdon folctogan ... wundor sce芍wian, _the princes came to see the wonder_, 840; f那rdon fore, 1633.
ge-f那ran: 1) adire, to arrive at: pres. subj. tonne eorl ende gef那re l?fgesceafta, reach the end of life, 3064; pret. part. h?fde ?ghw?eer ende gef那red l?nan l?fes, frail life's end had both reached, 2845.--2) to reach, to accomplish, to bring about: pret. hafast tu gef那red t?t ..., 1222, 1856.--3) to behave one's self, to conduct one's self: pret. fr那cne gef那rdon, had shown themselves daring, 1692.
feal, st. m., fall: in comp. w?l-feal.
feallan, st. v., to fall, to fall headlong: inf. feallan, 1071; pret. sg. t?t he on hrusan ne fe車l, that it (the hall) _did not fall to the ground_, 773; similarly, fe車ll on foldan, 2976; fe車ll on f那ean (dat. sg.), fell in the band (of his warriors), 2920; pret. pl. tonne walu fe車llon, 1043.
be-feallen, pret. part. w. dat. or instr., deprived of, robbed: fre車ndum befeallen, robbed of friends, 1127; sceal se hearda helm ... f?tum befeallen (sc. wesan), be robbed of its gold mountings (the gold mounting will fall away from it moldering), 2257.
ge-feallan, to fall, to sink down: pres. sg. III. t?t se l?c-homa ... f?ge gefeallee, that the body doomed to die sinks down, 1756.--Also, with the acc. of the place whither: pret. meregrund gefe車ll, 2101; he eorean gefe車ll, 2835.
fealu, adj., fallow, dun-colored, tawny: acc. sg. ofer fealone fl?d (over the sea), 1951; fealwe str?te (with reference to 320), 917; acc. pl. l那ton on gefl?t faran fealwe mearas, 866.--Comp. ?ppel-fealo.
feax, st. n., hair, hair of the head: dat. sg. w?s be feaxe on flet boren Grendles he芍fod, was carried by the hair into the hall, 1648; him ... swat ... sprong fore under fexe, _the blood sprang out under the hair of his head_, 2968.--Comp.: blonden-, gamol-, wunden-feax.
ge-fe芍, w. m., joy: acc. sg. t?re fylle gefe芍n, _joy at the abundant repast_, 562; ic t?s ealles m?g ... gefe芍n habban (_can rejoice at all this_), 2741.
fe芍, adj., few dat. pl. nemne fe芍um anum, except some few, 1082; gen. pl. fe芍ra sum, as one of a few, with a few, 1413; fe芍ra sumne, _one of a few (some few)_, 3062. With gen. following: acc. pl. fe芍 worda cw?e, _spoke few words_, 2663, 2247.
fe芍-sceaft, adj., miserable, unhappy, helpless: nom. sg. syeean ?rest weare fe芍sceaft funden, 7; fe芍sceaft guma (Grendel), 974; dat. sg. fe芍sceaftum men, 2286; E芍dgilse ... fe芍sceaftum, 2394; nom. pl. fe芍sceafte (the Ge芍tas robbed of their king, Hygelac), 2374.
feoh, fe車, st. n., (properly cattle, herd) here, _possessions, property, treasure_: instr. sg. ne wolde ... feorh-bealo fe車 tingian, _would not allay life's evil for treasure_ (tribute), 156; similarly, ta f?hee fe車 tingode, 470; ic te ta f?hee fe車 le芍nige, 1381.
ge-feohan, ge-fe車n, st. v. w. gen. and instr., _to enjoy one's self, to rejoice at something_: a) w. gen.: pret. sg. ne gefeah he t?re f?hee, 109; hilde gefeh, beado-weorces, 2299; pl. fylle gef?gon, _enjoyed themselves at the bounteous repast_, 1015; te車dnes gef那gon, rejoiced at (the return of) the ruler, 1628.--b) w. instr.: niht-weorce gefeh, ellen-m?reum, 828; secg weorce gefeh, 1570; s?lace gefeah, m?gen-byreenne tara te he him mid h?fde, rejoiced at the gift of the sea, and at the great burden of that (Grendel's head and the sword-hilt) which he had with him, 1625.
feoh-gift, -gyft, st. f., bestowing of gifts_ or _treasures: gen. sg. t?re feoh-gyfte, 1026; dat. pl. ?t feohgyftum, 1090; fromum feohgiftum, with rich gifts, 21.
feoh-le芍s, adj., that cannot be atoned for through gifts: nom. sg. t?t w?s feoh-le芍s gefeoht, a deed of arms that cannot be expiated (the killing of his brother by H?ecyn), 2442.
ge-feoht, st. n., combat; warlike deed: nom. sg. (the killing of his brother by H?ecyn), 2442; dat. sg. m那ce tone t?n fader t? gefeohte b?r, the sword which thy father bore to the combat, 2049.
ge-feohtan, st. v., to fight: inf. w. acc. ne mehte ... w?g Hengeste wiht gefeohtan (could by no means offer Hengest battle), 1084.
feohte, w. f., combat: acc. sg. feohtan, 576, 960. See were-fyhte.
feor, adj., far, remote: nom. sg. nis t?t feor heonon, 1362; n?s him feor tanon t? ges那canne sinces bryttan, 1922; acc. sg. feor eal (_all that is far, past_), 1702.
feor, adv., far, far away: a) of space, 42, 109, 809, 1806, 1917; feor and (oeee) ne芍h, _far and (or) near_, 1222, 2871; feorr, 2267.--b) of time: ge feor hafae f?hee gest?led (has placed us under her enmity henceforth), 1341.
Comparative, fyr, feorr, and feor: fyr and f?stor, 143; fyr, 252; feorr, 1989; feor, 542.
feor-b?end, pt., dwelling far away: nom. pl. ge feor-b?end, 254.
feor-cye, st. f., home of those living far away, distant land: nom, pl. feor-cyeee be車e s那lran ges?hte t?m te him selfa de芍h, _foreign lands are better sought by him who trusts to his own ability_, 1839.
feorh, ferh (Goth. fairhvu-s, world), st. m. and n., _life, principle of life, soul_: nom. sg. feorh, 2124; n? ton lange w?s feorh ?eelinges fl?sce bewunden, _not for much longer was the soul of the prince enveloped in the body_ (he was near death), 2425; ferh ellen wr?c, _life expelled the strength_ (i.e. with the departing life the strength disappeared also), 2707; acc. sg. feorh ealgian, 797, 2656, 2669; feorh gehealdan, _preserve his life_, 2857; feorh alegde, gave up his life, 852; similarly, ?r he feorh selee, 1371; feorh oeferede, tore away her life, 2142; ?e t?t hie forl?ddan t? tam lindplegan sw?se ges?eas ond hyra sylfra feorh, _till in an evil hour they carried into battle their dear companions and their lives_ (i.e. led them to their death), 2041; gif tu t?n feorh hafast, 1850; ymb feorh sacan (to fight for life), 439; w?s in feorh dropen, _was wounded into his life_, i.e. mortally, 2982; w?dan feorh, as temporal acc., through a wide life, i.e. always, 2015; dat. sg. feore, 1294, 1549; t? w?dan feore, for a wide life, i.e. at all times, 934; on swa geongum feore (at a so youthful age), 1844; as instr., 578, 3014; gen. sg. feores, 1434, 1943; dat. pl. b?ton ... feorum gumena, 73; fre車nda feorum, 1307.--Also, body, corpse: ta w?s heal hroden fe車nda feorum (_the hall was covered with the slain of the enemy_), 1153; gehwearf ta in Francna f?em feorh cyninges, then the body of the king (Hygelac) _fell into the power of the Franks_, 1211. --Comp. geogoe-feorh.
feorh-bana, w. m., _(life-slayer), man-slayer, murderer_: dat. sg. feorh-bonan, 2466.
feorh-ben, st. f., wound that takes away life, mortal wound: dat. (instr.) pl. feorh-bennum se車c, 2741.
feorh-bealu, st. n., evil destroying life, violent death: nom. sg., 2078, 2251, 2538; acc. sg., 156.
feorh-cyn, st. n., race of the living, mankind: gen. pl. fela feorh-cynna, 2267.
feorh-gen?ela, w. m., he who seeks life, life's enemy (N.H.G. Tod-feind), mortal enemy: acc. sg. -gen?elan, 1541; dat. sg. -gen?elan, 970; acc. sg. br?gd feorh-gen?elan, 1541; acc. pl. folgode feorh-gen?elan, (Ongente車w) pursued his mortal enemies, 2934.
feorh-lagu, st. f., the life allotted to anyone, life determined by fate: acc. sg. on maema hord mine (m?nne, MS.) bebohte fr?de feorh-lege, _for the treasure-hoard I sold my old life_, 2801.
feorh-last, st. m., _trace of (vanishing) life, sign of death _: acc. pl. feorh-lastas b?r, 847.
feorh-se車c, adj., mortally wounded: nom. sg., 821.
feorh-sweng, st. m., _(stroke robbing of life), fatal blow_: acc. sg., 2490.
feorh-wund, st. f., mortal wound, fatal injury: acc. sg. feorh-wunde hle芍t, 2386.
feorm, st. f., subsistence, entertainment: acc. sg. n? tu ymb m?nes ne tearft l?ces feorme leng sorgian, _thou needest no longer have care for the sustenance of my body_, 451.--2) banquet: dat. on feorme (or feorme, MS.), 2386.
feormend-le芍s, adj., wanting the. cleanser: acc. pl. geseah ... fyrn-manna fatu feormend-le芍se, 2762.
feormian, w. v., to clean, to cleanse, to polish: pres. part. nom pl. feormiend swefae (feormynd, MS.), 2257.
ge-feormian, w. v., to feast, to eat; pret. part. s?na h?fde unlyfigendes eal gefeormod f那t and folma, 745.
feorran, w. v., w. acc., to remove: inf. sibbe ne wolde wie manna hwone m?genes Deniga feorh-bealo feorran, fe車 tingian, (Grendel) _would not from friendship free any one of the men of the Danes of life's evil, nor allay it for tribute_, 156.
feorran, adv., from afar: a) of space, 361, 430, 826, 1371, 1820, etc.; sieean ?eelingas feorran gefricgean fle芍m e車werne, _when noble men afar learn of your flight_ (when the news of your flight reaches distant lands), 2890; f那rdon folctogan feorran and ne芍n, from far and from near, 840; similarly, ne芍n and feorran tu nu [frieu] hafast, 1175; w?s t?s wyrmes w?g w?de gesyne ... ne芍n and feorran, visible from afar, far and near, 2318.--b) temporal: se te c?ee frumsceaft fira feorran reccan (_since remote antiquity_), 91; similarly, feorran rehte, 2107.
feorran-cund, adj., foreign-born: dat. sg. feorran-cundum, 1796.
feor-weg, st. m., far way: dat. pl. madma fela of feorwegum, _many precious things from distant paths_ (from foreign lands), 37.
ge-fe車n. See feohan.
fe車nd, st. m., enemy: nom. sg., 164, 726, 749; fe車nd on helle (Grendel), 101; acc. sg., 279, 1865, 2707; dat. sg. fe車nde, 143, 439; gen. sg. fe車ndes, 985, 2129, 2290; acc, pl. fe車nd, 699; dat. pl. fe車ndum, 420, 1670; gen. pl. feonda 294, 809, 904.
fe車nd-grap, st. f., foe's clutch: dat. (instr.) pl. fe車nd-grapum f?st, 637.
fe車nd-sceaea, w. m., one who is an enemy and a robber: nom. sg. fah fe車nd-scaea (a hostile sea-monster), 554.
fe車nd-scipe, st. m., hostility: nom. sg., 3000.
fe車wer, num., four: nom. fe車wer bearn, 59; fe車wer mearas, 2164; fe車wer, as substantive, 1638; acc. fe車wer maemas, 1028.
fe車wer-tyne, num., fourteen: nom. with following gen. pl. fe車wertyne Ge芍ta, 1642.
findan, st. v., to find, to invent, to attain: a) with simple object in acc.: inf. tara te he c那noste findan mihte, 207; swylce hie at Finnes-ham findan meahton sigla searo-gimma, 1157; similarly, 2871; m?g t?r fela fre車nda findan, 1839; wolde guman findan, 2295; swa hyt weorel?cost fore-snotre men findan mihton, _so splendidly as only very wise men could devise it_, 3164; pret. sg. healtegnas fand, 720; word ?eer fand, _found other words_, i.e. went on to another narrative, 871; grimne gryrel?cne grund-hyrde fond, 2137; t?t ic g?dne funde be芍ga bryttan, 1487; pret. part. syeean ?rest weare fe芍sceaft funden (discovered), 7.--b) with acc. and pred. adj.: pret. sg. dryhten s?nne dri車rigne fand, 2790.--c) with acc. and inf.: pret. fand ta t?r inne ?eelinga gedriht swefan, 118; fand w?ccendne wer w?ges b?dan, 1268; hord-wynne fond opene standan, 2271; ?e t?t he fyrgen-be芍mas ... hleonian funde, 1416; pret. pl. fundon ta sawulle芍sne hlim-bed healdan, 3034.--d) with dependent clause: inf. n? ty ?r fe芍sceafte findan meahton ?t tam ?eelinge t?t he Heardr那de hlaford w?re (_could by no means obtain it from the prince_), 2374.
on-findan, to be sensible of, to perceive, to notice: a) w. acc.: pret. sg. landweard onfand efts?e eorla, _the coast-guard observed the return of the earls_, 1892; pret. part. ta he車 onfunden w?s (was discovered), 1294.--b) w. depend, clause: pret. sg. ta se gist onfand t?t se beado-le車ma b?tan nolde, the stranger (Be車wulf) _perceived that the sword would not cut_, 1523; s?na t?t onfunde, t?t ..., immediately perceived that..., 751; similarly, 810, 1498.
finger, st. m., finger: nom. pl. fingras, 761; acc. pl. fingras, 985; dat. (instr.) pl. fingrum, 1506; gen. pl. fingra, 765.
firas, fyras (O.H.G. firah?, i.e. the living; cf. feorh), st. m., only in pl., men: gen. pl. fira, 91, 2742; monegum fira, 2002; fyra gehwylcne le車da m?nra, 2251; fira fyrngeweorc, 2287.
firen, fyren, st. f., _cunning waylaying, insidious hostility, malice, outrage_: nom. sg. fyren, 916; acc. sg. fyrene and f?hee, 153; f?hee and fyrene, 880, 2481; firen' ondrysne, 1933; dat. sg. fore f?hee and fyrene, 137; gen. pl. fyrena, 164, 629; and fyrene, 812; fyrena hyrde (of Grendel), 751. The dat. pl., fyrenum, is used adverbially in the sense of maliciously_, 1745, or _fallaciously, with reference to H?ecyn's killing Herebeald, which was done unintentionally, 2442.
firen-d?d, st. f., wicked deed: acc. pl. fyren-d?da, 1670; instr. pl. fyren-d?dum, 1002; both times of Grendel and his mother, with reference to their nocturnal inroads.
firen-tearf, st. f., misery through the malignity of enemies: acc. sg. fyren-tearfe, 14.
firgen-be芍m, st. m., tree of a mountain-forest: acc. pl. fyrgen-be芍mas, 1415.
firgen-holt, st. m., mountain-wood, mountain-forest: acc. sg. on fyrgen-holt, 1394.
firgen-stre芍m, st. m., mountain-stream: nom. sg. fyrgen-stre芍m, 1360; acc. sg. under fyrgen-stre芍m (marks the place where the mountain-stream, according to 1360, empties into Grendel's sea), 2129.
fisc, st. m., fish: in comp. hron-, mere-fisc.
f?f, num., five: uninflect. gen. f?f nihta fyrst, 545; acc. f?fe (?), 420.
f?fel-cyn (O.N. f?fl, stultus and gigas), st. n., giant-race: gen. sg. f?felcynnes eard, 104.
f?f-tene, f?f-tyne, num., fifteen: acc. fyftyne, 1583; gen. f?ftena sum, 207.
f?f-tig, num., fifty: 1) as substantive with gen. following; acc. f?ftig wintra, 2734; gen. se w?s f?ftiges f?t-gemearces lang, 3043.--2) as adjective: acc. f?ftig wintru, 2210.
flan, st. m., arrow: dat. sg. flane, 3120; as instr., 2439.
flan-boga, w. m., _bow which shoots the flan, bow_: dat. sg. of flan-bogan, 1434, 1745.
fl?sc, st. n., flesh, body in contrast with soul: instr. sg. n? ton lange w?s feorh ?eelinges fl?sce bewunden, _not much longer was the son of the prince contained in his body_, 2425.
fl?sc-hama, w. m., clothing of flesh, i.e. the body: acc. sg. fl?sc-homan, 1569.
flet, st. n.: 1) ground, floor of a hall: acc. sg. he車 on flet gebe芍h, fell to the ground, 1541; similarly, 1569.--2) hall, mansion: nom. sg. 1977; acc. sg. flet, 1037, 1648, 1950, 2018, etc.; flett, 2035; t?t hie him ?eer flet eal gerymdon, _that they should give up entirely to them another hall_, 1087; dat. sg. on flette, 1026.
flet-r?st, st. f., resting-place in the hall: acc. sg. flet-r?ste gebe芍g, reclined upon the couch in the hall, 1242.
flet-sittend, pres. part., sitting in the hall: acc. pl -sittende, 2023; dat. pl. -sittendum, 1789.
flet-werod, st. n., troop from the hall: nom. sg., 476.
fle芍m, st. m., flight: acc. sg. on fle芍m gewand, had turned to flight, 1002; fle芍m e車werne, 2890.
fle車gan, st. v., to fly: prs. sg. III. fle車gee, 2274.
fle車n, st. v., to flee: inf. on heolster fle車n, 756; fle車n on fenhopu, 765; fle車n under fen-hleoeu, 821; pret. hete-swengeas fle芍h, 2226.
be-fle車n, w. acc., to avoid, to escape: gerund n? t?t yee bye t? befle車nne, that is not easy (i.e. not at all) to be avoided, 1004.
ofer-fle車n, w. acc., to flee from one, to yield: inf. nelle ic beorges weard oferfle車n f?tes trem, will not yield to the warder of the mountain (the drake) a foot's breadth, 2526.
fle車tan, st. v., to float upon the water, to swim: inf. n? he wiht fram me fl?d-yeum feor fle車tan meahte. hraeor on helme, _no whit, could he swim from me farther on the waves_ (regarded as instrumental, so that the waves marked the distance), more swiftly in the sea, 542; pret. s?genga fle芍t famigheals fore ofer yee, floated away over the waves, 1910.
fliht. See flyht.
flitme. See un-flitme.
fl?tan, st. v., to exert one's self, to strive, to emulate: pres. part. fl?tende fealwe str?te mearum m?ton (rode a race), 917; pret. sg. II. eart tu se Be車wulf, se te wie Brecan ... ymb sund flite, _art thou the Be車wulf who once contended with Breca for the prize in swimming?_ 507.
ofer-fl?tan, to surpass one in a contest, to conquer, to overcome: pret. w. acc. he te ?t sunde oferflat (overcome thee in a swimming-wager), 517.
ge-fl?t, st. n., emulation: acc. sg. l那ton on gefl?t faran fealwe mearas, let the fallow horses go in emulation, 866.
floga, w. m., flyer; in the compounds: g?e-, lyft-, uht-, w?e-floga.
flota (see fle車tan), w. m., float, ship, boat: nom. sg., 210, 218, 301; acc. sg. flotan e車werne, 294.--Comp. w?g-flota.
flot-here, st. m., fleet: instr. sg. cwom faran flotherge on Fresna land, 2916.
fl?d, st. m., flood, stream, sea-current: nom. sg., 545, 580, 1362, etc.; acc. sg. fl?d, 3134; ofer fealone fl?d, 1951; dat. sg. t? fl?de, 1889; gen. pl. fl?da begong, the region of floods, i.e. the sea, 1498, 1827; fl?da genipu, 2809.
fl?d-ye, st. f., flood-wave: instr. pl. fl?d-yeum, 542.
fl?r, st. m., floor, stone-floor: acc. sg. on fagne fl?r (the floor was probably a kind of mosaic, made of colored flags), 726; dat. sg. gang ta ?fter fl?re, along the floor (i.e. along the hall), 1317.
flyht, fliht, st. m., flight: nom. sg. gares fliht, _flight of the spear_, 1766.
ge-flyman, w. v., to put to flight: pret. part. geflymed, 847, 1371.
folc, st. n., troop, band of warriors; folk, in the sense of the whole body of the fighting men of a nation: acc. sg. folc, 522, 694, 912; S?edene folc, 464; folc and r?ce, 1180; dat. sg. folce, 14, 2596; folce Deninga, 465; as instr. folce gestepte ofer s? s?de, _went with a band of warriors over the wide sea_, 2394; gen. sg. folces, 1125; folces Denigea, 1583.--The king is called folces hyrde, 611, 1833, 2645, 2982; fre芍wine folces, 2358; or folces weard, 2514. The queen, folces cw那n, 1933.--The pl., in the sense of warriors, fighting men: nom. pl. folc, 1423, 2949; dat. pl. folcum, 55, 262, 1856; gen. pl. fre車- (fre芍-) wine folca, of the king, 430, 2430; frieu-sibb folca, of the queen, 2018.--Comp. sige-folc.
folc-agend, pres. part., leader of a band of warriors: nom. pl. folc-agende, 3114.
folc-beorn, st. m., man of the multitude, a common man: nom. sg. folc-beorn, 2222.
folc-cw那n, st. f., queen of a warlike host: nom. sg., of Wealhte車w, 642.
folc-cyning, st. m., king of a warlike host: nom. sg., 2734, 2874.
folc-r?d, st. m, what best serves a warlike host: acc. sg., 3007.
folc-riht, st. n., the rights of the fighting men of a nation: gen. pl. him ?r forgeaf ... folcrihta gehwylc, swa his f?der ahte, 2609.
folc-scearu, st. f., part of a host of warriors, nation: dat. sg. folc-scare, 73.
folc-stede, st. m., _position of a band of warriors, place where a band of warriors is quartered_: acc. sg. folcstede, of the hall, Heorot, 76; folcstede fara (the battle-field), 1464.
folc-toga, w. m., leader of a body of warriors, duke: nom. pl., powerful liege-men of Hr?egar are called folc-togan, 840.
fold-bold, st. n., earth-house (i.e. a house on earth in contrast with a dwelling in heaven): nom. sg. f?ger fold-bold, of the hall, Heorot, 774.
fold-b?end, pres. part. dweller on earth, man: nom. pl. fold-b?end, 2275; fold-b?ende, 1356; dat. pl. fold-b?endum, 309.
folde, w. f., earth, ground: acc. sg. under foldan, 1362; fe車ll on foldan, 2976; gen. sg. foldan bearm, the bosom of the earth, 1138; foldan sce芍tas, 96; foldan f?em, 1394.--Also, earth, world: dat. sg. on foldan, 1197.
fold-weg, st. m., field-way, road through the country: acc. sg. fold-weg, 1634; acc. pl. fold-wegas, 867.
folgian, w. v.: 1) to perform vassal-duty, to serve, to follow: pret. pl. te芍h hie hira be芍ggyfan banan folgedon, _although they followed the murderer of their prince_, 1103.--2) to pursue, to follow after: folgode feorh-gen?elan (acc. pl.) 2934.
folm, st. f, hand: acc. sg. folme, 971, 1304; dat. sg. mid folme, 743; acc. pl. f那t and folma, feet and hands, 746; dat. pl. t? banan folmum, 158; folmum (instr.), 723, 993.--Comp.: beado-, gearo-folm.
for, prep. w. dat., instr., and acc.: 1) w. dat. local, before, ante: t?t he for eaxlum gest?d Deniga fre芍n, 358; for hlawe, 1121.--b) before, coram, in conspectu: no he t?re feohgyfte for sce車tendum scamigan torfte, had no need to be ashamed of the gift before the warriors, 1027; for t?m werede, 1216; for eorlum, 1650; for duguee, _before the noble band of warriors_, 2021.--Causal, a) to denote a subjective motive, _on account of, through, from_: for wlenco, from bravery, through warlike courage, 338, 1207; for wlence, 508; for his wonhydum, 434; for onm那dlan, 2927, etc.--b) objective, partly denoting a cause, through, from, by reason of: for metode, for the creator, on account of the creator, 169; for tre芍nydum, 833; for tre芍n那dlan, 2225; for dolgilpe, _on account of, in accordance with the promise of bold deeds_ (because you claimed bold deeds for yourself), 509; him for hr?fsele hr?nan ne mehte f?r-gripe fl?des, _on account of the roofed hall the malicious grasp of the flood could not reach him_, 1516; l?g-egesan w?g for horde, on account of (the robbing of) the treasure, 2782; for mundgripe m?num, on account of, through the gripe of my hand, 966; for t?s hildfruman hondgeweorce, 2836; for swenge, _through the stroke_, 2967; ne meahte ... de車p gedygan for dracan l那ge, _could not hold out in the deep on account of the heat of the drake_, 2550. Here may be added such passages as ic t?m g?dan sceal for his m?dtr?ce maemas be車dan, _will offer him treasures on account of his boldness of character, for his high courage_, 385; ful-oft for l?ssan le芍n teohhode, _gave often reward for what was inferior_, 952; nalles for ealdre mearn, _was not uneasy about his life_, 1443; similarly, 1538. Also denoting purpose: for arstafum, _to the assistance_, 382, 458.--2) w. instr. causal, because of, for: he hine feor forwr?c for ty mane, 110.--3) w. acc., for, as, instead of: for sunu fre車gan, love as a son, 948; for sunu habban, 1176; ne him t?s wyrmes w?g for wiht dyde, held the drake's fighting as nothing, 2349.
foran, adv., before, among the first, forward: sieean ... sce芍wedon fe車ndes fingras, foran ?ghwylc (each before himself), 985; t?t w?s an foran ealdgestre車na, that was one among the first of the old treasures, i.e. a splendid old treasure, 1459; te him foran onge芍n linde b?ron, _bore their shields forward against him_ (went out to fight against him), 2365.
be-foran: 1) adv., local, before_: he ... beforan gengde, _went before, 1413; temporal, before, earlier, 2498.--2) prep. w. acc. before, in conspectu: m?re maeeum-sweord manige gesawon beforan beorn beran, 1025.
ford, st. m., ford, water-way: acc. sg. ymb brontne ford, 568.
fore: 1) local, forth, hither, near: fore near ?tst?p, _approached nearer_, 746; ta cwom Wealhte車 fore gan, 1163; similarly, 613; him seletegn fore w?sade, led him (Be車wulf) forth (to the couch that had been prepared for him in Heorot), 1796; t?t him swat sprong fore under fexe, forth under the hair of his head_, 2968. _Forward, further: gew?tae fore beran w?pen and gew?du, 291; he t? fore gest?p, 2290; freoeo-wong tone fore ofereodon, 2960. Away, forth, 45, 904; fyrst fore gewat, the time (of the way to the ship) was out, i.e. they had arrived at the ship, 210; me ... fore-gewitenum, to me the departed, 1480; f那rdon fore, went forth (from Grendel's sea), 1633; tonne he fore scile, _when he must (go) forth_, i.e. die, 3178; hine mihtig god ... ofer ealle men fore gefremede, _carried him forth, over all men_, 1719.--2) temporal, forth, from now on: heald fore tela niwe sibbe, 949; ic sceal fore sprecan gen ymbe Grendel, _shall from now on speak again of Grendel_, 2070. See fureum and fureor.
fore-ger?med, pres. part., in unbroken succession, 59.
fore-gesceaft, st. f., _that which is determined for farther on, future destiny_: acc. sg. he ta fore-gesceaft forgytee and forgymee, 1751.
fore-weg, st. m., road that leads away, journey: he of ealdre gewat fr?d on fore-weg (upon the way to the next world), 2626.
fore, prep. w. dat., local, before, coram, in conspectu: he車 fore t?m werede spr?c, 1216. Causal, through, for, because of: n? mearn fore f?hee and fyrene, 136; fore f?der d?dum, because of the father's deeds, 2060,--Allied to this is the meaning, about, de, super: t?r w?s sang and sw那g samod ?tg?dere fore Healfdenes hildew?san, _song and music about Healfdene's general_ (the song of Hn?f), 1065.
fore-m?re, adj., _renowned beyond (others)_, pr?clarus: superl. t?t w?s fore-m?rost foldb?endum receda under roderum, 309.
fore-mihtig, adj., _able beyond (others)_, pr?potens: nom. sg. w?s t? foremihtig fe車nd on f那ee, the enemy was too strong in going (could flee too rapidly), 970.
fore-snotor, adj., _wise beyond (others)_, sapientissimus: nom. pl. foresnotre men, 3164.
fore-tanc, st. m., forethought, consideration, deliberation: nom. sg., 1061.
forht, adj., fearful, cowardly: nom. sg. forht, 2968; he on m?de weare forht on ferhee, 755.--Comp. unforht.
forma, adj., foremost, first: nom. sg. forma s?e (the first time), 717, 1464, 1528, 2626; instr. sg. forman s?ee, 741, 2287; forman d?gore, 2574.
fyrmest, adv. superl., first of all, in the first place: he fyrmest l?g, 2078.
forst, st. m., frost, cold: gen. sg. forstes bend, 1610.
for-tam, for-tan, for-ton, adv. and conj., _therefore, on that account, then_: fortam, 149; fortan, 418, 680, 1060; forton te, because, 503.
f?n, st. v., to catch, to grasp, to take hold, to take: prs. sg. III. f那he ?eer t?, another lays hold (takes possession), 1756; inf. ic mid grape sceal f?n wie fe車nde, 439; pret. sg. him t?ge芍nes f那ng, _caught at him, grasped at him_, 1543; w. dat. he tam fr?twum f那ng, _received the rich adornments_ (Ongente車w's equipment), 2990.
be-f?n, to surround, to ensnare, to encompass, to embrace: pret. part. hyne sar hafae ... nearwe befongen balwon bendum, 977; he車 ?eelinga anne h?fde f?ste befangen (had seized him firmly), 1296; helm ... befongen fre芍wrasnum (encircled by an ornament like a diadem), 1452; fenne bifongen, surrounded by the fen, 2010; (draca) fyre befongen, _encircled by fire_, 2275, 2596; h?fde landwara l?ge befangen, encompassed by fire, 2322.
ge-f?n, w. acc., to seize, to grasp: pret. he gef那ng sl?pendne rinc, 741; g?erinc gef那ng atolan clommum, 1502; gef那ng ta be eaxle ... G?ege芍ta le車d Grendles m?dor, 1538; gef那ng ta fetelhilt, 1564; hond rond gef那ng, geolwe linde, 2610; ic on ?foste gef那ng micle mid mundum m?gen-byreenne, _hastily I seized with my hands the enormous burden_, 3091.
on-f?n, w. dat., to receive, to accept, to take: pres. imp. sg. onf?h tissum fulle, accept this cup, 1170; inf. t?t t?t te車dnes bearn ... scolde f?der-?eelum onf?n, receive the paternal rank, 912; pret. sg. hwa t?m hl?ste onf那ng, who received the ship's lading, 52; hle車r-bolster onf那ng eorles andwlitan, the pillow received the nobleman's face, 689; similarly, 853, 1495; heal sw那ge onf那ng, _the hall received the loud noise_, 1215; he onf那ng hraee inwit-tancum, he (Be車wulf) _at once clutched him_ (Grendel) devising malice, 749.
turh-f?n, w. acc., _to break through with grasping, to destroy by grasping_: inf. t?t he車 tone fyrd-hom turh-f?n ne mihte, 1505.
wie-f?n, w. dat., _(to grasp at), to seize, to lay hold of_: pret. sg. him f?ste wie-f那ng, 761.
ymbe-f?n, w. acc., to encircle: pret. heals ealne ymbef那ng biteran banum, encircled his (Be車wulf's) whole neck with sharp bones (teeth), 2692.
f?t, st. m., foot: gen. sg. f?tes trem (_the measure of a foot, a foot broad_), 2526; acc. pl. f那t, 746; dat. pl. ?t f?tum, at the feet, 500, 1167.
f?t-gemearc, st. n., measure, determining by feet, number of feet: gen. sg. se w?s f?ftiges f?tgemearces lang (fifty feet long), 3043.
f?t-last, st. m., foot-print: acc. sg. (draca) onfand fe車ndes f?t-last, 2290.
fracod, adj., objectionable, useless. nom. sg. n?s se車 ecg fracod hilde-rince, 1576.
fram, from, I. prep. w. dat. loc. away from something: t?r fram sylle abe芍g medubenc monig, 776, 1716; tanon eft gewiton ealdges?eas ... fram mere, 856; cyning-balde men from t?m holmclife hafelan b?ron, 1636; similarly, 541, 543, 2367. Standing after the dat.: he hine feor forwr?c ... mancynne fram, 110; similarly, 1716. Also, hither from something: ta ic cwom ... from fe車ndum, 420; ?ghw?erum w?s ... br?ga fram ?erum, 2566.--Causal with verbs of saying and hearing, of, about, concerning: s?gdest from his s?ee, 532; n? ic wiht fram te swylcra searo-n?ea secgan hyrde, 581; t?t he fram Sigemunde secgan hyrde, 876. II adv., _away, thence_: n? ty ?r fram meahte, 755; forth, out: from ?rest cwom orue agl?cean ?t of stane, _the breath of the dragon came forth first from the rock_ 2557.
fram, from, adj.: 1) directed forwards, striving forwards; in comp. s?e-fram.--2) excellent, splendid, of a man with reference to his warlike qualities: nom. sg. ic eom on m?de from, 2528; nom. pl. frome fyrd-hwate, 1642, 2477. Of things: instr. pl. fromum feoh-giftum, 21.--Comp. un-from; see freme, forma.
ge-fr?gen. See frignan.
fr?twe, st. f. pl., ornament, anything costly_, originally carved objects_ (cf. Dietrich in Hpts. Ztschr. X. 216 ff.), afterwards of any costly and artistic work: acc. pl. fr?twe, 2920; beorhte fr?twe, 214; beorhte fr?twa, 897; fr?twe.. eorclan-stanas, 1208; fr?twe,... bre車st-weoreunge, 2504, both times of Hygelac's collar; fr?twe and f?t-gold, 1922; fr?twe (Eanmund's sword and armor), 2621; dat. instr. pl. tam fr?twum, 2164; on fr?tewum, 963; fr?twum (Heaeobeard sword) hr那mig, 2055; fr?twum, of the drake's treasures, 2785; fr?twum (Ongente車w's armor), 2990; gen. pl. fela ... fr?twa, 37; tara fr?twa (drake's treasure), 2795; fr?twa hyrde (drake), 3134.
fr?twan, w. v., to supply with ornaments, to adorn: inf. folc-stede fr?twan, 76.
ge-fr?twian, w. v., to adorn: pret. sg. gefr?twade foldan sce芍tas leomum and le芍fum, 96; pret. part. ta w?s haten Heort innanweard folmum gefr?twod, 993.
ge-fr?ge, adj., known by reputation, renowned: nom. sg. le車d-cyning ... folcum gefr?ge, 55; swa hyt gefr?ge w?s, 2481.
ge-fr?ge, st. n., information through hearsay: instr. sg. mine gefr?ge (as I learned through the narrative of others), 777, 838, 1956, etc.
ge-fr?gnian, w. v., to become known through hearsay: pret. part. fylle gefr?gnod (of Grendel's mother, who had become known through the carrying off of ?schere), 1334?
freca, w. m., properly a wolf, as one that breaks in, robs; here a designation of heroes: nom. sg. freca Scildinga, of Be車wulf, 1564.--Comp.: g?e-, hilde-, scyld-, sweord-, w?g-freca; fere-frec (adj.).
fremde, adj., properly distant, foreign_; then _estranged, hostile: nom sg. t?t w?s fremde te車d 那cean dryhtne, of the giants, 1692.
freme, adj., excellent, splendid: nom. sg. fem. fremu folces cw那n, of Tryeo, 1933(?).
fremman, w. v., to press forward, to further, hence: 1) in general, _to perform, to accomplish, to do, to make_: pres. subj. without an object, fremme se te wille, _let him do (it) whoever will_, 1004. With acc.: imp. pl. fremmae ge nu le車da tearfe, 2801; inf. fyrene fremman, 101; s?cce fremman, 2500; f?hee ... m?reum fremman, 2515, etc.; pret. sg. folcr?d fremede (did what was best for his men, i.e. ruled wisely), 3007; pl. h? ta ?eelingas ellen fremedon, 3; feohtan fremedon, 960; nalles facenstafas ... tenden fremedon, 1020; pret. subj. t?t ic ... m?reo fremede, 2135. --2) to help on, to support: inf. t?t he mec fremman wile wordum and worcum (to an expedition), 1833.
ge-fremman, w. acc., to do, to make, to render: inf. gefremman eorl?c ellen, 637; helpan gefremman, to give help, 2450; ?fter we芍spelle wyrpe gefremman, to work a change after sorrow (to give joy after sorrow), 1316; gerund, t? gefremmanne, 174, 2645; pret. sg. gefremede, 135, 165, 551, 585, etc.; te芍h te hine mihtig god ... ofer ealle men fore gefremede, placed him away, above all men, i.e. raised him, 1719; pret. pl. gefremedon, 1188, 2479; pret. subj. gefremede, 177; pret. part. gefremed, 476; fem, nu scealc hafae ... d?d gefremede, 941; absolutely, tu te self hafast d?dum gefremed, t?t ..., hast brought it about by thy deeds that, 955.
fretan, st. v., to devour, to consume: inf. ta (the precious things) sceal brond fretan, 3015; nu sceal gl那d fretan w?gena strengel, 3115; pret. sg. (Grendel) sl?pende fr?t folces Denigea fyftyne men, 1582.
fr那cne, adj., dangerous, bold: nom. sg. fr那cne fyr-draca, 2690; feorh-bealo fr那cne, 2251, 2538; acc. sg. fr那cne d?de, 890; fr那cne fengelad, 1360; fr那cne st?we, 1379; instr. sg. fr那cnan spr?ce (_through provoking words_), 1105.
fr那cne, adv., boldly, audaciously, 960, 1033, 1692.
fre芍, w. m., ruler, lord, of a temporal ruler: nom. sg. fre芍, 2286; acc. sg. fre芍n, 351, 1320, 2538, 3003, 3108; gen. sg. fre芍n, 359, 500, 1167, 1681; dat. sg. fre芍n, 271, 291, 2663. Of a husband: dat. sg. eode ... t? hire fre芍n sittan, 642. Of God: dat. sg. fre芍n ealles, the Lord of all, 2795; gen. sg. fre芍n, 27.-- Comp.: agend-, l?f-, sin-fre芍.
fre芍-dryhten, st. m., lord, ruling lord: gen. sg. fre芍-drihtnes, 797.
fre芍-wine, st. m., lord and friend, friendly ruler: nom. sg. fre芍-wine folces (folca), 2358, 2430; acc. sg. his fre芍-wine, 2439.
fre芍-wrasn, st. f., encircling ornament like a diadem: instr. pl. helm ... befongen fre芍wrasnum, 1452; see wrasn.
freoeu, frieu, f., protection, asylum, peace: acc. sg. wel bie t?m te m?t ... t? f?der f?emum freoeo wilnian, _who may obtain an asylum in God's arms_, 188; ne芍n and feorran tu nu [frieu] hafast, 1175.--Comp. fen-freoeo.
freoeo-burh, st. f., castle, city affording protection: acc. sg. freoeoburh f?gere, 522.
freoeo-wong, st. m., field of peace, field of protection: acc. sg., 2960; seems to have been the proper name of a field.
freoeo-w?r, st. f., peace-alliance, security of peace: acc. sg. ta hie getr?wedon on twa healfa f?ste frioeu-w?re, 1097; gen. sg. frioeow?re b?d hlaford s?nne, entreated his lord for the protection of peace (i.e. full pardon for his delinquency), 2283.
freoeo-webbe, w. f., peace-weaver, designation of the royal consort (often one given in marriage as a confirmation of a peace between two nations): nom. sg., 1943.
fre車-burh, st. f., = fre芍-burg (?), ruler's castle (?) (according to Grein, arx ingenua): acc. sg. fre車burh, 694.
fre車d, st. f., friendship: acc. sg. fre車de ne woldon ofer heafo healdan, 2477; gen. sg. n?s t?r mara fyrst fre車de t? friclan, _was no longer time to seek for friendship_, 2557; --favor, acknowledgement: acc. sg. ic te sceal m?ne gel?stan fre車de (will show myself grateful, with reference to 1381 ff.), 1708.
fre車-dryhten (= fre芍-dryhten), st. m., lord, ruler; according to Grein, dominus ingenuus vel nobilis: nom. sg. as voc. fre車-drihten min! 1170; dat. sg. mid his fre車-dryhtne, 2628.
fre車gan, w. v., to love; to think of lovingly: pres. subj. t?t mon his wine-dryhten ... ferheum fre車ge, 3178; inf. nu ic tec ... me for sunu wylle fre車gan on ferhee, 949.
fre車-l?c, adj., free, free-born (here of the lawful wife in contrast with the bond concubine): nom. sg. fre車l?c w?f, 616; fre車l?cu folc-cw那n, 642.
fre車nd, st. m., friend: acc. sg. fre車nd, 1386, 1865; dat. pl. fre車ndum, 916, 1019, 1127; gen. pl. fre車nda, 1307, 1839.
fre車nd-laeu, st. f., friendly invitation: nom. sg. him w?s ful boren and fre車nd-laeu (friendly invitation to drink) wordum bew?gned, 1193.
fre車nd-lar, st. f., friendly counsel: dat. (instr.) pl. fre車nd-larum, 2378.
fre車nd-l?ce, adv., in a friendly manner, kindly: compar. fre車nd-l?cor, 1028.
fre車nd-scipe, st. m., friendship: acc. sg. fre車nd-scipe f?stne, 2070.
fre車-wine, st. m. (see fre芍wine), lord and friend, friendly ruler; according to Grein, amicus nobilis, princeps amicus: nom. sg. as voc. fre車-wine folca! 430.
fricgean, w. v., to ask, to inquire into: inf. ongan s?nne geseldan f?gre fricgean hwylce S?-Ge芍ta s?eas w?ron, 1986; pres. part, gomela Scilding fela fricgende feorran rehte, the old Scilding, asking many questions (having many things related to him), told of old times (the conversation was alternate), 2107.
ge-fricgean, to learn, to learn by inquiry: pres. pl. syeean hie ge-fricgeae fre芍n ?serne ealdorle芍sne, _when they learn that our lord is dead_, 3003; pres. subj. gif ic t?t gefricge, t?t..., 1827; pl. syeean ?eelingas feorran gefricgean fle芍m e車werne, 2890.
friclan (see freca), w. v. w. gen., to seek, to desire, to strive for: inf. n?s t?r mara fyrst fre車de t? friclan, 2557.
frieo-sib, st. f., kin for the confirming of peace, designation of the queen (see freoeo--webbe), peace-bringer: nom. sg. frieu-sibb folca, 2018.
frignan, fringan, frinan, st. v., to ask, to inquire: imp. ne frin tu ?fter s?lum, ask not after the well-being! 1323; inf. ic t?s wine Deniga frinan wille ... ymb t?nne s?e, 351; pret. sg. fr?gn, 236, 332; fr?gn gif ..., asked whether ..., 1320.
ge-frignan, ge-fringan, ge-frinan, _to find out by inquiry, to learn by narration._ pret. sg. (w. acc.) t?t fram ham gefr?gn Higelaces tegn Grendles d?da, 194; n? ic gefr?gn heardran feohtan, 575; (w. acc. and inf.) ta ic w?de gefr?gn weorc gebannan, 74; similarly, 2485, 2753, 2774; ne gefr?gen ic ta m?gee maran weorode ymb hyra sincgyfan s那l geb?ran, _I never heard that any people, richer in warriors, conducted itself better about its chief_, 1012; similarly, 1028; pret. pl. (w. acc.) we te車dcyninga trym gefrunon, 2; (w. acc. and inf.) geongne g?ecyning g?dne gefrunon hringas d?lan, 1970; (parenthetical) swa guman gefrungon, 667, (after tonne) medo-?rn micel (greater) ... tone yldo bearn ?fre gefrunon, 70; pret. part. h?fde Higelaces hilde gefrunen, 2953; h?fdon gefrunen t?t..., _had learned that_ ..., 695; h?fde gefrunen hwanan si車 f?he aras, 2404; healsbe芍ga m?st tara te ic on foldan gefr?gen h?bbe, 1197.
from, See fram.
fr?d, adj.: 1) ?tate provectus, old, gray: nom. sg. fr?d, 2626, 2951; fr?d cyning, 1307, 2210; fr?d folces weard, 2514; wintrum fr?d, 1725, 2115, 2278; se fr?da, 2929; ac. sg. fr?de feorhlege (_the laying down of my old life_), 2801; dat. sg. fr?dan fyrnwitan (may also, from its meaning, belong under No. 2), 2124.--2) mente excellentior, _intelligent, experienced, wise_: nom. sg. fr?d, 1367; fr?d and g?d, 279; on m?de fr?d, 1845.--Comp.: in-, un-fr?d.
fr?for, st. f., consolation, compensation, help: nom. sg. fr?for, 2942; acc. sg. fr?fre, 7, 974; fyrena fr?fre, 629; fr?fre and fultum, 1274; fr?for and fultum, 699; dat. sg. t? fr?fre, 14, 1708; gen. sg. fr?fre, 185.
fruma (see forma), w. m., the foremost, hence: l) beginning: nom. sg. w?s se fruma egesl?c le車dum on lande, swa hyt lungre weare on hyra sincgifan sare geendod (_the beginning of the dragon-combat was terrible, its end distressing through the death of Be車wulf_), 2310.--2) _he who stands first, prince_; in comp. d?d-, hild-, land-, le車d-, ord-, w?g-fruma.
frum-cyn, st. n., (genus primitivum), descent, origin: acc. sg. nu ic e車wer sceal frumcyn witan, 252.
frum-gar, st. m., primipilus, duke, prince: dat. sg. frumgare (of Be車wulf), 2857.
frum-sceaft, st. f., prima creatio, beginning: acc. sg. se te c?ee frumsceaft fira feorran reccan, _who could tell of the beginning of mankind in old times_, 91; dat. sg. frum-sceafte, in the beginning, i.e at his birth, 45.
fugol, st. m., bird: dat. sg. fugle gel?cost, 218; dat. pl. [fuglum] t? gamene, 2942.
ful, adj., full, filled: nom. sg. w. gen. pl. se w?s innan full wr?tta and w?ra, 2413.--Comp.: eges-, sorh-, weore-ful.
ful, adv., plene, very: ful oft, 480; ful-oft, 952.
ful, st. n., cup, beaker: nom. sg., 1193; acc. sg. ful, 616, 629, 1026; ofer yea ful, over the cup of the waves (the basin of the sea filled with waves), 1209; dat. sg. onf?h tissum fulle, 1170.--Comp.: medo-, sele-full.
full?stian, w. v. w. dat, to give help: pres. sg. ic te full?stu, 2669.
fultum, st. m., help, support, protection: acc. sg. fr?for (fr?fre) and fultum, 699, 1274; m?genes fultum, 1836; on fultum, 2663.--Comp. m?gen-fultum.
fundian, w. v., to strive, to have in view: pres. pl. we fundiae Higelac s那can, 1820; pret. sg. fundode of geardum, 1138.
fureum, adv., primo, just, exactly; then first: ta ic fureum we車ld folce Deninga, then first governed the people of the Danes (had just assumed the government), 465; ta hie t? sele fureum ... gangan cw?mon, 323; ic t?r fureum cwom t? tam hringsele, 2010;--before, previously: ic te sceal m?ne gel?stan fre車de, swa wit fureum spr?con, 1708.
fureur, adv., further, forward, more distant, 254, 762, 3007.
f?s, adj., inclined to, favorable, ready: nom. sg. nu ic eom s?ees f?s, 1476; le車fra manna f?s, prepared for the dear men, i.e. expecting them, 1917; sigel s?ean f?s, the sun inclined from the south (midday sun), 1967; se wonna hrefn f?s ofer f?gum, eager over the slain, 3026; sceft ... feeer-gearwum f?s, 3120; nom. pl. w?ron ... eft to le車dum f?se t? farenne, 1806.--Sometimes f?s means ready for death, moribundus: f?s and f?ge, 1242.--Comp.: hin-, ?t-f?s.
f?s-l?c, adj., prepared, ready: acc. sg. f?s-l?c f[yrd]-le車e, 1425; fyrd-searo f?s-l?c, 2619; acc. pl. fyrd-searu f?s-l?cu, 232.
fyl, st. m., fall_: nom. sg. fyll cyninges, _the fall of the king (in the dragon-fight), 2913; dat. sg. t?t he on fylle weare, _that he came to a fall, fell_, 1545.--Comp. hra-fyl.
fylce (collective form from folc), st. n., troop, band of warriors: in comp. ?l-fylce.
ge-fyllan (see feal), w. v., to fell, to slay in battle: inf. fane gefyllan, to slay the enemy, 2656; pret. pl. fe車nd gefyldan, _they had slain the enemy_, 2707.
a-fyllan (see ful), w. v., to fill: pret. part. Heorot innan w?s fre車ndum afylled (was filled with trusted men), 1019.
fyllo, st. f. (plenty, abundant meal: dat. (instr.) sg. fylle gefr?gnod, 1334; gen. sg. n?s hie t?re fylle gefe芍n h?fdon, 562; fylle gef?gon, 1015.--Comp.: w?l-, wist-fyllo.
fyl-w那rig, adj., weary enough to fall, faint to death, moribundus: acc. sg. fyl-w那rigne, 963.
fyr. See feor.
fyrian, w. v. w. acc. (= ferian) to bear, to bring, carry: pret. pl. ta te gif-sceattas Ge芍ta fyredon tyder t? tance, 378.
fyras. See firas.
fyren. See firen.
fyrde, adj., movable, that can be moved.--Comp. hard-fyrde.--Leo.
fyrd-gestealla, w. m., comrade on an expedition, companion in battle: dat. pl. fyrd-gesteallum, 2874
fyrd-ham, st. m., war-dress, coat of mail: acc. sg. tone fyrd-hom, 1505.
fyrd-hr?gl, st. n., coat of mail, war-dress: acc. sg. fyrd-hr?gl, 1528.
fyrd-hw?t, adj., sharp, good in war, warlike: nom. pl. frome fyrd-hwate, 1642, 2477.
fyrd-le車e, st. n., war-song, warlike music: acc. sg. horn stundum song f?sl?c f[yrd]leoe, 1425.
fyrd-searu, st. n., equipment for an expedition: acc. sg. fyrd-searu f?sl?c, 2619; acc. pl. fyrd-searu f?sl?cu, 232.
fyrd-wyree, adj., of worth in war, excellent in battle: nom. sg. fyrd-wyree man (Be車wulf), 1317.
ge-fyreran (see fore), w. v., to bring forward, to further: pret. part. ar w?s on ?foste, efts?ees georn, fr?twum gefyrered, _he was hurried forward by the treasure_ (i.e. after he had gathered up the treasure, he hasted to return, so as to be able to show it to the mortally-wounded Be車wulf), 2785.
fyrmest. See forma.
fyrn-dagas, st. m. pl., by-gone days: dat. pl. fyrndagum (_in old times_), 1452.
fyrn-geweorc, st. n., work, something done in old times: acc. sg. fira fyrn-geweorc (the drinking-cup mentioned in 2283), 2287.
fyrn-gewin, st. n., combat in ancient times: gen. sg. ?r fyrn-gewinnes (the origin of the battles of the giants), 1690.
fyrn-man, st. m., man of ancient times: gen. pl. fyrn-manna fatu, 2762.
fyrn-wita, w. m., _counsellor ever since ancient times, adviser for many years_: dat. sg. fr?dan fyrnwitan, of ?schere, 2124.
fyrst, st. m., portion of time, definite time, time: nom. sg. n?s hit lengra fyrst, ac ymb ane niht ..., 134; fyrst fore gewat, the time (of going to the harbor) was past, 210; n?s t?r mara fyrst fre車de t? friclan, 2556; acc. sg. niht-longne fyrst, 528; f?f nihta fyrst, 545; instr. sg. ty fyrste, 2574; dat. sg. him on fyrste gelomp ..., within the fixed time, 76.
fyr-wit, -wet, -wyt, st. n., prying spirit, curiosity: nom. sg. fyrwyt, 232; fyrwet, 1986, 2785.
ge-fysan (f?s), w. v., to make ready, to prepare: part. winde gefysed flota, the ship provided with wind (for the voyage), 217; (wyrm) fyre gefysed, provided with fire, 2310; ta w?s hringbogan (of the drake) heorte gefysed s?cce t? s那ceanne, 2562; with gen., in answer to the question, for what? g?ee gefysed, ready for battle, determined to fight, 631.
fyr, st. n., fire: nom. sg., 1367, 2702, 2882; dat. sg. fyre, 2220; as instr. fyre, 2275, 2596; gen. sg. fyres f?em, 185; fyres feng, 1765.-- Comp.: ad-, b?l-, heaeu-, w?l-fyr.
fyr-bend, st. m., band forged in fire: dat. pl. duru ... fyr-bendum f?st, 723.
fyr-draca, w. m., fire-drake, fire-spewing dragon: nom. sg., 2690.
fyr-heard, adj., hard through fire, hardened in fire: nom. pl. (eoforl?c) fah and fyr-heard, 305.
fyr-le車ht, st. n., fire-light: acc. sg., 1517.
fyr-wylm, st. m., wave of fire, flame-wave: dat. pl. wyrm ... fyrwylmum fah, 2672.
G
galan, st. v., to sing, to sound: pres. sg. sorh-le車e g?lee, 2461; inf. gryre-le車e galan, 787; bearhtm ongeaton, g?ehorn galan, _heard the clang, the battle-trumpet sound_, 1433.
a-galan, to sing, to sound: pret. sg. t?t hire on hafelan hringm?l ag?l gr?dig g?ele車e, _that the sword caused a greedy battle-song to sound upon her head_, 1522.
gamban, or, according to Bout., gambe, w. f., tribute, interest: acc. sg. gomban gyldan, 11.
gamen, st. n., social pleasure, rejoicing, joyous doings: nom. sg. gamen, 1161; gomen, 2460; gomen gle車be芍mes, the pleasure of the harp, 2264; acc. sg. gamen and gle車dre芍m, 3022; dat. sg. gamene, 2942; gomene, 1776.--Comp. heal-gamen.
gamen-wae, st. f., _way offering social enjoyment, journey in joyous society_: dat. sg. of gomen-waee, 855.
gamen-wudu, st. m., wood of social enjoyment, i.e. harp: nom. sg. t?r w?s ... gomenwudu gr那ted, 1066; acc. sg. gomenwudu gr那tte, 2109.
gamol, gomol, gomel, adj., old_; of persons, having lived many years, gray_: gamol, 58, 265; gomol, 3096; gomel, 2113, 2794; se gomela, 1398; gamela (gomela) Scylding, 1793, 2106; gomela, 2932; acc. sg. tone gomelan, 2422; dat. sg. gamelum rince, 1678; gomelum ceorle, 2445; tam gomelan, 2818; nom. pl. blondenfeaxe gomele, 1596.--Also, _late, belonging to former time_: gen. pl. gomelra lafe (legacy), 2037.--Of things, _old, from old times_: nom. sg. sweord ... gomol, 2683; acc. sg. gomele lafe, 2564; gomel swyrd, 2611; gamol is a more respectful word than eald.
gamol-feax, adj., with gray hair: nom. sg., 609.
gang, st. m.: 1) gait, way: dat. sg. on gange, 1885; gen. sg. ic hine ne mihte ... ganges ge-tw?man, could not keep him from going, 969.--2) step, foot-step: nom. sg. gang (the foot-print of the mother of Grendel), 1405; acc. sg. uton hraee f那ran Grendles magan gang sce芍wigan, 1392.--Comp. in-gang.
be-gang, bi-gang, st. m., (so far as something goes), extent: acc. sg. ofer geofenes begang, over the extent of the sea, 362; ofer fl?da begang, 1827; under swegles begong, 861, 1774; fl?da begong, 1498; sioleea bigong, 2368.
gangan. See under gan.
ganot, st. m., diver, fulica marina: gen. sg. ofer ganotes b?e (i.e. the sea), 1862.
gad, st. n., lack: nom. sg. ne bie te wilna gad (_thou shalt have no lack of desirable_ [valuable] things), 661; similarly, 950.
gan, expanded =_ gangan, st. v., _to go: pres. sg. III. g?e a Wyrd swa hi車 scel, 455; g?e eft ... t? medo, 605; tonne he ... on flett g?e, 2035; similarly, 2055; pres. subj. III. sg. ga t?r he wille, _let him go whither he will_, 1395; imp. sg. II. ga nu t? setle, 1783; nu tu lungre geong, hord sce芍wian, under harne stan, 2744; inf. in gan, to go in, 386, 1645 'fore gan, to go forth, to go thither, 1164; tat hie him t? mihton gegnum gangan, to go towards, to go to, 314; t? sele ... gangan cw?mon, 324; in a similar construction, gongan, 1643; nu ge m?ton gangan ... Hr?egar gese車n, 395; ta com of m?re ... Grendel gongan, _there came Grendel (going) from the fen_, 712; onge芍n gramum gangan, _to go to meet the enemy, to go to the war_, 1035; cwom ... t? hofe gongan, 1975; wutun gangan t?, _let us go thither_, 2649.--As preterite, serve, 1) ge車ng or gi車ng: he t? healle ge車ng, 926; similarly, 2019; se te on orde ge車ng, _who went at the head, went in front, _3126; on innan gi車ng, went in, 2215; he ... gi車ng t? t?s te he eoresele anne wisse, _went thither, where he knew of that earth-hall, _2410; ta se ?eeling, gi車ng, t?t he b? wealle ges?t, then went the prince (Be車wulf) that he might sit down by the wall, 2716.--2) gang: t? healle gang Healfdenes sunu, 1010; similarly, 1296; gang ta ?fter fl?re, _went along the floor, along the hall_, 1317.--3) gengde (Goth. gaggida): he ... beforan gengde ..., wong sce芍wian, went in front to inspect the fields, 1413; gengde, also of riding, 1402.--4) from another stem, eode (Goth. iddja): eode ellenr?f, t?t he for eaxlum gest?d Deniga fre芍n, 358; similarly, 403; [wie duru healle Wulfgar eode], _went towards the door of the hall_, 390; eode Wealhte車w fore, went forth, 613; eode t? hire fre芍n sittan, 641; eode yrrem?d, went with angry feeling, 727; eode ... t? sele, 919; similarly, 1233; eode ... t?r se snottra bad, 1313; eode weore Denum ?eeling t? yppan, the prince (Be車wulf), _honored by the Danes, went to the high seat_, 1815; eode ... under inwit-hr?f, 3124; pl. t?r sw?eferhee sittan eodon, 493; eodon him ta t?ge芍nes, went to meet him, 1627; eodon under Earna n?s, 3032.
a-gangan, to go out, to go forth, to befall: pret. part. swa bit agangen weare eorla manegum (as it befell many a one of the earls), 1235.
full-gangan, to emulate, to follow after: pret. sg. tonne ... sceft nytte he車ld, feeer-gearwum f?s flane full-eode, _when the shaft had employment, furnished with feathers it followed the arrow, did as the arrow_, 3120.
ge-gan, ge-gangan: 1) to go, to approach: inf. (w. acc.) his m?dor ... gegan wolde sorhfulne s?e, 1278; se te gryre-s?eas gegan dorste, _who dared to go the ways of terror_ (to go into the combat), 1463; pret. sg. se maga geonga under his m?ges scyld elne geeode, _went quickly under his kinsman's shield_, 2677; pl. elne geeodon t? t?s te ..., went quickly thither where ..., 1968; pret. part. syeean hie t?-g?dre gegan h?fdon, when they (W?glaf and the drake) had come together, 2631; t?t his aldres w?s ende gegongen, that the end of his life had come, 823; ta w?s ended?g g?dum gegongen, t?t se g?ecyning ... swealt, 3037.--2) to obtain, to reach: inf. (w. acc.) tonne he ?t g?ee gegan tencee longsumne lof, 1536; ic mid elne sceall gold gegangan, 2537; gerund, n?s t?t yee ce芍p t? gegangenne gumena ?nigum, 2417; pret. pl. elne geeodon ... t?t se byrnw?ga b?gan sceolde, 2918; pret. part. h?fde ... gegongen t?t, had attained it, that ..., 894; hord ys gesce芍wod, grimme gegongen, 3086.--3) _to occur, to happen_: pres. sg. III. gif t?t gegangee t?t ..., if that happen, that ..., 1847; pret. sg. t?t geiode ufaran d?grum hilde-hl?mmum, _it happened in later times to the warriors_ (the Ge芍tas), 2201; pret. part. ta w?s gegongen guman unfr?dum earfoel?ce t?t, _then it had happened to the young man in sorrowful wise that_ ..., 2822.
?e-gangan, to-go thither: pret. pl. oe t?t hi ?eeodon ... in Hrefnesholt, 2935.
ofer-gangan, w. acc., to go over: pret. sg. ofereode ta ?eelinga bearn ste芍p stan-hlieo, went over steep, rocky precipices, 1409; pl. freoeo-wong tone fore ofereodon, 2960.
ymb-gangan, w. acc., to go around: pret. ymb-eode ta ides Helminga duguee and geogoee d?l ?ghwylcne, _went around in every part, among the superior and the inferior warriors_, 621.
gar, st. m., spear, javelin, missile: nom. sg., 1847, 3022; instr. sg. gare, 1076; bl?digan gare, 2441; gen. sg. gares fliht, 1766; nom. pl. garas, 328; gen. pl., 161(?).--Comp.: bon-, frum-gar.
gar-c那ne, adj., spear-bold: nom. sg., 1959.
gar-cwealm, st. m., murder, death by the spear: acc. sg. gar-cwealm gumena, 2044.
gar-holt, st. n., forest of spears, i.e. crowd of spears: acc. sg., 1835.
gar-secg, st. m. (cf. Grimm, in Haupt l. 578), sea, ocean: acc. sg. on gar-secg, 49, 537; ofer gar-secg, 515.
gar-w?ga, w. m., one who fights with the spear: dat. sg. geongum gar-w?gan, of W?glaf, 2675, 2812.
gar-w?gend, pres. part., fighting with spear, spear-fighter: acc. pl. gar-w?gend, 2642.
gast, g?st, st. m., ghost, demon: acc. sg. helle gast (Grendel), 1275; gen. sg. wergan gastes (of Grendel), 133; (of the tempter), 1748; gen. pl. dyrnra gasta (Grendel's race), 1358; g?sta g?frost (_flames consuming corpses_), 1124.--Comp.: ellor-, ge車-sceaft-gast; ellen-, w?l-g?st.
gast-bana, w. m., slayer of the spirit, i.e. the devil: nom. sg. gast-bona, 177.
g?deling, st. m., he who is connected with another, relation, companion: gen. sg. g?delinges, 2618; dat. pl. mid his g?delingum, 2950.
?t-g?dere, adv., together, united: 321, 1165, 1191; samod ?tg?dere, 329, 387, 730, 1064.
t?-gadere, adv., together, 2631.
g?st, gist, gyst, st. m., stranger, guest: nom. sg. g?st, 1801; se g?st (the drake), 2313; se grimma g?st (Grendel), 102; gist, 1139, 1523; acc. sg. gryre-l?cne gist (the nixy slain by Be車wulf), 1442; dat. sg. gyste, 2229; nom. pl. gistas, 1603; acc. pl. g?s[tas], 1894.--Comp.: f那ee-, gryre-, inwit-, n?e-, sele-g?st (-gyst).
g?st-sele, st. m., hall in which the guests spend their time, guest-hall: acc. sg., 995.
ge, conj., and_, 1341; ge ... ge ..., _as well ... as ..., 1865; ge ... ge ..., ge ..., 1249; ge swylce, and likewise, and moreover, 2259.
ge, pron., ye, you, plur. of tu, 237, 245, etc.
gegn-cwide, st. m., reply: gen. pl. t?nra gegn-cwida, 367.
gegnum, adv., thither, towards, away, with the prep, t?, ofer, giving the direction: t?t hie him t? mihton gegnum gangan (_that they might go thither_), 314; gegnum f?r [ta] ofer myrcan m?r, away over the dark moor, 1405.
geheu, geoheu, st. f., sorrow, care: instr. sg. gioheo m?nde, 2268; dat. sg. on geheo, 3096; on giohee, 2794.
gen (from gegn), adv., yet, again. ne w?s hit lenge ta gen, t?t ..., _it was not then long before_ ..., 83; ic sceal fore sprecan gen ymb Grendel, shall from now on speak again of Grendel, 2071; n? ty ?r ?t ta gen ... gongan wolde (still he would not yet go out), 2082; gen is eall ?t te lissa gelong (yet all my favor belongs to thee), 2150; ta gen, _then again_, 2678, 2703; swa he nu gen d那e, as he still does, 2860; fureur gen, further still, besides_, 3007; nu gen, _now again_, 3169; ne gen, no more, no farther_: ne w?s t?t wyrd ta gen, that was no more fate (fate no longer willed that), 735.
gena, still: cwico w?s ta gena, was still living, 3094.
genga, w. m., goer; in comp. in-, s?-, sceadu-genga.
gengde. See gan(3).
genge. See ?e-genge.
genunga (from gegnunga), adv., precisely, completely, 2872.
gerwan, gyrwan, w. v.: 1) to prepare, to make ready, to put in condition: pret. pl. gestsele gyredon, 995.--2) to equip, to arm for battle: pret. sg. gyrede hine Be車wulf eorl-gew?dum (dressed himself in the armor), 1442.
ge-gyrwan: 1) to make, to prepare: pret. pl. him ta gegiredan Ge芍ta le車de ad ... unwacl?cne, 3138; pret. part. gl?f ... eall gegyrwed de車fles cr?ftum and dracan fellum, 2088.--2) to fit out, to make ready: inf. ce車l gegyrwan hilde-w?pnum and heaeow?dum, 38; h那t him yelidan g?dne gegyrwan, _had (his) good ship fitted up for him_, 199. Also, _to provide warlike equipment_: pret. part. syeean he hine t? g?ee gegyred h?fde, 1473.--3) _to endow, to provide, to adorn_: pret. part. nom. sg. beado-hr?gl ... golde gegyrwed, 553; acc. sg. lafe ... golde gegyrede, 2193; acc. pl. madmas ... golde gegyrede, 1029.
getan, w. v., to injure, to slay: inf., 2941.
be-g那te, adj., attainable; in comp. 那e-beg那te.
geador, adv., unitedly, together, jointly, 836; geador ?tsomne, 491.
on-geador, adv., unitedly, together, 1596.
gealdor, st. n.: 1) sound: acc. sg. byman gealdor, 2944.--2) _magic song, incantation, spell_: instr. sg. tonne w?s t?t yrfe ... galdre bewunden (placed under a spell), 3053.
gealga, w. m., gallows: dat. sg. t?t his byre r?de giong on galgan, 2447.
gealg-m?d, adj., gloomy: nom. sg. g?fre and galgm?d, 1278.
gealg-tre車w, st. n., gallows: dat. pl. on galg-tre車wu[m], 2941.
geard, st. m., residence; in Be車wulf corresponding to the house-complex of a prince's residence, used only in the plur.: acc. in geardas (_in Finn's castle_), 1135; dat. in geardum, 13, 2460; of geardum, 1139; ?r he on weg hwurfe ... of geardum, _before he went away from his dwelling-place_, i.e. died, 265.--Comp. middan-geard.
gearo, adj., properly, made, prepared_; hence, ready, finished, equipped_: nom. sg. t?t hit weare eal gearo, heal-?rna m?st, 77; wiht unh?lo ... gearo s?na w?s, _the demon of destruction was quickly ready, did not delay long_, 121; Here-Scyldinga betst beadorinca w?s on b?l gearu, was ready for the funeral-pile (for the solemn burning), 1110; te車d (is) eal gearo, the warriors are altogether ready, always prepared, 1231; hraee w?s ?t holme hye-weard gearo (geara, MS.), 1915; gearo g?e-freca, 2415; s?e si車 b?r gearo ?dre ge?fned, let the bier be made ready at once, 3106. With gen.: gearo gyrnwr?ce, ready for revenge for harm done, 2119, acc. sg. gearwe st?we, 1007; nom. pl. beornas gearwe, 211; similarly, 1814.
gearwe, gearo, geare, adv., completely, entirely: ne ge ... gearwe ne wisson, you do not know at all ..., 246; similarly, 879; hine gearwe geman witena welhwyle (remembers him very well), 265; wisse he gearwe t?t ..., he knew very well that ..., 2340, 2726; t?t ic ... gearo sce芍wige swegle searogimmas (_that I may see the treasures altogether, as many as they are_), 2749; ic wat geare t?t ..., 2657.--Comp. gearwor, _more readily, rather_, 3077.--Superl. gearwost, 716.
gearo-folm, adj., with ready hand, 2086.
gearwe, st. f., equipment, dress; in comp. feeer-gearwe.
geat, st. n., opening, door; in comp. ben-, hilde-geat.
geato-l?c, adj., well prepared, handsome, splendid: of sword and armor, 215, 1563, 2155; of Heorot, 308. Adv.: w?sa fengel geatol?c gengde, _passed on in a stately manner_, 1402.
geatwe, st. f. pl., equipment, adornment_: acc. recedes geatwa, the ornaments of the dragon's cave_ (its treasures), 3089.--Comp.: e車red-, gryre-, g?e-, hilde-, w?g-geatwe.
ge芍n (from gegn), adv. in
on-ge芍n, adv. and prep., against, towards: t?t he me onge芍n sle芍, 682; r?hte onge芍n fe車nd mid folme, 748; foran onge芍n, forward towards, 2365. With dat.: onge芍n gramum, against the enemy, 1035.
t?-ge芍nes, t?-genes, prep, against, towards: Grendle t?ge芍nes, _towards Grendel, against Grendel_, 667; grap ta t?ge芍nes, she grasped at (Be車wulf), 1502; similarly, him t?ge芍nes f那ng, 1543; eodon him ta t?ge芍nes, went towards him, 1627; h那t ta gebe車dan ... t?t hie b?l-wudu feorran feredon g?dum t?g那nes, _had it ordered that they should bring the wood from far for the funeral-pyre towards the good man_ (i.e. to the place where the dead Be車wulf lay), 3115.
ge芍p, adj., roomy, extensive, wide: nom. sg. reced ... ge芍p, _the roomy hall_, 1801; acc. sg. under ge芍pne hr?f, 837.--Comp.: horn-, s?-ge芍p.
gear, st. n., year: nom. sg., 1135; gen. pl. geara, in adverbial sense, olim, in former times, 2665. See un-geara.
gear-dagas, st. m. pl., former days: dat. pl. in (on) gear-dagum, 1, 1355.
geofe. See gifu.
geofon, gifen, gyfen (see Kuhn Zeitschr. I. 137), st. n., sea, flood: nom. sg. geofon, 515; gifen ge車tende, the streaming flood, 1691; gen. sg. geofenes begang, 362; gyfenes, 1395.
geogoe, st. f.: 1) youth, time of youth: dat. sg. on geogoee, 409, 466, 2513; on giogoee, 2427; gen. gioguee, 2113.--2) contrasted with dugue, _the younger warriors of lower rank_ (about as in the Middle Ages, the squires with the knights): nom. sg. geogoe, 66; giogoe, 1191; acc. sg. geogoee, 1182; gen. duguee and geogoee, 160; duguee and iogoee (geogoee), 1675, 622.
geogue-feorh, st. n., age of youth, i.e. age in which one still belongs in the ranks of the geogoe: on geogoe- (geogue-) feore, 537, 2665.
geoheo. See geheo.
geolo, adj., yellow: acc. sg. geolwe linde (_the shield of yellow linden bark_), 2611.
geolo-rand, st. m., yellow shield (shield with a covering of interlaced yellow linden bark): acc. sg., 438.
geond, prep. w. acc., through, throughout, along, over: geond tisne middangeard, through the earth, over the earth, 75; wide geond eorean, 266, 3100; f那rdon folctogan ... geond w?d-wegas, _went along the ways coming from afar_, 841; similarly, 1705; geond t?t s?ld, _through the hall, through the extent of the hall_, 1281; similarly, 1982, 2265.
geong, adj., young, youthful: nom. sg., 13, 20, 855, etc.; giong, 2447; w. m. se maga geonga, 2676; acc. sg. geongne g?ecyning, 1970; dat. sg. geongum, 1949, 2045, 2675, etc.; on swa geongum feore, _at a so youthful age_, 1844; geongan cempan, 2627; acc. pl. geonge, 2019; dat. pl. geongum and ealdum, 72.--Superl. gingest, the last: nom. sg. w. f. gingeste word, 2818.
georn, adj., striving, eager, w. gen. of the thing striven for: eft s?ees georn, 2784.--Comp. lof-georn.
georne, adv., readily, willingly: t?t him wine-magas georne hyrdon, 66; georne tr?wode, 670.--zealously, eagerly: s?hte georne ?fter grunde, eagerly searched over the ground_, 2295.--_carefully, industriously: n? ic him t?s georne ?tfealh (held him not fast enough), 969.--_completely, exactly_: comp. wiste t那 geornor, 822.
ge車, i迆, adv., once, formerly, earlier, 1477; gi車, 2522; i迆, 2460.
ge車c, st. f., help, support: acc. sg. ge車ce gefremman, 2675; t?t him gast-bona ge車ce gefremede wie te車d-tre芍um, 177; ge車ce gelyfde, _believed in the help_ (of Be車wulf), 609; dat. sg. t? ge車ce, 1835.
ge車cor, adj., ill, bad: nom. sg., 766.--See Haupt's Zeitschrift 8, p. 7.
ge車-man, i迆-man, st. m., man of former times: gen. pl. i迆-manna, 3053.
ge車-meowle, w. f., (_formerly a virgin), wife_: acc. sg. i車-meowlan, 2932.
ge?mor, adj., with depressed feelings, sad, troubled: nom. sg. him w?s ge?mor sefa, 49, 2420, 2633, 2951; m?des ge?mor, 2101; fem. t?t w?s ge?muru ides, 1076.
ge?more, adv., sadly, 151.
ge?mor-gid, st. n., dirge: acc. sg. gi?mor-gyd, 3151.
ge?mor-l?c, adj., sad, painful: swa bie ge?morl?c gomelum ceorle t? geb?danne t?t..., it is painful to an old man to experience it, that ..., 2445.
ge?mor-m?d, adj., sad, sorrowful: nom. sg., 2045, 3019; gi?mor-m?d, 2268.
ge?mrian, w. v., to complain, to lament: pret. sg. ge?mrode giddum, 1119.
ge車-sceaft, st. f., (_fixed in past times), fate_: acc. sg. ge車sceaft grimme, 1235.
ge車sceaft-gast, st. m., demon sent by fate: gen. pl. fela ge車sceaft-gasta, of Grendel and his race, 1267.
ge車tan, st. v. intrans., to pour, to flow, to stream: pres. part. gifen ge車tende, 1691.
gicel, st. m., icicle: in comp. hilde-gicel.
gid, gyd, st. n., speech, solemn alliterative song: nom. sg. t?r w?s ... gid oft wrecen, 1066; le車e w?s asungen, gle車mannes gyd, _the song was sung, the gleeman's lay_, 1161; t?r w?s gidd and gle車, 2106; acc. sg. ic tis gid awr?c, 1724; gyd awr?c, 2109; gyd ?fter wr?c, 2155; tonne he gyd wrece, 2447; dat. pl. giddum, 151, 1119; gen. pl. gidda gemyndig, 869.--Comp.: ge?mor-, word-gid.
giddian, w. v., to speak, to speak in alliteration: pret. gyddode, 631.
gif, conj.: 1) if, w. ind., 442, 447, 527, 662, etc.; gyf, 945, etc. With subj., 452, 594, 1482, etc.; gyf, 280, 1105, etc.--2) whether, w. ind., 272; w. subj., 1141, 1320.
gifa, geofa, w. m., giver; in comp. gold-, sinc-, wil-gifa (-geofa).
gifan, st. v., to give: inf. giofan, 2973; pret. sg. nallas be芍gas geaf Denum, 1720; he me [maemas] geaf, 2147; and similarly, 2174, 2432, 2624, etc.; pret. pl. geafon (hyne) on garsecg, 49; pret. part. ta w?s Hr?egare here-sp那d gyfen, 64; ta w?s gylden hilt gamelum rince ... on hand gyfen, 1679; syeean ?rest weare gyfen ... geongum cempan (given in marriage), 1949.
a-gifan, to give, to impart: inf. andsware ... agifan, _to give an answer_, 355; pret. sg. s?na him se fr?da f?der ?htheres ... ondslyht ageaf (gave him a counter-blow), (hand-blow?), 2930.
for-gyfan, to give, to grant: pret. sg. him t?s l?f-fre芍 ... worold-are forgeaf, 17; t?m t? ham forgeaf Hr那eel Ge芍ta angan d?htor (_gave in marriage_), 374; similarly, 2998; he me lond forgeaf, granted me land, 2493; similarly, 697, 1021, 2607, 2617; m?gen-r?s forgeaf hilde-bille, _he gave with his battle-sword a mighty blow_, i.e. he struck with full force, 1520.
of-gifan, (to give up), to leave: inf. t?t se m?ra maga Ecgte車wes grund-wong tone ofgyfan wolde (was fated to leave the earth-plain), 2589; pret. sg. tas worold ofgeaf gromheort guma, 1682; similarly, gumdre芍m ofgeaf, 2470; Dena land ofgeaf, 1905; pret. pl. n?s ofgeafon hwate Scyldingas, left the promontory, 1601; t?t ta hildlatan holt ofg那fan, that the cowards left the wood (into which they had fled), 2847; sg. pret. for pl. tara te tis [l?f] ofgeaf, 2252.
gifeee, adj., given, granted: G?efremmendra swylcum gifeee bie t?t..., to such a warrior is it granted that..., 299; similarly, 2682; swa me gifeee w?s, 2492; t?r me gifeee swa ?nig yrfeweard ?fter wurde, _if an heir_, (living) after me, had been given me, 2731.--Neut. as subst.: w?s t?t gifeee t? sw?e, te tone [te車den] tyder ontyhte, _the fate was too harsh that has drawn hither the king_, 3086; gyfeee, 555, 820.--Comp. un-gifeee.
gif-heal, st. f., hall in which fiefs were bestowed, throne-hall: acc. sg. ymb ta gifhealle, 839.
gif-sceat, st. m., gift of value: acc. pl. gif-sceattas, 378.
gif-st?l, st. m., seat from which fiefs are granted, throne: nom. sg., 2328; acc. sg., 168.
gift, st. f., gift, present: in comp. feoh-gift.
gifu, geofu, st. f., gift, present, grant; fief: nom. sg. gifu, 1885 acc. sg. gimf?ste gife te him god sealde, _the great gift that God had granted him_ (i.e. the enormous strength), 1272; ginf?stan gife te him god sealde, 2183; dat. pl. (as instr.) geofum, 1959; gen. pl. gifa, 1931; geofena, 1174.--Comp.: maeeum-, sinc-gifu.
gigant, st. m., giant: nom. pl. gigantas, 113; gen. pl. giganta, 1563, 1691.
gild, gyld, st. n., reparation: in comp. wieer-gyld(?).
gildan, gyldan, st. v., _to do something in return, to repay, to reward, to pay_: inf. gomban gyldan, pay tribute, 11; he mid g?de gyldan wille uncran eaferan, 1185; we him ta g?egeatwa gyldan woldon, 2637; pret. sg. heaeor?sas geald mearum and maemum, _repaid the battles with horses and treasures_, 1048; similarly, 2492; geald tone g?er?s ... Jofore and Wulfe mid ofermaemum, _repaid Eofor and Wulf the battle with exceedingly great treasures_, 2992.
an-gildan, to pay for: pret. sg. sum sare angeald ?fenr?ste, one (?schere) paid for the evening-rest with death's pain, 1252.
a-gildan, to offer one's self: pret. sg. ta me s?l ageald, _when the favorable opportunity offered itself_, 1666; similarly, ta him r?m ageald, 2691.
for-gildan, to repay, to do something in return, to reward: pres. subj. sg. III. alwalda tec g?de forgylde, _may the ruler of all reward thee with good_, 957; inf. tone ?nne h那ht golde forgyldan, he ordered that the one (killed by Grendel) be paid for (atoned for) with gold, 1055; he ... wolde Grendle for-gyldan g?er?sa fela, _wished to pay Grendel for many attacks_, 1578; wolde se laea l?ge forgyldan drinc-f?t dyre, _the enemy wished to repay with fire the costly drinking vessel_ (the theft of it), 2306; pret. sg. he him t?s le芍n forgeald, _he gave them the reward therefore_, 114; similarly, 1542, 1585, 2095; forgeald hraee wyrsan wrixle w?lhlem tone, repaid the murderous blow with a worse exchange, 2969.
gilp, gylp, st. m., _speech in which one promises great things for himself in a coming combat, defiant speech, boasting speech_: acc. sg. h?fde ... Ge芍t-mecga le車d gilp gel?sted (_had fulfilled what he had claimed for himself before the battle_), 830; nallas on gylp selee f?tte be芍gas, _gives no chased gold rings for a boastful speech_, 1750; t?t ic wie tone g?eflogan gylp ofersitte, restrain myself from the speech of defiance, 2529; dat. sg. gylpe wiegr?pan (fulfil my promise of battle), 2522.--Comp. dol-gilp.
gilpan, gylpan, st. v. w. gen., acc., and dat., _to make a defiant speech, to boast, to exult insolently_: pres. sg. I. n? ic t?s gilpe (after a break in the text), 587; sg. III. moreres gylpee, boasts of the murder, 2056; inf. swa ne gylpan tearf Grendles maga ?nig ... uhthlem tone, 2007; nealles folc-cyning fyrdgesteallum gylpan torfte, _had no need to boast of his fellow-warrior_, 2875; pret. sg. hr那esigora ne gealp goldwine Ge芍ta, _did not exult at the glorious victory_ (could not gain the victory over the drake), 2584.
gilp-cwide, st. m., _speech in which a man promises much for himself for a coming combat, speech of defiance_: nom. sg., 641.
gilp-hl?den, pret. part., laden with boasts of defiance (i.e. he who has made many such boasts, and consequently has been victorious in many combats), covered with glory: nom. sg. guma gilp-hl?den, 869.
gilp-spr?c, same as gilp-cwide, speech of defiance, boastful speech: dat. sg. on gylp-spr?ce, 982.
gilp-word, st. n., defiant word before the coming combat, vaunting word: gen. pl. gespr?c ... gylp-worda sum, 676.
gim, st. m., gem, precious stone, jewel_: nom. sg. heofones gim, heaven's jewel_, i.e. the sun, 2073. Comp. searo-gim.
gimme-r?ce, adj., rich in jewels: acc. sg. gimme-r?ce hord-burh h?leea, 466.
gin (according to Bout., ginne), adj., properly gaping_, hence, wide, extended_: acc. sg. gynne grund (the bottom of the sea), 1552.
gin-f?st, adj., extensive, rich: acc. sg. gim-f?ste gife (gim-, on account of the following _f_), 1272; in weak form, gin-f?stan gife, 2183.
ginnan, st. v., original meaning, to be open, ready; in
on-ginnan, to begin, to undertake: pret. ?e t?t an ongan fyrene fremman fe車nd on helle, 100; secg eft ongan s?e Be車wulfes snyttrum styrian, 872; ta t?t sweord ongan ... wanian, the sword began to diminish, 1606; Higelac ongan s?nne geseldan ... f?gre fricgean, _began with propriety to question his companion_, 1984, etc.; ongon, 2791; pret. pl. n? her c?el?cor cuman ongunnon lindh?bbende, _no shield-bearing men e'er undertook more openly to come hither_, 244; pret. part. h?bbe ic m?rea fela ongunnen on geogoee, have in my youth undertaken many deeds of renown, 409.
gist. See g?st.
gistran, adv., yesterday_: gystran niht, _yesterday night, 1335.
git, pron., ye two, dual of tu, 508, 512, 513, etc.
git, gyt, adv., yet; then still_, 536, 1128, 1165, 2142; _hitherto, 957; n?fre git, never yet_, 583; _still_, 945, 1059, 1135; _once more, 2513; moreover, 47, 1051, 1867.
gitan (original meaning, to take hold of, to seize, to attain), in
be-gitan, w. acc., to grasp, to seize, to reach: pret. sg. begeat, 1147, 2231; ta hine w?g beget, when war seized him, came upon him, 2873; similarly, begeat, 1069; pret. pl. hit ?r on te g?de be-geaton, _good men received it formerly from thee_, 2250; subj. sg. for pl. t?t w?s Hr?egare hre車wa tornost tara te le車dfruman lange begeate, _the bitterest of the troubles that for a long time had befallen the people's chief_, 2131.
for-gitan, w. acc., to forget: pres. sg. III. he ta foregesceaft forgytee and forgymee, 1752.
an-gitan, on-gitan, w. acc.: 1) to take hold of, to grasp: imp. sg. gumcyste ongit, lay hold of manly virtue, of what becomes the man, 1724; pret. sg. te hine se br?ga angeat, whom terror seized, 1292.--2) _to grasp intellectually, to comprehend, to perceive, to distinguish, to behold_: pres. subj. I. t?t ic ?rwelan ... ongite, _that I may behold the ancient wealth_ (the treasures of the drake's cave), 2749; inf. s?l timbred ... ongytan, 308, 1497; Ge芍ta clifu ongitan, 1912; pret. sg. fyren-tearfe ongeat, had perceived their distress from hostile snares, 14; ongeat ... grund-wyrgenne, beheld the she-wolf of the bottom, 1519; pret. pl. bearhtm ongeaton, g?ehorn galan, perceived the noise, (heard) _the battle-trumpet sound_, 1432; syeean hie Hygelaces horn and byman gealdor ongeaton, 2945.
g?fre, adj., greedy, eager: nom. sg. g?fre and galgm?d, of Grendel's mother, 1278.--Superl.: l?g..., g?sta g?frost, 1124.--Comp. heoro-g?fre.
g?tsian, w. v., to be greedy: pres. sg. III. gytsae, 1750.
gio-, gi車-. See geo-, ge車-.
gladian, w. v., to gleam, to shimmer: pres. pl. III. on him gladiae gomelra lafe, upon him gleams the legacy of the men of ancient times (armor), 2037.
gl?d, adj., gracious, friendly (as a form of address for princes): nom. sg. be車 wie Ge芍tas gl?d, 1174; acc. sg. gl?dne Hr?egar, 864; gl?dne Hr?eulf, 1182; dat. sg. gladum suna Fr?dan, 2026.
gl?de, adv., in a gracious, friendly way, 58.
gl?dnian, w. v., to rejoice: inf. w. gen., 367.
gl?d-m?d, adj., joyous, glad, 1786.
gl那d, st. f., fire, flame: nom. sg., 2653, 3115; dat. (instr.) pl. gl那dum, 2313, 2336, 2678, 3042.
gl那d-egesa, w. m., terror on account of fire, fire-terror: nom. sg. gl那d-egesa grim (the fire-spewing of the drake), 2651.
gle芍w (Goth, glaggwu-s), adj., considerate, well-bred, of social conduct; in comp. un-gle芍w.
gle車, st. n., social entertainment, (especially by music, play, and jest): nom. sg. t?r w?s gidd and gle車, 2106.
gle車-be芍m, st. m., _(tree of social entertainment, of music), harp._ gen. sg. gle車-be芍mes, 2264.
gle車-dre芍m, st. _m., joyous carrying-on in social entertainment, mirth, social gaiety_: acc. sg. gamen and gle車-dre芍m, 3022.
gle車-man, m., _(gleeman, who enlivens the social entertainment, especially with music), harper_: gen. sg. gle車mannes gyd, 1161.
glitinian (O.H.G. glizin?n), w. v., to gleam, to light, to glitter: inf. geseah ta ... gold glitinian, 2759.
gl?dan, st. v., to glide: pret. sg. syeean heofones gim glad ofer grundas, after heaven's gem had glided over the fields (after the sun had set), 2074; pret. pl. glidon ofer garsecg, you glided over the ocean (swimming), 515.
t?-gl?dan _(to glide asunder), to separate, to fall asunder_: pret. g?e-helm t?-glad (Ongente車w's helmet was split asunder by the blow of Eofor), 2488.
gl?f, st. f., glove: nom. sg. gl?f hangode, (on Grendel) a glove hung, 2086.
gne芍e, adj., niggardly: nom. sg. f. n?s hi車 ... t? gne芍e gifa Ge芍ta le車dum, _was not too niggardly with gifts to the people of the Ge芍tas_, 1931.
gnorn, st. m., sorrow, sadness: acc. sg. gnorn trowian, 2659.
gnornian, w. v., to be sad, to complain: pret. sg. earme ... ides gnornode, 1118.
be-gnornian, w. acc., to bemoan, to mourn for: pret. pl. begnornodon ... hlafordes [hry]re, bemoaned their lord's fall, 3180.
god, st. m., god: nom. sg., 13, 72, 478, etc.; halig god, 381, 1554; witig god, 686; mihtig god, 702; acc. sg. god, 812; ne wiston hie drihten god, did not know the Lord God, 181; dat. sg. gode, 113, 227, 626, etc.; gen. sg. godes, 570, 712, 787, etc.
gold, st. n., gold: nom. sg., 3013, 3053; icge gold, 1108; wunden gold, wound gold, gold in ring-form, 1194, 3136; acc. sg. gold, 2537, 2759, 2794, 3169; h?een gold, heathen gold (that from the drake's cave), 2277; brad gold, massive gold, 3106; dat. instr. sg. golde, 1055, 2932, 3019; f?ttan golde, with chased gold, with gold in plate-form, 2103; gehroden golde, covered with gold, gilded, 304; golde gegyrwed (gegyrede), provided with, ornamented with gold, 553, 1029, 2193; golde geregnad, adorned with gold, 778; golde fahne (hr?f), the roof shining with gold, 928; bunden golde, bound with gold (see under bindan), 1901; hyrsted golde (helm), the helmet ornamented with, mounted with gold, 2256; gen. sg. goldes, 2302; f?ttan goldes, 1094, 2247; sc?ran goldes, of pure gold, 1695. --Comp. f?t-gold.
gold-?ht, st. f., possessions in gold, treasure: acc. sg., 2749.
gold-fah, adj., variegated with gold, shining with gold: nom. sg. reced ... gold-fah, 1801; acc. sg. gold-fahne helm, 2812; nom. pl. gold-fag scinon web ?fter wagum, _variegated with gold, the tapestry gleamed along the walls_, 995.
gold-gifa, w. m., gold-giver, designation of the prince: acc. sg. mid m?nne goldgyfan, 2653.
gold-hroden, pret. part., _(covered with gold), ornamented with gold_: nom. sg., 615, 641, 1949, 2026; epithet of women of princely rank.
gold-hw?t, adj., striving after gold, greedy for gold: n?s he goldhw?t, he (Be車wulf) was not greedy for gold (he did not fight against the drake for his treasure, cf. 3067 ff.) 3075.
gold-maem, st. m., jewel of gold: acc. pl. gold-maemas (the treasures of the drake's cave), 2415.
gold-sele, st. m., gold-hall, i.e. the hall in which the gold was distributed, ruler's hall: acc. sg., 716, 1254; dat. sg. gold-sele, 1640, 2084.
gold-weard, st. m., gold-ward, defender of the gold: acc. sg. (of the drake), 3082.
gold-wine, st. m., friend who distributes gold, i.e. ruler, prince: nom. sg. (partly as voc.) goldwine gumena, 1172, 1477, 1603; goldwine Ge芍ta, 2420, 2585.
gold-wlanc, adj., proud of gold: nom. sg. g?erinc goldwlanc (Be車wulf rewarded with gold by Hr?egar on account of his victory), 1882.
gomban, gomel, gomen. See gamban, gamal, gamen.
gong, gongan. See gang, gangan.
g?d, adj., good, fit, of persons and things: nom. sg., 11, 195, 864, 2264, 2391, etc.; fr?d and g?d, 279; w. dat. cyning ?eelum g?d, _the king noble in birth_, 1871; gumcystum g?d, 2544; w. gen. wes tu ?s larena g?d, be good to us with teaching (help us thereto through thy instruction), 269; in weak form, se g?da, 205, 355, 676, 1191, etc.; acc. sg. g?dne, 199, 347, 1596, 1970, etc.; gumcystum g?dne, 1487; neut. g?d, 1563; dat. sg. g?dum, 3037, 3115; t?m g?dan, 384, 2328; nom. pl. g?de, 2250; ta g?dan, 1164; acc. pl. g?de, 2642; dat. pl. g?dum d?dum, 2179; gen. pl. g?dra g?erinca, 2649.--Comp. ?r-g?d.
g?d, st. n.: 1) good that is done, benefit, gift: instr. sg. g?de, 20, 957, 1185; g?de m?re, renowned on account of her gifts (Tryeo), 1953; instr. pl. g?dum, 1862.--2) ability, especially in fight: gen. pl. nat he tara g?da, 682.
gram, adj., hostile: gen. sg. on grames grapum, _in the gripe of the enemy_ (Be車wulf), 766; nom. pl. ta graman, 778; dat. pl. gramum, 424, 1035.
gram-heort, adj., of a hostile heart, hostile: nom. sg. grom-heort guma, 1683.
gram-hydig, adj., with hostile feeling, maliciously inclined: nom. sg. gromhydig, 1750.
grap, st. f., the hand ready to grasp, hand, claw: dat. sg. mid grape, 438; on grape, 555; gen. sg. eal ... Grendles grape, _all of Grendel's claw, the whole claw_, 837; dat. pl. on grames grapum, 766; (as instr.) grimman grapum, with grim claws, 1543.--Comp.: fe車nd-, hilde-grap.
grapian, w. v., to grasp, to lay hold of, to seize: pret. sg. t?t hire wie halse heard grapode, that (the sword) griped hard at her neck, 1567; he ... grapode gearofolm, he took hold with ready hand, 2086.
gr?s-molde, w. f., grass-plot: acc. sg. gr?smoldan tr?d, _went over the grass-plot_, 1882.
gr?dig, adj., greedy, hungry, voracious: nom. sg. grim and gr?dig, 121, 1500; acc. sg. gr?dig g?ele車e, 1523.
gr?g, adj., gray: nom. pl. ?sc-holt ufan gr?g, _the ashen wood, gray above_ (the spears with iron points) 330; acc. pl. gr?ge syrcan, gray (i.e. iron) shirts of mail, 334.
gr?g-m?l, adj., having a gray color_, here = _iron: nom. sg. sweord Be車wulfes gomol and gr?gm?l, 2683.
gr?pe. See ?t-gr?pe.
gr那tan, w. v. w. acc.: 1) to greet, to salute: inf. hine swa g?dne gr那tan, 347; Hr?egar gr那tan, 1647, 2011; e車wic gr那tan h那t (_bade me bring you his last greeting_), 3096; pret. sg. gr那tte Ge芍ta le車d, 626; gr那tte ta guma ?eerne, 653; Hr?egar gr那tte, 1817.-- 2) _to come on, to come near, to seek out; to touch; to take hold of_: inf. gifst?l gr那tan, _take possession of the throne, mount it as ruler_, 168; n?s se folccyning ?nig ... te mec g?ewinum gr那tan dorste (attack with swords), 2736; Wyrd ... se tone gomelan gr那tan sceolde, 2422; t?t tone sin-scaean g?ebilla nan gr那tan nolde, that no sword would take hold upon the irreconcilable enemy, 804; pret. sg. gr那tte goldhroden guman on healle, the gold-adorned (queen) greeted the men in the hall, 615; n? he mid hearme ... g?stas gr那tte, did not approach the strangers with insults, 1894; gomenwudu gr那tte, touched the wood of joy, played the harp, 2109; pret. subj. II. sg. t?t tu tone w?lg?st wihte ne gr那tte, _that thou shouldst by no means seek out the murderous spirit_ (Grendel), 1996; similarly, sg. III. t?t he ne gr那tte goldweard tone, 3082; pret. part. t?r w?s ... gomenwudu gr那ted, 1066.
ge-gr那tan, w. acc.: 1) to greet, to salute, to address: pret. sg. holdne gegr那tte meaglum wordum, greeted the dear man with formal words, 1981; gegr那tte ta gumena gehwylcne ... hindeman siee, _spoke then the last time to each of the men_, 2517.--2) to approach, to come near, to seek out: inf. sceal ... manig ?eerne g?dum gegr那tan ofer ganotes b?e, _many a one will seek another across the sea with gifts_, 1862.
gre車t, st. m., grit, sand, earth: dat. sg. on gre車te, 3169.
gre車tan, st. v., to weep, to mourn, to lament: pres. sg. III. se te ?fter sincgyfan on sefan gre車tee, _who laments in his heart for the treasure-giver_, 1343.
grim, adj., grim, angry, wild, hostile: nom. sg., 121, 555, 1500, etc.; weak form, se grimma g?st, 102; acc. sg. m. grimne, 1149, 2137; fem, grimme, 1235; gen. sg. grimre g?ee, 527; instr. pl. grimman grapum, 1543.--Comp.: beado-, heaeo-, heoro-, searo-grim.
grimme, adv., grimly, in a hostile manner, bitterly, 3013, 3086.
grim-l?c, adj., grim, terrible: nom. sg. griml?c gry[re-g?st], 3042.
grimman, st. v., (properly to snort), to go forward hastily, to hasten: pret. pl. grummon, 306.
grindan, st. v., to grind, in
for-grindan, to destroy, to ruin: pret. sg. w. dat. forgrand gramum, destroyed the enemy, killed them (?), 424; pret. part. w. acc. h?fde l?gdraca le車da f?sten ... gl那dum forgrunden, _had with flames destroyed the people's feasts_, 2336; ta his agen (scyld) w?s gl那dum forgrunden, _since his own (shield) had been destroyed by the fire_, 2678.
gripe, st. m., gripe, attack: nom. sg. gripe m那ces, 1766; acc. sg. grimne gripe, 1149.--Comp.: f?r-, mund-, n?e-gripe.
gr?ma, w. m., mask, visor: in comp. beado-, here-gr?ma.
gr?m-helm, st. m., mask-helmet, helmet with visor: acc. pl. gr?m-helmas, 334.
gr?pan, st. v., to gripe, to seize, to grasp: pret. sg. grap ta t?ge芍nes, then she caught at, 1502.
for-gr?pan _(to gripe vehemently), to gripe so as to kill, to kill by the grasp_, w. dat.: pret. sg. ?t g?ee forgrap Grendeles m?gum, 2354. wie-gr?pan, w. dat., _(to seize at), to maintain, to hold erect_: inf. h? wie tam agl?cean elles meahte gylpe wie-gr?pan, _how else I might maintain my boast of battle against the monster_, 2522.
gr?wan, st. v., to grow, to sprout: pret. sg. him on ferhee gre車w bre車sthord bl?dre車w, 1719.
grund, st. m.: 1) ground, plain, fields in contrast with highlands; earth in contrast with heaven: dat. sg. s?hte ... ?fter grunde, _sought along the ground_, 2295; acc. pl. ofer grundas, 1405, 2074.--2) _bottom, the lowest part_: acc. sg. grund (of the sea of Grendel), 1368; on gyfenes grund, 1395; under gynne grund (bottom of the sea) 1552; dat. sg. t? grunde (of the sea), 553; grunde (of the drake's cave) getenge, 2759; so, on grunde, 2766.--Comp.: eormen-, mere-, s?-grund.
grund-b?end, pres. part., inhabitant of the earth: gen. pl. grund-b?endra, 1007.
grund-hyrde, st. m., warder of the bottom (of the sea): acc. sg. (of Grendel's mother), 2137.
grund-sele, st. m., hall at the bottom (of the sea): dat sg. in tam [grund]sele, 2140.
grund-wang, st. m., ground surface, lowest surface: acc. sg. tone grund-wong (bottom of the sea), 1497; (bottom of the drake's cave), 2772, 2589.
grund-wyrgen, st. f., she-wolf of the bottom (of the sea): acc. sg. grund-wyrgenne (Grendel's mother), 1519.
gryn (cf. Gloss. Aldh. "retinaculum, rete grin," Hpts. Ztschr. IX. 429), st. n., net, noose, snare: gen. pl. fela ... grynna, 931. See gyrn.
gryre, st. m., horror, terror, anything causing terror: nom. sg., 1283; acc. sg. wie Grendles gryre, 384; hie Wyrd forswe車p on Grendles gryre, snatched them away into the horror of Grendel, to the horrible Grendel, 478; dat. pl. mid gryrum ecga, 483; gen. pl. swa fela gryra, 592.--Comp.: f?r-, w?g-gryre.
gryre-br?ga, w. m., terror and horror, amazement: nom. sg. [gryre-]br[?]g[a], 2229.
gryre-fah, adj., gleaming terribly: acc. sg. gryre-fahne (_the fire-spewing drake_, cf. also [draca] fyrwylmum fah, 2672), 2577.
gryre-g?st, st. m., terror-guest, stranger causing terror: nom. sg. griml?c gry[reg?st], 3042; dat. sg. wie tam gryregieste (the dragon), 2561.
gryre-geatwe, st. f. pl., terror-armor, warlike equipment: dat. pl. in hyra gryre-geatwum, 324.
gryre-le車e, st. n., terror-song, fearful song: acc. sg. gehyrdon gryrele車e galan godes and-sacan (heard Grendel's cry of agony), 787.
gryre-l?c, adj., terrible, horrible: acc. sg. gryre-l?cne, 1442, 2137.
gryre-s?e, st. m., way of terror, way causing terror, i.e. warlike expedition: acc. pl. se te gryre-s?eas gegan dorste, 1463.
guma, w. m., man, human being: nom. sg., 653, 869, etc.; acc. sg. guman, 1844, 2295; dat. sg. guman (gumum, MS.), 2822; nom pl. guman, 215, 306, 667, etc.; acc. pl. guman, 615; dat. pl. gumum, 127, 321; gen. pl. gumena, 73, 328, 474, 716, etc.--Comp.: driht-, seld-guma.
gum-cyn, st. n., race of men, people, nation: gen. sg. we synt gumcynnes Ge芍ta le車de, _people from the nation of the Ge芍tas_, 260; dat. pl. ?fter gum-cynnum, along the nations, among the nations, 945.
gum-cyst, st. f., man's excellence, man's virtue: acc. sg. (or pl.) gumcyste, 1724; dat. pl. as adv., excellently, preeminently: gumcystum g?dne be芍ga bryttan, 1487; gumcystum g?d ... hilde-hlemma (Be車wulf), 2544.
gum-dre芍m, st. m., joyous doings of men: acc. sg. gum-dre芍m ofgeaf (died), 2470.
gum-dryhten, st. m., lord of men: nom. sg. 1643.
gum-f那ea, w. m., troop of men going on foot: nom. sg., 1402.
gum-man, st. m., man: gen. pl. gum-manna fela, 1029.
gum-st?l, st. m., man's seat [Greek: kat'ezoch?n] ruler's seat, throne: dat. sg. in gumst?le, 1953.
g?e, st. f., combat, battle: nom. sg., 1124, 1659, 2484, 2537; acc. sg. g?ee, 604; instr. sg. g?ee, 1998; dat. sg. t? (?t) g?ee, 438, 1473. 1536, 2354, etc.; gen. sg. g?ee, 483, 527, 631, etc.; dat. pl. g?eum, 1959, 2179; gen. pl. g?ea, 2513, 2544.
g?e-beorn, st. m., warrior: gen. pl. g?e-beorna sum (_the strand-guard on the Danish coast_), 314.
g?e-bil, st. n., battle-bill: nom. sg. g?ebill, 2585; gen. pl. g?e-billa nan, 804.
g?e-byrne, w. f., battle-corselet: nom. sg., 321.
g?e-cearu, st. f., sorrow which the combat brings: dat. sg. ?fter g?e-ceare, 1259.
g?e-cr?ft, st. m., warlike strength, power in battle: nom. sg. Grendles g?e-cr?ft, 127.
g?e-cyning, st. m., king in battle, king directing a battle: nom. sg., 199, 1970, 2336, etc.
g?e-de芍e, st. m., death in battle: nom. sg., 2250.
g?e-floga, w. m., flying warrior: acc. sg. wie tone g?eflogan (the drake), 2529.
g?e-freca, w. m., hero in battle, warrior (see freca): nom. sg. gearo g?e-freca, of the drake, 2415.
g?e-fremmend, pres. part., fighting a battle, warrior: gen. pl. g?e-fremmendra, 246; g?e- (g?d-, MS.) fremmendra swylcum, such a warrior (meaning Be車wulf), 299.
g?e-gew?de, st. n., battle-dress, armor: nom. pl. g?e-gew?do, 227; acc. pl. -gew?du, 2618, 2631(?), 2852, 2872; gen. pl. -gew?da, 2624.
g?e-geweorc, st. n., battle-work warlike deed: gen. pl., -geweorca, 679, 982, 1826.
g?e-geatwe, st. f. pl., equipment for combat: acc. ta g?e-geatwa (-getawa, MS.), 2637; dat. in e車wrum g?e-geatawum, 395.
g?e-helm, st. m., battle-helmet: nom. sg., 2488.
g?e-horn, st. n., battle-horn: acc. sg., 1433.
g?e-hr那e, st. f., battle-fame: nom. sg., 820.
g?e-le車e, st. n., battle-song: acc., sg., 1523.
g?e-m?d, adj., disposed to battle, having an inclination to battle. nom. pl. g?e-m?de, 306.
g?e-r?s, st. m., storm of battle, attack: acc. sg., 2992; gen. pl. g?e-r?sa, 1578, 2427.
g?e-re車w, adj., fierce in battle: nom. sg., 58.
g?e-rinc, st. m., man of battle, fighter, warrior: nom. sg., 839, 1119, 1882; acc. sg., 1502; gen. pl. g?e-rinca, 2649.
g?e-r?f, adj., renowned in battle: nom. sg., 609.
g?e-sceaea, w. m., battle-foe, enemy in combat: nom. sg., of the drake, 2319.
g?e-scearu, st. f., decision of the battle: dat. sg. ?fter g?e-sceare, 1214.
g?e-sele, st. m., battle-hall, hall in which a battle takes place: dat sg. in t?m g?esele (in Heorot), 443.
g?e-searo, st. n. pl., battle-equipment, armor; acc., 215, 328.
g?e-sweord, st. n., battle-sword: acc. sg., 2155.
g?e-w那rig, adj., wearied by battle dead: acc. sg. g?e-w那rigne Grendel, 1587.
g?e-wine, st. m., battle-friend, comrade in battle designation of the sword: acc. sg., 1811; instr. pl. te mec g?e-winum gr那tan dorste, _who dared to attack me with his war-friends_, 2736.
g?e-w?ga, w. m., fighter of battles, warrior: nom. sg., 2112.
gyd. See gid.
gyfan. See gifan.
gyldan. See gildan.
gylden, adj., golden: nom. sg. gylden hilt, 1678; acc. sg. segen gyldenne, 47, 1022; bring gyldenne, 2810; dat. sg. under gyldnum be芍ge, 1164.--Comp. eal-gylden.
gylp. See gilp.
gyrdan, w. v., to gird, to lace_: pret. part. gyrded cempa, the (sword-) girt warrior_, 2079.
gyrn, st. n., sorrow, harm: nom. sg., 1776.
gyrn-wracu, st. f., revenge for harm: dat. sg. t? gyrn-wr?ce, 1139; gen. sg. ta w?s eft hraee gearo gyrn-wr?ce Grendeles m?dor, _then was Grendel's mother in turn immediately ready for revenge for the injury_, 2119.
gyrwan. See gerwan.
gystran. See gistran.
gyman, w. v. w. gen., to take care of, to be careful about: pres. III. gymee, 1758, 2452; imp. sg. oferhyda ne gym! do not study arrogance (despise it), 1761.
for-gyman, w. acc., to neglect, to slight: pres. sg. III. he ta fore-gesceaft forgytee and forgymee, 1752.
gytsian. See g?tsian.
gyt. See git.
H
habban, w. v., to have: 1) w. acc.: pres. sg. I. t?s ic w那n h?bbe (_as I hope_), 383; te ic geweald h?bbe, 951; ic me on hafu bord and byrnan, _have on me shield and coat of mail_, 2525; hafo, 3001; sg. II. tu nu [frieu] hafast, 1175; pl. I. habbae we ... micel ?rende, 270; pres. subj. sg. III. t?t he trittiges manna m?gencr?ft on his mundgripe h?bbe, 381. Blended with the negative: pl. III. t?t be S?-Ge芍tas s那lran n?bben t? gece車senne cyning ?nigne, _that the Sea-Ge芍tas will have no better king than you to choose_, 1851; imp. hafa nu and geheald h?sa s那lest, 659; inf. habban, 446, 462, 3018; pret. sg. h?fde, 79, 518, 554; pl. h?fdon, 539.--2) used as an auxiliary with the pret. part.: pres. sg. I. h?bbe ic ... ongunnen, 408; h?bbe ic ... geahsod, 433; II. hafast, 954, 1856; III. hafae, 474, 596; pret. sg. h?fde, 106, 220, 666, 2322, 2334, 2953, etc.; pl. h?fdon, 117, 695, 884, 2382, etc. Pret. part. inflected: nu scealc hafae d?d gefremede, 940; h?fde se g?da ... cempan gecorone, 205. With the pres. part. are formed the compounds: bord-, rond-h?bbend.
for-habban, to hold back, to keep one's self: inf. ne meahte w?fre m?d forhabban in hreere, _the expiring life could not hold itself back in the breast_, 1152; ne mihte ta for-habban, could not restrain himself, 2610.
wie-habban, to resist, to offer resistance: pret. t?t se w?nsele wie-h?fde heaeo-de車rum, that the hall resisted them furious in fight, 773.
hafela, heafola, w. m., head: acc. sg. hafelan, 1373, 1422, 1615, 1636, 1781; na tu m?nne tearft hafalan hydan, 446; tonne we on orlege hafelan weredon, protected our heads, defended ourselves, 1328; se hw?ta helm hafelan werede, 1449; dat. sg. hafelan, 673, 1522; heafolan, 2680; gen. sg. heafolan, 2698; nom. pl. hafelan, 1121.--Comp. w?g-heafola.
hafenian, w. v., to raise, to uplift: pret. sg. w?pen hafenade heard be hiltum, raised the weapon, the strong man, by the hilt, 1574.
hafoc, st. m., hawk: nom. sg., 2264.
haga, w. m., enclosed piece of ground, hedge, farm-enclosure: dat. sg. t? hagan, 2893, 2961.
haga, w. m. See an-haga.
hama, homa, w. m., dress: in the comp. fl?sc-, fyrd-, l?c-hama, sc?r-ham (adj.).
hamer, st. m., hammer: instr. sg. hamere, 1286; gen. pl. homera lafe (swords), 2830.
hand, hond, st. f., hand: nom. sg. 2138; si車 sw?ere ... hand, _the right hand_, 2100; hond, 1521, 2489, 2510; acc. sg. hand, 558, 984; hond, 657, 687, 835, 928, etc.; dat. sg. on handa, 495, 540; mid handa, 747, 2721; be honda, 815; dat. pl. (as instr.) hondum, 1444, 2841.
hand-bana, w. m., murderer with the hand_, or _in hand-to-hand combat: dat. sg. t? hand-bonan (-banan), 460, 1331.
hand-gem?t, st. n., hand-to-hand conflict, battle: gen. pl. (ecg) tolode ?r fela hand-gem?ta, 1527; n? t?t l?sest w?s hond-gem?ta, 2356.
hand-gesella, w. m., hand-companion, man of the retinue: dat. pl. hond-gesellum, 1482.
hand-gestealla, w. m., _(one whose position is near at hand), comrade, companion, attendant_: dat. sg. hond-gesteallan, 2170; nom. pl. hand-gesteallan, 2597.
hand-geweorc, st. n., work done with the hands, i.e. achievement in battle: dat. sg. for t?s hild-fruman hondgeweorce, 2836.
hand-gewrieen, pret. part. hand-wreathed, bound with the hand. acc. pl. w?lbende ... hand-gewrieene, 1938.
hand-locen, pret. part., joined, united by hand: nom. sg. (g?e-byrne, l?c-syrce) hondlocen (because the shirts of mail consisted of interlaced rings), 322, 551.
hand-r?s, st. m., hand-battle, i.e. combat with the hands: nom. sg. hond-r?s, 2073.
hand-scalu, st. f., hand-attendance, retinue: dat. sg. mid his hand-scale (hond-scole), 1318, 1964.
hand-sporu, st. f., finger (on Grendel's hand), under the figure of a spear: nom. pl. hand-sporu, 987.
hand-wundor, st. n., wonder done by the hand, wonderful handwork: gen. pl. hond-wundra m?st, 2769.
hangan. See h?n.
hangian, w. v., to hang: pres. sg. III. tonne his sunu hangae hrefne to hr?ere, when his son hangs, a joy to the ravens, 2448; pl. III. ofer t?m (mere) hongiae hr?mge bearwas, over which frosty forests hang, 1364; inf. hangian, 1663; pret. hangode, hung down, 2086.
hatian, w. v. w. acc., to hate, to be an enemy to, to hurt: inf. he tone heaeo-rinc hatian ne meahte laeum d?dum (could not do him any harm), 2467; pret. sg. h? se g?e-sceaea Ge芍ta le車de hatode and hynde, 2320.
had, st. m., form, condition, position, manner: acc. sg. turh h?stne had, in a powerful manner, 1336; on ges?ees had, _in the position of follower, as follower_, 1298; on sweordes had, in the form of a sword, 2194. See under on.
hador, st. m., clearness, brightness: acc. sg. under heofenes hador, 414.
hador, adj., clear, fresh, loud: nom. sg. scop hw?lum sang hador on Heorote, 497.
hadre, adv., clearly, brightly, 1572.
hal, adj., hale, whole, sound, unhurt: nom. sg. hal, 300. With gen. heaeo-laces hal, safe from battle, 1975. As form of salutation, wes ... hal, 407; dat. sg. halan l?ce, 1504.
halig, adj., holy: nom. sg. halig god, 381, 1554; halig dryhten, 687.
ham, st. m., home, residence, estate, land: acc. sg. ham, 1408; Hr?egares ham, 718. Usually in adverbial sense: gewat him ham, betook himself home, 1602; t? ham, 124, 374, 2993; fram ham, at home, 194; ?t ham, at home, 1249, 1924, 1157; gen. sg. hames, 2367; acc. pl. hamas, 1128.--Comp. Finnes-ham, 1157.
ham-weoreung, st. f., honor_ or _ornament of home: acc. sg. ham-weoreunge (designation of the daughter of Hygelac, given in marriage to Eofor), 2999.
har, adj., gray: nom. sg. har hilde-rinc, 1308, 3137; acc. sg. under (ofer) harne stan, 888, 1416, 2554; hare byrnan (i.e. iron shirt of mail), 2154; dat. sg. harum hildfruman, 1679; f. on he芍re h?ee (on heaw ... h ... ee, MS.), 2213; gen. sg. hares, of the old man, 2989.--Comp. un-har.
hat, adj., hot, glowing, flaming nom sg., 1617, 2297, 2548, 2559, etc.; wyrm hat gemealt, the drake hot (of his own heat) melted, 898; acc. sg., 2282(?); inst. sg. hatan heolfre, 850, 1424; g. sg. heaeu-fyres hates, 2523; acc. pl. hate heaeo-wylmas, 2820.--Sup.: hatost heaeo-swata, 1669.
hat, st. n., heat, fire: acc. sg. geseah his mondryhten ... hat trowian, saw his lord endure the (drake's) heat, 2606.
hata, w. m., persecutor; in comp. d?d-hata.
hatan, st. v.: 1) to bid, to order, to direct, with acc. and inf., and acc. of the person: pres. sg. I. ic magutegnas m?ne hate ... flotan e車werne arum healdan, I bid my thanes take good care of your craft, 293; imp. sg. II. hat in gan ... sibbegedriht, 386; pl. II. hatae heaeo-m?re hl?w gewyrcean, 2803; inf. t?t healreced hatan wolde ... men gewyrcean, _that he wished to command men to build a hall-edifice_, 68. Pret. sg. h那ht: h那ht ... eahta mearas ... on flet te車n, _gave command to bring eight horses into the hall_, 1036; tonne ?nne h那ht golde forgyldan, _commanded to make good that one with gold_, 1054; h那ht ta t?t heaeo-weorc t? hagan bi車dan, ordered the combat to be announced at the hedge(?), 2893; swa se snottra h那ht, as the wise (Hr?egar) directed, 1787; so, 1808, 1809. h那t: h那t him yelidan g?dne gegyrwan, ordered a good vessel to be prepared for him, 198; so, h那t, 391, 1115, 3111. As the form of a wish: h那t hine wel br?can, 1064; so, 2813; pret. part. ta w?s haten hraee Heort innan-weard folmum gefr?twod, forthwith was ordered Heorot, adorned by hand on the inside (i.e. that the edifice should be adorned by hand on the inside), 992.--2) to name, to call: pres. subj. III. pl. t?t hit s?l?eend ... hatan Bi車wulfes biorh, _that mariners may call it Be車wulf's grave-mound_, 2807; pret. part. w?s se grimma g?st Grendel haten, 102; so, 263, 373, 2603.
ge-hatan, to promise, to give one's word, to vow, to threaten: pres. sg. I. ic hit te gehate, 1393; so, 1672; pret. sg. he me m那de geh那t, _promised me reward_, 2135; him f?gre geh那t le芍na (gen. pl.), _promised them proper reward_, 2990; we芍n oft geh那t earmre teohhe, _with woe often threatened the unhappy band_, 2938; pret. pl. geh那ton ?t h?rgtrafum wig-weoreunga, _vowed offerings at the shrines of the gods_, 175; tonne we geh那ton ?ssum hlaforde t?t ..., when we promised our lord that..., 2635; pret. part. si車 gehaten [w?s] ... gladum suna Fr?dan, betrothed to the glad son of Froda, 2025.
hator, st. m. n., heat: in comp. and-hator.
h?ft, adj., held, bound, fettered: nom. sg., 2409; acc. sg. helle h?ftan, him fettered by hell (Grendel), 789.
h?ft-m那ce, st. m., sword with fetters_ or _chains (cf. fetel-hilt): dat. sg. t?m h?ft-m那ce, 1458. See Note.
h?g-steald, st. m., man, liegeman, youth: gen. pl. h?g-stealdra, 1890.
h?le, st. m., man: nom. sg., 1647, 1817, 3112; acc. sg. h?le, 720; dat. pl. h?lum (h?num, MS.), 1984.
h?lee, st. m., hero, fighter, warrior, man: nom. sg., 190, 331, 1070; nom. pl. h?lee, 52, 2248, 2459, 3143; dat. pl. h?leeum 1710, 1962, etc.; gen. pl. h?leea, 467, 497, 612, 663, etc.
h?rg. See hearg.
h?e, st. f., heath: dat. sg. h?ee, 2213.
h?een, adj., heathenish; acc. sg. h?eene sawle, 853; dat. sg. h?enum horde, 2217; gen. sg. h?eenes, of the heathen (Grendel), 987; gen. pl. h?eenra, 179.
h?e-stapa, w. m., that which goes about on the heath (stag): nom. sg., 1369
h?l, st. f.: 1) health, welfare, luck: acc. sg. him h?l abe芍d, 654; mid h?le, 1218.--2) favorable sign, favorable omen: h?l sce芍wedon, _observed favorable signs_ (for Be車wulf's undertaking), 204.
h?lo, st. f., health, welfare, luck: acc. sg. h?lo abe芍d heore-gene芍tum, 2419.--Comp. un-h?lo.
h?st (O.H.G. haistera hant?, manu violenta; heist, ira; heistigo, iracunde), adj., violent, vehement: acc. sg. turh h?stne had, 1336.
he, fem. he車, neut. hit, pers. pron., he, she, it; in the oblique cases also reflexive, himself, herself, itself: acc. sg. hine, h?, hit; dat. sg. him, hire, him; gen. sg. his, hire, his; plur. acc. nom. h?, hig, hie; dat. him; gen. hira, heora, hiera, hiora.--he omitted before the verb, 68, 300, 2309, 2345.
hebban, st. v., to raise, to lift, w. acc.: inf. sieean ic hond and rond hebban mihte, 657; pret. part. hafen, 1291; h?fen, 3024.
a-hebban, raise, to lift from, to take away: w?s ... icge gold ahafen of horde, taken up from the hoard, 1109; ta w?s ... w?p up ahafen, _a cry of distress raised_, 128
ge-hegan [ge-h那gan], w. v., to enclose, to fence: ting gehegan, _to mark off the court, hold court_. Here figurative: inf. sceal ... ana gehegan ting wie tyrse (shall alone decide the matter with Grendel), 425.
hel, st. f., hell: nom. sg., 853; acc. sg. helle, 179; dat. sg. helle, 101, 589; (as instr.), 789; gen. sg. helle, 1275.
hel-bend, st. m. f. bond of hell: instr. pl. hell-bendum f?st, 3073.
hel-r?na, w. m., sorcerer: nom. pl. helr?nan, 163.
be-helan, st. v., to conceal, to hide: pret. part. be-holen, 414.
helm, st. m.: 1) protection in general, defence, covering that protects: acc. sg. on helm, 1393; under helm, 1746.--2) helmet: nom. sg., 1630; acc. sg. helm, 673, 1023, 1527, 2988; (helo, MS.), 2724; br?n-fagne, gold-fahne helm, 2616, 2812; dat. sg. under helme, 342, 404; gen. sg. helmes, 1031; acc. pl. helmas, 240, 2639.--3) defence, protector, designation of the king: nom. sg. helm Scyldinga (Hr?egar), 371, 456, 1322; acc. sg. heofena helm _(the defender of the heavens_ = God), 182; helm Scylfinga, 2382.--Comp.: gr?m-, g?e-, heaeo-, niht-helm.
ofer-helmian, w. v. w. acc., to cover over, to overhang: pres. sg. III. ofer-helmae, 1365.
helm-berend, pres. part., helm-wearing (warrior): acc. pl. helmberend, 2518, 2643.
helpan, st. v., to help: inf. t?t him holt-wudu helpan ne meahte, lind wie l?ge, _that a wooden shield could not help him, a linden shield against flame_, 2341; t?t him ?renna ecge mihton helpan ?t hilde, 2685; wutun gangan to, helpan hildfruman, let us go thitherto help the battle-chief, 2650; w. gen. ongan ... m?ges helpan, began to help my kinsman, 2880; so, pret. sg. t?r he his m?ges (MS. m?genes) healp, 2699.
help, m. and f., help, support, maintenance: acc. sg. helpe, 551, 1553; dat. sg. t? helpe, 1831; acc. sg. helpe, 2449.
hende, _-handed_: in comp. ?del-hende.
her, adv., here_, 397, 1062, 1229, 1655, 1821, 2054, 2797, etc.; _hither, 244, 361, 376.
here (Goth, harji-s), st. m., army, troops_: dat. sg. on herge, in the army, on a warlike expedition, 1249; in the army, among the fighting men_, 2639; as instr. herge, 2348.--Comp.: flot-, scip-, sin-here.
here-br?ga, w. m., terror of the army, fear of war: dat. sg. for here-br?gan, 462.
here-byrne, w. f., battle-mail, coat of mail: nom. sg., 1444.
here-gr?ma, w. m., battle-mask, i.e. helmet (with visor): dat. sg. -gr?man, 396, 2050, 2606.
here-net, st. n., battle-net, i.e. coat of mail (of interlaced rings): nom. sg., 1554.
here-n?e, st. m., battle-enmity, battle of armies: nom. sg., 2475.
here-pad, st. f., army-dress, i.e. coat of mail, armor: nom. sg., 2259.
here-rinc, st. m., army-hero, hero in battle, warrior: acc. sg. here-rinc (MS. here ric), 1177.
here-sceaft, st. m., battle-shaft, i.e. spear: gen. pl. here-sceafta he芍p, 335.
here-sp那d, st. f., _(war-speed), luck in war_: nom. sg., 64.
here-str?l, st. m., war-arrow, missile: nom. sg., 1436.
here-syrce, w. f., battle-shirt, shirt of mail: acc. sg. here-syrcan, 1512.
here-w?d, st. f., army-dress, coat of mail, armor: dat. pl. (as instr.) here-w?dum, 1898.
here-w?sma, w. m., war-might, fierce strength in battle: dat. pl. an here-w?smum, 678.--Leo.
here-w?sa, w. m., leader of the army, i.e. ruler, king: nom. sg., 3021.
herg, hearg, st. m., image of a god, grove where a god was worshipped, hence to the Christian a wicked place(?): dat. pl. hergum geheaeerod, confined in wicked places (parallel with hell-bendum f?st), 3073.
herigean, w. v. w. dat. of pers., _to provide with an army, to support with an army_: pres. sg. I. ic te wel herige, 1834.--Leo.
hete, st. m., hate, enmity: nom. sg. 142, 2555.--Comp.: ecg-, moreor-, w?g-hete.
hete-l?c, adj., hated: nom. sg., 1268.
hetend, hettend, (pres. part. of hetan, see hatian), enemy, hostis: nom. pl. hetende, 1829; dat. pl. wie hettendum, 3005.
hete-n?e, st. m., enmity full of hate: acc. pl. hete-n?eas, 152.
hete-sweng, st. m., a blow from hate: acc. pl. hete-swengeas, 2226.
hete-tanc, st. m., hate-thought, a hostile design: dat. pl. mid his hete-tancum, 475.
h那dan, ge-h那dan, w. v. w. gen.: 1) to protect: pret. sg. ne h那dde he t?s heafolan, did not protect his head, 2698.--2) to obtain: subj. pret. sg. III. geh那dde, 505.
h那rian, w. v. w. acc., to praise, to commend_: with reference to God, to adore_: inf. heofena helm h那rian ne c?eon, _could not worship the defence of the heavens_ (God), 182; ne h?ru Hildeburh h那rian torfte Eotena tre車we, had no need to praise the fidelity of the Eotens, 1072; pres. subj. t?t mon his wine-dryhten wordum h那rge, 3177.
ge-heaeerian, w. v., to force, to press in: pret. part. ge-heaeerod, 3073.
heaeo-byrne, w. f., battle-mail, shirt of mail: nom. sg., 1553.
heaeo-de車r, adj., bold in battle, brave: nom. sg., 689; dat. pl. heaeo-de車rum, 773.
heaeo-fyr, st. n., battle-fire, hostile fire: gen. sg. heaeu-fyres, 2523; instr. pl. heaeo-fyrum, 2548, of the drake's fire-spewing.
heaeo-grim, adj., grim in battle, 548.
heaeo-helm, st. m., battle-helmet, war-helmet: nom. sg., 3157(?).
heaeo-lac, st. n., battle-play, battle: dat. sg. ?t heaeo-lace, 584; gen. sg. heaeo-laces hal, 1975.
heaeo-m?re, adj., renowned in battle: acc. pl. -m?re, 2803.
heaeo-r?s, st. m., storm of battle, attack in battle, entrance by force: nom. sg., 557; acc. pl. -r?sas, 1048; gen. pl. -r?sa, 526.
heaeo-re芍f, st. n., battle-dress, equipment for battle: acc. sg. heaeo-re芍f he車ldon (kept the equipments), 401.
heaeo-rinc, st. m., battle-hero, warrior: acc. sg. tone heaeo-rinc (Hr那eel's son, H?ecyn), 2467; dat. pl. t?m heaeo-rincum, 370.
heaeo-r?f, adj., renowned in battle: nom. sg., 381; nom. pl. heaeo-r?fe, 865.
heaeo-scearp, adj., sharp in battle, bold: n. m. pl. (-scearde, MS.), 2830.
heaeo-se車c, adj., battle-sick: dat. sg. -si車cum, 2755.
heaeo-ste芍p, adj., high in battle, excelling in battle: nom. sg. in weak form, heaeo-ste芍pa, 1246; acc. sg. heaeo-ste芍pne, 2154, both times of the helmet.
heaeo-swat, st. m., blood of battle: dat. sg. heaeo-swate, 1607; as instr., 1461; gen. pl. hatost heaeo-swata, 1669.
heaeo-sweng, st. m., battle-stroke (blow of the sword): dat. sg. ?fter heaeu-swenge, 2582.
heaeo-torht, adj., loud, clear in battle: nom. sg. stefn ... heaeo-torht, the voice clear in battle, 2554.
heaeo-w?d, st. f., battle-dress, coat of mail, armor: instr. pl. heaeo-w?dum, 39.
heaeo-weorc, st. n., battle-work, battle: acc. sg., 2893.
heaeo-wylm, st. m., _hostile (flame-) wave_: acc. pl. hate heaeo-wylmas, 2820; gen. pl. heaeo-wylma, 82.
heaf, st. n., sea: acc. pl. ofer heafo, 2478. See Note.
heafola. See hafela.
heal, st. f., hall, main apartment, large building (consisting of an assembly-hall and a banqueting-hall): nom. sg. heal, 1152, 1215; heall, 487; acc. sg. healle, 1088; dat. sg. healle, 89, 615, 643, 664, 926, 1010, 1927, etc.; gen. sg. [healle], 389.--Comp.: gif-, meodo-heal.
heal-?rn, st. n., hall-building, hall-house: gen. sg. heal-?rna, 78.
heal-gamen, st. n., social enjoyment in the hall, hall-joy: nom. sg., 1067.
heal-reced, st. n., hall-building: acc. sg., 68.
heal-sittend, pres. part., sitting in the hall (at the banquet): dat. pl. heal-sittendum, 2869; gen. pl. heal-sittendra, 2016.
heal-tegn, st. m., hall-thane, i.e. a warrior who holds the hall: gen. sg. heal-tegnes, of Grendel, 142; acc. pl. heal-tegnas, of Be車wulfs band, 720.
heal-wudu, hall-wood, i.e. hall built of wood: nom. sg., 1318.
healdan, st. v. w. acc.: 1) to hold, to hold fast; to support: pret. pl. h? ta stanbogan ... 那ce eorereced innan he車ldon (MS. healde), _how the arches of rock within held the everlasting earth-house_, 2720. Pret. sg., with a person as object: he車ld hine to f?ste, held him too fast, 789; w. the dat. he him fre車ndlarum he車ld, supported him with friendly advice, 2378.--2) to hold, to watch, to preserve, to keep_; reflexive, to maintain one's self, to keep one's self_: pres. sg. II. eal tu hit getyldum healdest, m?gen mid m?des snyttrum, _all that preservest thou continuously, strength and wisdom of mind_, 1706; III. healdee hige-m那eum he芍fod-wearde, holds for the dead the head-watch, 2910; imp. sg. II. heald fore tela niwe sibbe, keep well, from now on, the new relationship, 949; heald (heold, MS.) tu nu hruse ... eorla ?hte, _preserve thou now, Earth, the noble men's possessions_, 2248; inf. se te holmclifu healdan scolde, _watch the sea-cliffs_, 230; so, 705; nacan ... arum healdan, _to keep well your vessel_, 296; wearde healdan, 319; forl那ton eorla gestre車n eorean healdan, 3168; pres. part. dre芍m healdende, holding rejoicing (i.e. thou who art rejoicing), 1228; pret. sg. he車ld hine syeean fyr and f?stor, _kept himself afterwards afar and more secure_, 142; ?gwearde he車ld, _I have (hitherto) kept watch on the sea_, 241; so, 305; hi車ld he芍h-lufan wie h?leea brego, preserved high love, 1955; ginf?stan gife ... he車ld, 2184; gold-maemas he車ld, took care of the treasures of gold, 2415; he車ld m?n tela, protected well mine own, 2738; tonne ... sceft ... nytte he車ld, _had employment, was employed_, 3119; he車ld mec, protected, i.e. brought me up, 2431; pret. pl. heaeo-re芍f he車ldon, watched over the armor, 401; sg. for pl. he芍fodbeorge ... walan ?tan he車ld, _outwards, bosses kept guard over the head_, 1032.--Related to the preceding meaning are the two following: 3) to rule and protect the fatherland: inf. gif tu healdan wylt maga rice, 1853; pret. he車ld, 57, 2738.--4) _to hold, to have, to possess, to inhabit_: inf. l那t tone brego-st?l Be車wulf healdan, 2390; gerund. t? healdanne hle車burh wera, 1732; pret. sg. he車ld, 103, 161, 466, 1749, 2752; lyftwynne he車ld nihtes hw?lum, _at night-time had the enjoyment of the air_, 3044; pret. pl. Ge芍ta le車de hreawic he車ldon, _the Ge芍tas held the place of corpses_ (lay dead upon it), 1215; pret. sg. t?r he車 ?r m?ste he車ld worolde wynne, _in which she formerly possessed the highest earthly joy_, 1080.--5) to win, to receive: pret. pl. I. heoldon he芍h gesceap, we received a heavy fate, heavy fate befell us, 3085.
be-healdan, w. acc.: 1) to take care of, to attend to: pret. sg. tegn nytte behe車ld, a thane discharged the office, 494; so, 668.--2) _to hold_: pret. sg. se te fl?da begong ... behe車ld, 1499.--3) _to look at, to behold_: tryeswye behe車ld m?g Higelaces h? ..., _great woe saw H.'s kinsman, how ..._, 737.
for-healdan, w. acc., _(to hold badly), to fall away from, to rebel_: pret. part. h?fdon hy forhealden helm Scylfinga, _had rebelled against the defender of the Scylfings_, 2382.
ge-healdan: 1) to hold, to receive, to hold fast: pres. sg. III. se te waldendes hyldo gehealdee, who receives the Lord's grace, 2294; pres. subj. f?der alwalda ... e車wic gehealde s?ea gesunde, _keep you sound on your journey_, 317; inf. ne meahte he ... on tam frum-gare feorh gehealdan, could not hold back the life in his lord, 2857.--2) _to take care, to preserve, to watch over; to stop_: imp. sg. hafa nu and geheald h?sa s那lest, 659; inf. gehealdan h那t hilde-geatwe, 675; pret. sg. he fr?twe gehe車ld fela missera, 2621; tone te ?r gehe車ld wie hettendum hord and r?ce, him who before preserved treasure and realm, 3004.--3) to rule: inf. folc gehealdan, 912; pret. sg. gehe車ld tela (brade r?ce), 2209.
healf, st. f., half, side, part: acc. sg. on ta healfe, _towards this side_, 1676; dat. sg. h?leeum be healfe, at the heroes' side, 2263; acc. pl. on twa healfa, upon two sides, mutually, 1096; on ba healfa (healfe), on both sides (to Grendel and his mother), 1306; _on two sides, on both sides_, 2064; gen. pl. on healfa gehwone, in half, through the middle, 801.
healf, adj., half: gen. sg. healfre, 1088.
heals, st. m., neck: acc. sg. heals, 2692; dat. sg. wie halse, 1567; be healse, 1873.--Comp.: the adjectives famig-, wunden-heals.
heals-be芍h, st. m., neck-ring, collar: acc. sg. tone heals-be芍h, 2173; gen. pl. heals-be芍ga, 1196.
heals-gebedde, w. f., beloved bedfellow, wife: nom. sg. healsgebedde (MS. healsgebedda), 63.
healsian, w. v. w. acc., to entreat earnestly, to implore: pret. sg. ta se te車den mec ... healsode hre車h-m?d t?t..., _entreated me sorrowful, that_..., 2133.
heard, adj.: 1) of persons, able, efficient in war, strong, brave: nom. sg. heard, 342, 376, 404, 1575, 2540, etc.; in weak form, se hearda, 401, 1964; se hearda tegn, 2978; tes hearda he芍p, 432; nom. pl. hearde hilde-frecan, 2206; gen. pl. heardra, 989. Comparative: acc. sg. heardran h?le, 720. With accompanying gen.: w?ges heard, strong in battle, 887; dat. sg. n?ea heardum, 2171.--2) of the implements of war, _good, firm, sharp, hard_: nom. sg. (g?e-byrne, l?c-syrce) heard, 322, 551. In weak form: masc. here-str?l hearda, 1436; se hearda helm, 2256; neutr. here-net hearde, 1554; acc. sg. (swurd, w?pen), heard, 540, 2688, 2988; nom. pl. hearde ... homera lafe, 2830; heard and hring-m?l Heaeobeardna gestre車n, 2038; acc. pl. heard sweord, 2639. Of other things, _hard, rough, harsh, hard to bear_: acc. sg. hreeer-bealo hearde, 1344; nom. sg. wr?ht ... heard, 2915; here-n?e hearda, 2475; acc. sg. heoro-sweng heardne, 1591; instr. sg. heardan ce芍pe, 2483; instr. pl. heardan, heardum clammum, 964, 1336; gen. pl. heardra hynea, 166. Compar.: acc. sg. heardran feohtan, 576.--Comp.: fyr-, ?ren-, n?e-, regn-, sc?r-heard.
hearde, adv., hard, very, 1439.
heard-ecg, adj., sharp-edged, hard, good in battle: nom. sg., 1289.
heard-fyrde, adj., hard to take away, heavy: acc. sg. hard-fyrdne, 2246.--Leo.
heard-hycgend, pres. part. of a warlike disposition, brave: nom. pl. -hicgende, 394, 800.
hearg-tr?f, st. n., tent of the gods, temple: dat. pl. ?t h?rg-trafum (MS. hr?rg trafum), 175.
hearm, st. m., harm, injury, insult: dat. sg. mid hearme, 1893.
hearm-sceaea, w. m., enemy causing injury_ or _grief: nom. sg. hearm-scaea, 767.
hearpe, w. f., harp: gen. sg. hearpan sw那g, 89, 3024; hearpan wynne (wyn), 2108, 2263.
he芍eu, st. f., sea, waves: acc. sg. he芍eu, 1863?
he芍eu-l?eend, pres. part., sea-farer, sailor: nom. pl. -l?eende, 1799; dat. pl. -l?eendum (designation of the Ge芍tas), 2956.
he芍fod, st. n., head: acc. sg., 48, 1640; dat. sg. he芍fde, 1591, 2291, 2974; dat. pl. he芍fdum, 1243.
he芍fod-beorh, st. f., head-defence, protection for the head: acc. sg. he芍fod-beorge, 1031.
he芍fod-m?g, st. m., head-kinsman, near blood-relative: dat. pl. he芍fod-m?gum (brothers), 589; gen. pl. he芍fod-maga, 2152.
he芍fod-segn, st. n., head-sign, banner: acc. sg., 2153.
he芍fod-weard, st. f., head-watch acc. sg. healdee ... he芍fod-wearde le車fes and laees, for the friend and the foe (Be車wulf and the drake, who lie dead near each other), 2910.
he芍h, he芍, adj., high, noble (in composition, also primus): nom. sg. he芍h Healfdene, 57; he芍 (Higelac), 1927; he芍h (sele), 82; he芍h hl?w, 2806, 3159; acc. sg. he芍h (segn), 48, 2769; he芍hne (MS. he芍nne) hr?f, 984; dat. sg. in (t?) sele tam he芍n, 714, 920; gen. sg. he芍n h?ses, 116.--high, heavy: acc. he芍h gesceap (an unusual, heavy fate), 3085.
he芍-burh, st. f., high city, first city of a country: acc. sg., 1128.
he芍h-cyning, st. m., high king, mightiest of the kings: gen. sg. -cyninges (of Hr?egar), 1040.
he芍h-gestre車n, st. n., splendid treasure: gen. pl. -gestre車na, 2303.
he芍h-lufe, w. f., high love: acc. sg. he芍h-lufan, 1955.
he芍h-sele, st. m., high hall, first hall in the land, hall of the ruler: dat. sg. he芍h-sele, 648.
he芍h-setl, st. n., high seat, throne: acc. sg., 1088.
he芍h-stede, st. m., high place, ruler's place: dat. sg. on he芍h-stede, 285.
he芍n, adj., depressed, low, despised, miserable: nom. sg., 1275, 2100, 2184, 2409.
he芍p, st. m., heap, crowd, troop: nom. sg. tegna he芍p, 400; tes hearda he芍p, this brave band, 432; acc. sg. here-sceafta he芍p, _the crowd of spears_, 335; mago-rinca he芍p, 731; dat. sg. on he芍pe, in a compact body, as many as there were of them, 2597.--Comp. w?g-he芍p.
he芍wan, st. v., to hew, to cleave: inf., 801.
ge-he芍wan, cleave: pres. subj. ge-he芍we, 683.
heoeu, st. f., the interior of a building: dat. sg. t?t he on heoee gest?d, in the interior (of the hall, Heorot), 404.
heofon, st. m., heaven: nom. sg., 3157; dat. sg. hefene, 1572; gen. sg. heofenes, 414, 576, 1802, etc.; gen. pl. heofena, 182; dat. pl. under heofenum, 52, 505.
heolfor, st. n., gore, fresh_ or _crude blood: dat. instr. sg. hatan heolfre, 850, 1424; heolfre, 2139; under heolfre, 1303.
heolster, st. n., haunt, hiding-place: acc. sg. on heolster, 756.
heonan, adv., hence, from here: heonan, 252; heonon, 1362.
heor, st. m., door-hinge: nom. pl. heorras, 1000.
heorde, adj. See wunden-heorde.
heore-gene芍t, st. m., hearth-companion, i.e. a vassal of the king, in whose castle he receives his livelihood: nom. pl. heore-gene芍tas, 261, 3181; acc. pl. heore-gene芍tas, 1581, 2181; dat. pl. heore-gene芍tum, 2419.
heorot, st. m., stag: nom. sg., 1370.
heorte, w. f., heart: nom. sg., 2562; dat. sg. ?t heortan, 2271; gen. sg. heortan, 2464, 2508.--Comp.: the adjectives bl?e-, grom-, r?m-, stearc-heort.
heoru, st. m., sword: nom. sg. heoru bunden (cf. under b?ndan), 1286. In some of the following compounds heoro- seems to be confounded with here- (see here).
heoro-blac, adj., pale through the sword, fatally wounded: nom. sg. [heoro-]blac, 2489.
heoru-dre車r, st. m., sword-blood: instr. sg. heoru-dre車re, 487; heoro-dre車re, 850.
heoro-dre車rig, adj., bloody through the sword: nom. sg., 936; acc. sg. heoro-dre車rigne, 1781, 2721.
heoro-drync, st. m., sword-drink, i.e. blood shed by the sword: instr. pl. hioro-dryncum swealt, died through sword-drink, i.e. struck by the sword, 2359.
heoro-g?fre, adj., eager for hostile inroads: nom. sg., 1499.
heoro-grim, adj., sword-grim, fierce in battle: nom. sg. m., 1565; fem. -grimme, 1848.
heoro-h?cihte, adj., provided with barbs, sharp like swords : instr. pl. mid eofer-spre車tum heoro-h?cyhtum, 1439.
heoro-serce, w. f., shirt of mail: acc. sg. hioro-sercean, 2540.
heoro-sweng, st. m., sword-stroke: acc. sg. 1591.
heoro-weallende, pres. part., rolling around fighting, of the drake, 2782. See weallian.
heoro-wearh, st. m. _he who is sword-cursed, who is destined to die by the sword_: nom. sg., 1268.
he車fan, w. v., to lament, to moan: part. nom. pl. hi車fende, 3143.
a-he車ran, to free (?): w. acc. pret. sg. bryd ahe車rde, 2931.
he車re, adj., pleasant, not haunted, secure: nom. sg. fem, nis t?t he車ru st?w, that is no secure place, 1373.--Comp. un-he車re (-hyre).
hider, adv., hither, 240, 370, 394, 3093, etc.
ofer-higian, w. v. (according to the connection, probably), to exceed, 2767. (O.H.G. ubar-hugjan, to be arrogant.)
hild, st. f., battle, combat: nom. sg., 452, 902, 1482, 2077; hild heoru-grimme, 1848; acc. sg. hilde, 648; instr. sg. hilde, _through combat_, 2917; dat. sg. ?t hilde, 1461.
hilde-bil, st. n., battle-sword: nom. sg., 1667; instr. dat. sg. hilde-bille, 557, 1521.
hilde-bord, st. n., battle-shield: acc. pl. hilde-bord, 397; instr. pl. -bordum, 3140.
hilde-cyst, st. f., excellence in battle, bravery in battle: instr. pl. -cystum, 2599.
hilde-de車r, adj., bold in battle, brave in battle: nom. sg., 312, 835, 1647, 1817; hilde-di車r, 3112; nom. pl. hilde-de車re, 3171.
hilde-freca, w. m., hero in battle: nom. pl. hilde-frecan, 2206; dat. sg. hild-frecan, 2367.
hilde-geatwe, st. f. pl., equipment for battle, adornment for combat: acc. hilde-geatwe, 675; gen. -geatwa, 2363.
hilde-gicel, st. m., battle-icicle, i.e. the blood which hangs upon the sword-blades like icicles: instr. pl. hilde-gicelum, 1607.
hilde-grap, st. f., battle-gripe: nom. sg., 1447, 2508.
hilde-hlemma, w. m., one raging in battle, warrior, fighter: nom. sg., 2352, 2545; dat. pl. eft t?t ge-eode ... hilde-hl?mmum, _it happened to the warriors_ (the Ge芍tas), 2202.
hilde-le車ma, w. m., battle-light, gleam of battle, hence: 1) the fire-spewing of the drake in the fight: nom. pl. -le車man, 2584.--2) _the gleaming sword_: acc. sg. -le車man, 1144.
hilde-mecg, st. m., man of battle, warrior: nom. pl. hilde-mecgas, 800.
hilde-m那ce, st. m., battle-sword: nom. pl. -m那ceas, 2203.
hilde-rand, st. m., battle-shield: acc. pl. -randas, 1243.
hllde-r?s, st. m., storm of battle: acc. sg., 300.
hilde-rinc, st. m., man of battle, warrior, hero: nom. sg., 1308, 3125, 3137; dat. sg. hilde-rince, 1496; gen. sg. hilde-rinces, 987.
hilde-s?d, adj., satiated with battle, not wishing to fight any more: acc. sg. hilde-s?dne, 2724.
hilde-sceorp, st. n., battle-dress, armor, coat of mail: acc. sg., 2156.
hilde-setl, st. n., battle-seat (saddle): nom. sg., 1040.
hilde-strengo, st. f., battle-strength, bravery in battle: acc., 2114.
hilde-swat, st. m., battle-sweat: nom. sg. hat hilde-swat (the hot, damp breath of the drake as he rushes on), 2559.
hilde-tux, st. m., battle-tooth: instr. pl. hilde-tuxum, 1512.
hilde-w?pen, st. m., battle-weapon: instr. pl. -w?pnum, 39.
hilde-w?sa, w. m., leader in battle, general: dat. sg. fore Healfdenes hildew?san, Healfdene's general (Hn?f), 1065.
hild-freca. See hilde-freca
hild-fruma, st. m., battle-chief: dat. sg. -fruma, 1679, 2650; gen. sg. t?s hild-fruman, 2836.
hlld-lata, w. m., he who is late in battle, coward: nom. pl. ta hild-latan, 2847.
hilt, st. n., sword-hilt: nom. gylden hilt, 1678; acc. sg. t?t hilt, 1669; hylt, 1668. Also used in the plural; acc. ta hilt, 1615; dat. pl, be hiltum, 1575.--Comp.: fetel-, wreoeen-hilt.
hilte-cumbor, st. n., banner with a staff: acc. sg., 1023.
hilted, pret. part., provided with a hilt_ or _handle: acc. sg. heard swyrd hiked, sword with a (rich) hilt, 2988.
hin-f?s, adj., ready to die: nom. sg. hyge w?s him hinf?s (i.e. he felt that he should not survive), 756.
hindema, adj. superl., hindmost, last: instr. sg. hindeman s?ee, _the last time, for the last time_, 2050, 2518.
hirde, hyrde, st. m., (herd) keeper, guardian, possessor: nom. sg. folces hyrde, 611, 1833, 2982; r?ces hyrde, 2028; fyrena hyrde, _the guardian of mischief, wicked one_, 751, 2220; wuldres hyrde, _the king of glory, God_, 932; hringa hyrde, the keeper of the rings, 2246; cumbles hyrde, the possessor of the banner, the bearer of the banner, 2506; folces hyrde, 1850; fr?twa hyrde, 3134; r?ces hyrde, 3081; acc. pl. h?ses hyrdas, 1667.--Comp.: grund-hyrde.
hit (O.N. hita), st. f. (?), heat: nom. sg. tenden hyt sy, 2650.
hladan, st. v.: 1) to load, to lay: inf. on b?l hladan le車fne mannan, lay the dear man on the funeral-pile, 2127; him on bearm hladan bunan and discas, laid cups and plates upon his bosom, loaded himself with them, 2776; pret. part. t?r w?s wunden gold on w?n hladen, laid upon the wain, 3135.--2) to load, to burden: pret. part. ta w?s ... s?ge芍p naca hladen herew?dum, loaded with armor, 1898.--Comp. gilp-hl?den.
ge-hladan, w. acc., to load, to burden: pret. sg. s?bat gehl?d (MS gehleod), 896.
hlaford, st. m., lord, ruler: nom. sg., 2376; acc. sg., 267; dat. sg. hlaforde, 2635; gen. sg. hlafordes, 3181.--Comp. eald-hlaford.
hlaford-le芍s; adj., without a lord: nom. pl. hlaford-le芍se, 2936.
hlaw, hl?w, st. m., grave-hill: acc. sg. hl?w, 2803, 3159, 3171; dat. sg. for hlawe, 1121. Also, grave-chamber (the interior of the grave-hill), cave: acc. sg. hlaw [under] hrusan, 2277; hl?w under hrusan, 2412; dat. sg. on hl?we, 2774. The drake dwells in the rocky cavern which the former owner of his treasure had chosen as his burial-place, 2242-2271.
hl?st, st. n., burden, load: dat. sg. hl?ste, 52.
hlem, st. m., noise, din of battle, noisy attack: in the compounds, uht-, w?l-hlem.
hlemma, w. m., one raging, one who calls; see hilde-hlemma.
a-hlehhan, st. v., to laugh aloud, to shout, to exult: pret. sg. his m?d ahl?g, his mood exulted, 731.
hleahtor, st. m., laughter: nom. sg., 612; acc. sg., 3021.
hle芍pan, st. v., to run, to trot, to spring: inf. hle芍pan l那ton ... fealwe mearas, 865.
a-hleapan, to spring up: pret. ahle車p, 1398.
hleoeu. See hlie.
hleonian, w. v., to incline, to hang over: inf. oe t?t he ... fyrgen-be芍mas ofer harne stan hleonian funde, _till he found mountain-trees hanging over the gray rocks_, 1416.
hle車, st. m., shady, protected place; defence, shelter; figurative designation of the king, or of powerful nobles: w?gendra hle車, of Hr?egar, 429; of Sigemund, 900; of Be車wulf, 1973, 2338; eorla hle車, of Hr?egar, 1036, 1867; of Be車wulf, 792; of Hygelac, 2191.
hle車-burh, st. f., ruler's castle_ or _city: acc. sg., 913, 1732.
hle車eor-cwyde, st. m., speech of solemn sound, ceremonious words, 1980.
hle車r, st. n., cheek, jaw: in comp. f?ted-hle車r (adj.).
hle車r-bera, w. m., cheek-bearer, the part of the helmet that reaches down over the cheek and protects it: acc. pl. ofer hle車r-beran (visor?), 304.
hle車r-bolster, st. m., cheek-bolster, pillow: nom. sg., 689.
hle車tan, st. v. w. acc., to obtain by lot, to attain, to get: pret. sg. feorh-wunde hle芍t, 2386.
hlifian, w. v., to rise, to be prominent: inf. hlifian, 2806; pret. hlifade, 81, 1800, 1899.
hlie, st. n., cliff, precipice of a mountain: dat. sg. on hliee, 3159; gen. sg. hliees, 1893; pl. hlieo in composition, stan-hlieo; hleoeu in the compounds fen-, mist-, n?s-, wulf-hleoeu.
hlin-bed (Frisian hlen-bed, Richthofen 206^28, for which another text has cronk-bed), st. n., [Greek: klinidion], bed for reclining, sick-bed: acc. sg. hlim-bed, 3035.
t?-hl?dan, st. v., to spring apart, to burst: pret. part. nom. pl. t?-hlidene, 1000.
hl?d, adj., loud: acc. sg. dre芍m ... hl?dne, 89.
hlyn, st. m., din, noise, clatter: nom. sg., 612.
hlynnan, hlynian, w. v., to sound, to resound: inf. hlynnan (of the voice), 2554; of fire, to crackle: pret. sg. hlynode, 1121.
hlynsian, w. v., to resound, to crash: pret. sg. reced hlynsode, 771.
hlytm, st. m., lot: dat. sg. n?s ta on hlytme, hwa t?t hord strude, _it did not depend upon lot who should plunder the hoard_, i.e. its possession was decided, 3127.
hnah, adj.: 1) low, inferior: comp. acc. sg. hnagran, 678; dat. sg. hnahran rince, an inferior hero, one less brave, 953.--2) _familiarly intimate_: nom. sg. n?s hi車 hnah swa te芍h, _was nevertheless not familiarly intimate_ (with the Ge芍tas, i.e. preserved her royal dignity towards them), (niggardly?), 1930.
hn?gan, w. v. w. acc., (for n?gan), to speak to, to greet: pret. sg. t?t he tone w?san wordum hn?gde fre芍n Ingwina, 1319.
ge-hn?gan, w. acc., to bend, to humiliate, to strike down, to fell: pret. sg. ge-hn?gde helle gast, 1275; t?r hyne Hetware hilde gehn?gdon, 2917.
hnitan, st. v., to dash against, to encounter, here of the collision of hostile bands: pret. pl. tonne hniton (hnitan) f那ean, 1328, 2545.
hoema, w. m., place of concealment, cave_, hence, _the grave: dat. sg. in hoeman, 2459.
hof, st. n., enclosed space, court-yard, estate, manor-house: acc. sg. hof (Hr?egar's residence), 312; dat. sg. t? hofe s?num (Grendel's home in the sea), 1508; t? hofe (Hygelac's residence), 1975; acc. pl. beorht hofu, 2314; dat. pl. t? hofum Ge芍ta, 1837.
hogode. See hycgan.
hold, adj., inclined to, attached to, gracious, dear, true: nom. sg. w. dat. of the person, hold weorod fre芍n Scyldinga, _a band well disposed to the lord of the Scyldings_, 290; mandrihtne hold, 1230; Hygelace w?s ... nefa swyee hold, to H. was his nephew (Be車wulf) very much attached, 2171; acc. sg. turh holdne hige, _from a kindly feeling, with honorable mind_, 267; holdne wine, 376; holdne, 1980; gen. pl. holdra, 487.
hold. See healdan.
holm, st. m., deep sea: nom. sg., 519, 1132, 2139; acc. sg., 48, 633; dat. sg. holme, 543, 1436, 1915; acc. pl. holmas, 240.--Comp. w?g-holm.
holm-clif, st. n., sea-cliff: dat. sg. on tam holm-clife, 1422; from t?m holmclife, 1636; acc. pl. holm-clifu, 230.
holm-wylm, st. m., the waves of the sea: dat. sg. holm-wylme, 2412.
holt, st. n., wood, thicket, forest. acc. sg. on holt, 2599; holt, 2847.--Comp.: ?sc-, fyrgen-, gar-, Hrefnes-holt.
holt-wudu, st. m., forest-wood: 1) of the material: nom. sg., 2341.--2) = forest: acc. sg., 1370.
hord, st. m. and n., hoard, treasure: nom. sg., 2284, 3085; be芍ga hord, 2285; maema hord, 3012; acc. sg. hord, 913, 2213, 2320, 2510, 2745, 2774, 2956, 3057; sawle hord, 2423; t?t hord, 3127; dat. sg. of horde, 1109; for horde, on account of (the robbing of) the hoard, 2782; h?enum horde, 2217; gen. sg. hordes, 888.--Comp.: be芍h-, bre車st-, word-, wyrm-hord.
hord-?rn, st. n., place in which a treasure is kept, treasure-room: dat. hord-?rne, 2832; gen. pl. hord-?rna, 2280.
hord-burh, st. f., city in which is the treasure (of the king's), ruler's castle: acc. sg., 467.
hord-gestre車n, st. n., hoard-treasure, precious treasure: dat. pl. hord-gestre車num, 1900; gen. pl. m?gen-byreenne hord-gestre車na, _the great burden of rich treasures_, 3093.
hord-maeeum, st. m., treasure-jewel, precious jewel: acc. sg. (-madmum, MS.), 1199.
hord-wela, w. m., treasure-riches, abundance of treasures: acc. sg. hord-welan, 2345.
hord-weard, st. m., warder of the treasure, hoard-warden: 1) of the king: nom. sg., 1048; acc. sg., 1853.--2) of the drake: nom. sg., 2294, 2303, 2555, 2594.
hord-weoreung, st. f., ornament out of the treasure, rich ornament: acc. sg.--weoreunge, 953.
hord-wyn, st. f., treasure-joy, joy-giving treasure: acc. sg. hord-wynne, 2271.
horn, st. m., horn: 1) upon an animal: instr. pl. heorot hornum trum, 1370.--2) wind-instrument: nom. sg., 1424; acc. sg., 2944.--Comp. g?e-horn.
horn-boga, w. m., bow made of horn: dat. sg. of horn-bogan, 2438.
horn-ge芍p, adj., of great extent between the (stag-)horns adorning the gables(?): nom. sg. sele ... he芍h and horn-ge芍p, 82.
horn-reced, st. n., building whose two gables are crowned by the halves of a stag's antler(?): acc. sg., 705. Cf. Heyne's Treatise on the Hall, Heorot, p. 44.
hors, st. n., horse: nom. sg., 1400.
h?ciht, adj., provided with hooks, hooked: in comp. heoro-h?ciht.
be-h?fian, w. v. w. gen., to need, to want: pres. sg. III. nu is se d?g cumen tat ?re man-dryhten m?genes beh?fae g?dra g?erinca, _now is the day come when our lord needs the might of strong warriors_, 2648.
on-h?hsnian, w. v., to hinder: pret. sg. t?t onh?hsnode Heminges m?g (on hohsnod, MS.), 1945.
h?linga, adv., in vain, without reason, 1077.
be-h?n, st. v., to hang with: pret. part. helmum behongen, 3140.
hop, st. n., protected place, place of refuge, place of concealment, in the compounds fen-, m?r-hop.
h?s (Goth, hansa), st. f., accompanying troop, escort: instr. sg. m?gea h?se, with an accompanying train of servingwomen, 925.
hr?ee, adv., hastily, quickly, immediately, 224, 741, 749, 1391, etc.; hraee, 1438; hreee, 992; compar. hraeor, 543.
hran-fix, st. m., whale: acc. pl. hron-fixas, 540.
hran-rad, st. f., whale-road, i.e. sea: dat. sg. ofer hron-rade, 10.
hra, st. n., corpse: nom. sg., 1589.
hra-fyl, st. m., fall of corpses, killing, slaughter: acc. sg., 277.
hr?dl?ce, adv., hastily, immediately, 356, 964.
hr?fn, hrefn, st. m., raven_: nom. sg. hrefn blaca, _black raven, 1802; se wonna hrefn, the dark raven, 3025; dat. sg. hrefne, 2449.
hr?gl, st. n., dress, garment, armor: nom. sg., 1196; gen. sg., hr?gles, 1218; gen. pl. hr?gla, 454--Comp.: beado-, fyrd-, mere-hr?gl.
hreee. See hraee.
hreeer, st. m., breast, bosom nom. sg. hreeer inne we車ll _(it surged in his breast_), 2114; hreeer ?eme we車ll, 2594; dat. sg. in hreere, 1152; of hreere, 2820.--Breast_ as the seat of feeling, _heart: dat. sg. t?t w?s ... hreere hygem那ee, that was depressing to the heart (of the slayer, H?ecyn), 2443; on hreere, 1879, 2329; gen. pl. turh hreera gehygd, 2046.--Breast as seat of life: instr. sg. hreere, parallel with aldre, 1447.
hreeer-bealo, st. n., _evil that takes hold on the heart, evil severely felt_: acc. sg., 1344.
hrefn. See hr?fn.
hr那e, st. f., glory; in composition, g?e-hr那e; _renown, assurance of victory_, in sige-hr那e.
hr那ee, adj., renowned in battle: nom. sg. hr那e (on account of the following ?t, final _e_ is elided, as w那nic for w那ne ic, 442; fr?for and fultum for fr?fre and fultum, 699; firen ondrysne for firene ondr., 1933), 2576.
hr那e-sigor, st. m., glorious victory: dat. sg. hr那e-sigora, 2584.
hr那mig, adj., boasting, exulting: with instr. and gen. h?ee hr那mig, 124; since hr那mig, 1883; fr?twum hr那mig, 2055; nom. pl. nealles Hetware hr那mge torfton (sc. wesan) f那ee-w?ges, 2365.
on-hr那ran, w. v., to excite, to stir up: pret. part. on-hr那red, 549, 2555.
hrea-w?c, st. n., place of corpses: acc. sg. Ge芍ta le車de hrea-w?c he車ldon, held the place of corpses, 1215.
hre芍d, st. f., ornament(?), in comp. earm-hre芍d. See hre車ean.
hre芍m, st. m., noise, alarm:: nom. sg., 1303.
hre車ea, w. m., cover, in the compound bord-hre車ea.
hre車ean, ge-hre車ean, st. v., to cover, to clothe; only in the pret. part. hroden, gehroden, dressed, adorned: hroden, 495, 1023; ta w?s heal hroden fe車nda feorum, then was the hall covered with the corpses of the enemy, 1152; ge-hroden golde, adorned with gold, 304.--Comp.: be芍g-, gold-hroden.
hre車h, hre車w, hre車, adj., _excited, stormy, wild, angry, raging; sad, troubled_: nom. sg. (Be車wulf) hre車h and heoro-grim, 1565; t?t tam g?dan w?s hre車w on hreere, (that came with violence upon him, pained his heart), 2329; hre車 w?ron yea, the waves were angry, the sea stormy, 548; n?s him hre車h sefa, his mind was not cruel, 2181; dat. sg. on hre車n m?de, _of sad heart_, 1308; on hre車um m?de, angry at heart, 2582.
hre車h-m?d, adj., of sad heart_, 2133; _angry at heart, 2297.
hre車san, st. v., to fall, to sink, to rush: pret. hre芍s, 2489, 2832; pret. pl. hruron, 1075; hie on weg hruron, they rushed away, 1431; hruron him te芍ras, tears burst from him, 1873.
be-hre車san, to fall from, to be divested of: pret. part. acc. pl. fyrn-manna fatu ... hyrstum behrorene, divested of ornaments (from which the ornaments had fallen away), 2760.
hre車w, st. f., distress, sorrow: gen. pl. t?t w?s Hr?egare hre車wa tornost, _that was to Hr?egar the bitterest of his sorrows_, 2130.
hring, st. m.: 1) ring: acc. sg. tone hring, 1203; hring gyldenne, 2810; acc. pl. hringas, 1196, 1971, 3035; gen. pl. hringa, 1508, 2246.--2) _shirt of mail_ (of interlaced rings): nom. sg. hring, 1504; byrnan hring, 2261.--Comp. ban-hring.
hringan, w. v., to give forth a sound, to ring, to rattle: pret. pl. byrnan hringdon, 327.
hring-boga, w. m., one who bends himself into a ring: gen. sg. hring-bogan (of the drake, bending himself into a circle), 2562.
hringed, pret. part., made of rings: nom. sg. hringed byrne, 1246; acc. sg. hringde byrnan, 2616.
hringed-stefna, w. m., ship whose stem is provided with iron rings (cramp-irons), especially of sea-going ships (cf. Frie-tiofs saga, I: torsteinn atti skip tat er Ellidi h那t, ... boreit war spengt iarni): nom. sg., 32, 1898; acc. sg. hringed-stefnan, 1132.
hring-?ren, st. n., ring-iron, ring-mail: nom. sg., 322.
hring-m?l, adj., marked with rings, i.e. ornamented with rings, or marked with characters of ring-form: nom. acc. sg., of the sword, 1522, 1562(?); nom. pl. heard and hring-m?l Heaeobeardna gestre車n (rich armor), 2038.
hring-naca, w. m., ship with iron rings, sea-going ship: nom. sg., 1863.
hring-net, st. n., ring-net, i.e. a shirt of interlaced rings: acc. sg., 2755; acc. pl. hring-net, 1890.
hring-sele, st. m., ring-hall, i.e. hall in which are rings, or in which rings are bestowed: acc. sg., 2841; dat. sg., 2011, 3054.
hring-weoreung, st. f., ring-ornament: acc. sg. -weoreunge, 3018.
hr?nan, st. v. w. dat.: 1) to touch, lay hold of: inf. t?t him heardra nan hr?nan wolde ?ren ?rg?d (_that no good sword of valiant men would make an impression on him_), 989; him for hr?f-sele hr?nan ne mehte f?rgripe fl?des (_the sudden grip of the flood might not touch him owing to the hall-roof_), 1516; t?t tam hring-sele hr?nan ne m?ste gumena ?nig _(so that none might touch the ringed-hall), _3054; pret. sg. sieean he hire folmum [hr]an (as soon as he touched it with his hands), 723; ?e t?t de芍ees wylm hran ?t heortan (seized his heart), 2271. Pret. subj. te芍h te him wund hr?ne (although he was wounded), 2977.--2) (O.N. hr?na, _sonare, clamare), to resound, rustle_: pres. part. nom. pl. hr?nde bearwas (for hr?nende) 1364; but see Note.
hroden. See hre車ean.
hron-fix. See hran-fix.
hr?eor, st. m., joy, beneficium: dat sg. hrefne t? hr?ere, 2449; gen. pl. hr?era, 2172.
hr?f, st. m., roof, ceiling of a house: nom. sg., 1000; acc. sg. under Heorotes hr?f, 403; under ge芍pne hr?f, 838; geseah ste芍pne hr?f (here inner roof, ceiling), 927; so, ofer he芍hne hr?f, 984; ymb t?s helmes hr?f, 1031; under beorges hr?f, 2756.--Comp. inwit-hr?f.
hr?f-sele, st. m., covered hall: dat. sg. hr?f-sele, 1516.
hr?r, adj., stirring, wide-awake, valorous: dat. sg. of t?m hr?ran, 1630.--Comp. fela-hr?r.
hruron. See hre車san.
hruse, w. f., earth, soil: nom. sg., 2248, 2559; acc. sg. on hrusan, 773, 2832; dat. sg. under hrusan, 2412.
hrycg, st. m., back: acc. sg. ofer w?teres hrycg (_over the water's back, surface_), 471.
hryre, st. m., fall, destruction, ruin: acc. sg., 3181; dat. sg., 1681, 3006.--Comp.: le車d-, w?g-hryre.
hrysian, w. v., to shake, be shaken, clatter: pret. pl. syrcan hrysedon (corselets rattled, of men in motion), 226.
hund, st. m., dog: instr. pl. hundum, 1369.
hund, num., hundred: tre車 hund, 2279; w. gen. pl. hund missera, 1499; hund t?senda landes and locenra be芍ga, 2995.
h?, adv., how, quomodo, 3, 116, 279, 738, 845, 2319, 2520, 2719, etc.
hue, st. f., booty, plunder: dat. (instr.) sg. h?ee, 124.
h?ru, adv., above all, certainly_, 369; _indeed, truly, 182, 670, 1072, 1466, 1945, 2837; yet, nevertheless_, 863; _now, 3121.
h?s, st. n., house: gen. sg. h?ses, 116; gen. pl. h?sa s那lest (Heorot), 146, 285, 659, 936.
hwan, adv., whither: t? hwan syeean weare hondr?s h?leea (_what issue the hand-to-hand fight of the heroes had_), 2072.
hwanan, hwanon, adv., whence: hwanan, 257, 2404; hwanon, 333.
hwa, interrog. and indef. pron., who: nom. sg. m. hwa, 52, 2253, 3127; neut. hw?t, 173; anes hw?t (a part only), 3011; hw?t ta men w?ron (_who the men were_), 233, etc.; hw?t syndon ge searo-h?bbendra (_what armed men are ye?_), 237; acc. sg. m. wie manna hwone (_from (?) any man_), 155; neut. turh hw?t, 3069; hw?t wit ge車 spr?con, 1477; hw?t ... hyneo (gen.), f?r-n?ea (what shame and sudden woes), 474; so, hw?t tu worn fela (_how very much thou_), 530; swylces hw?t, 881; hw?t ... arna, 1187; dat. m. hwam, 1697.--Comp. ?g-hwa.
hw?t, interj., what! lo! indeed! 1, 943, 2249.
ge-hwa, w. part, gen., each, each one: acc. sg. m. wie fe車nda gehwone, 294; n?ea gehwane, 2398; m那ca gehwane, 2686; gum-cynnes gehwone, 2766; fem, on healfa gehwone, 801; dat. sg. m. d?gora gehwam, 88; ?t n?ea gehwam, 883; tegna gehwam, 2034; eorla gehw?m, 1421; fem. in m?gea ge-hw?re, 25; nihta gehw?m, 1366; gen. sing. m. manna gehw?s, 2528; fem. d?da gehw?s, 2839.
hwar. See hw?r.
hw?der. See hwider.
hw?eer, pron., which of two: nom. sg. hw?eer ... uncer twega, 2531; swa hw?eer, utercunque: acc. sg. on swa hw?eere hond swa him gemet tince, 687.--Comp. ?g-hw?eer.
ge-hw?eer, each of two, either-other: nom. sg. m. w?s gehw?eer ?erum lifigende lae, 815; w?s ... gehw?eer ?erum hr?era gemyndig, 2172; ne gehw?eer incer (nor either of you two), 584; nom. sg. neut. gehw?eer tara (either of them, i.e. ready for war or peace), 1249; dat. sg. hiora gehw?erum, 2995; gen. sg. bega gehw?eres, 1044.
hw?eer, hw?eere, hw?ere, 1) adv., yet, nevertheless: hw?ere, 555, 891, 1271, 2099, 2299, 2378, etc.; hw?ere swa te芍h, however, notwithstanding, 2443; hw?eere, 574, 578, 971, 1719--2) conj., = utrum, whether: hw?ere, 1315; hw?eer, 1357, 2786.
hw?t, adj., sharp, bold, valiant: nom. sg. se secg hwata, 3029; dat. sg. hwatum, 2162; nom. pl. hwate, 1602, 2053; acc. pl. hwate, 2643, 3006.--Comp.: fyrd-, gold-hw?t.
hw?t. See hwa.
hw?r, adv., where: elles hw?r, elsewhere, 138; hw?r, somewhere, 2030. In elliptical question: wundur hwar tonne..., is it a wonder when...? 3063.--Comp. ?-hw?r.
ge-hw?r, everywhere: te芍h tu heaeo-r?sa gehw?r dohte (_everywhere good in battle_), 526.
hwele. See hwyle.
hwergen, adv., anywhere_: elles hwergen, _elsewhere, 2591.
hwettan, w. v., to encourage, urge: pres. subj. swa tin sefa hwette (_as thy mind urges, as thou likest_), 490; pret. pl. hwetton higer?fne (_they whetted the brave one_), 204.
hw那ne, adv., a little, paululum, 2700.
hwealf, st. f., vault: acc. sg. under heofones hwealf, 576, 2016.
hweorfan, st. v., to stride deliberately, turn, depart, move, die: pres. pl. tara te cwice hwyrfae, 98; inf. hw?lum he on lufan l?tee hworfan monnes m?d-getonc (sometimes on love (?) possessions (?) _permits the thoughts of man to turn_), 1729; londrihtes m?t ... monna ?ghwylc ?del hweorfan (_of rights of land each one of men must be deprived_), 2889; pret. sg. f?der ellor hwearf ... of earde (died), 55; hwearf ta hr?dl?ce t?r Hr?egar s?t, 356; hwearf ta b? bence (turned then to the bench), 1189; so, hwearf ta be wealle, 1574; hwearf geond t?t reced, 1982; hl?w oft ymbe hwearf (_went oft round the cave_), 2297; nalles ?fter lyfte lacende hwearf (_not at all through the air did he go springing_), 2833; subj. pret. sg, ?r he on weg hwurfe ... of geardum (died), 264.
and-hweorfan, to move against: pret. sg. ?e t?t ... norean wind heaeo-grim and-hwearf (till the fierce north wind blew in our faces), 548.
?t-hweorfan, to go to: pret. sg. hw?lum he on beorh ?t-hwearf (_at times returned to the mountain_), 2300.
ge-hweorfan, to go, come: pret. sg. gehwearf ta in Francna f?em feorh cyninges, 1211; hit on ?ht gehwearf ... Denigea fre芍n, 1680; so, 1685, 2209.
geond-hweorfan, to go through from end to end: pres. sg. flet eall geond-hwearf, 2018.
hwider, adv., whither: hwyder, 163; hw?der (hw?eer, MS.), 1332.
hw?l, st. f., time, space of time: nom. sg. w?s se車 hw?l micel (_it was a long time_), 146; ta w?s hw?l d?ges (the space of a day), 1496; acc. sg. hw?le, for a time_, 2138; _a while, 105, 152; lange (longe) hw?le, _a long while_, 16, 2781; ane hw?le, a while, 1763; lytle hw?le, _brief space_, 2031, 2098; ?nige hw?le, any while, 2549; l?ssan hw?le, _a lesser while_, 2572; dat. sg. ?r d?ges hw?le, before daybreak, 2321; dat. pl. nihtes hw?lum, sometimes at night_, 3045. Adv., _sometimes, often: hw?lum, 175, 496, 917, 1729, 1829, 2017, 2112, etc.; hw?lum ... hw?lum, 2108-9-10.--Comp.: d?g-, gesc?p-, orleg-, sige-hw?l.
hw?t, adj., brilliant, flashing: nom. sg. se hw?ta helm, 1449.
hworfan. See hweorfan.
hw?pan, st. v., to cry, cry out mourn: pret. sg. hwe車p, 2269.
hwyder. See hwider.
hwylc, pron., which, what, any: 1) adj.: nom. sg. m. sceaea ic nat hwylc, 274; fem, hwylc orleghw?l, 2003; nom. pl. hwylce S?ge芍ta s?eas w?ron, 1987.--2) subst., w. gen. pl. nom. m.: Frisna hwylc, 1105; fem, efne swa hwylc m?gea swa tone magan cende (whatever woman brought forth this son), 944; neut. tonne his bearna hwylc (than any one of his sons), 2434; dat. sg. efne swa hwylcum manna swa him gemet t?hte, 3058.--Comp.: ?g-, nat-, wel-hwylc.
ge-hwylc, ge-hwilc, ge-hwelc, w. gen. pl., each: nom. sg. m. gehwylc, 986, 1167, 1674; acc. sg. m. gehwylcne, 937, 2251, 2517; gehwelcne, 148; fem, gehwylce, 1706; neut. gehwylc, 2609; instr. sg. d?gra gehwylce, 1091; so, 2058, 2451; dat. sg. m. gehwylcum, 412, 769, 785, etc.; fem, ecga gehwylcre, 806; neut. cynna gehwylcum, 98; gen. sg. m. and neut. gehwylces, 733, 1397, 2095.
hwyrft, st. m., circling movement, turn: dat. pl. adv. hwyrftum scr?eae (wander to and fro), 163.--Comp. ed-hwyrft.
hycgan, w. v., to think, resolve upon: pret. sg. ic t?t hogode t?t ... (my intention was that ...), 633.--Comp. w. pres. part.: bealo-, heard-, sw?e-, tanc-, w?s-hycgend.
for-hycgan, to despise, scorn, reject with contempt: pres. sg. I. ic t?t tonne for-hicge t?t ..., reject with scorn the proposition that ..., 435.
ge-hycgan, to think, determine upon: pret. sg. ta tu ... feorr gehogodest s?cce s那cean, 1989.
ofer-hycgan, to scorn: pret. sg. ofer-hogode ta hringa fengel t?t he tone w?dflogan weorode ges?hte (scorned to seek the wide-flier with a host), 2346.
hydig (for hygdig), adj., thinking, of a certain mind: comp. an-, bealo-, grom-, n?e-, tr?st-hydig.
ge-hygd, st. n., thought, sentiment: acc. sg. turh hreera gehygd, 2046.--Comp.: bre車st-, m?d-gehygd, won-hyd.
hyge, hige, st. m., mind, heart, thought: nom. sg. hyge, 756; hige, 594; acc. sg. turh holdne hige, 267; gen. sg. higes, 2046; dat. pl. higum, 3149.
hyge-bend, st. m. f., mind-fetter, heart-band: instr. pl. hyge-bendum f?st, fast in his mind's fetters, secretly, 1879.
hyge-ge?mor, adj., sad in mind: nom. sg. hyge-gi?mor, 2409.
hyge-m那ee, adj.: 1) sorrowful, soul-crushing: nom. sg., 2443.--2) life-weary, dead: dat. pl. hyge-m那eum (-m?eum, MS.), 2910.
hyge-r?f, adj., brave, valiant, vigorous-minded: nom. sg. [hyger?f], 403; acc. sg. hige-r?fne, 204.
hyge-sorh, st. f., heart-sorrow: gen. pl. -sorga, 2329.
hyge-tyhtig, adj., doughty, courageous: acc. sg. hige-tihtigne (of Be車wulf), 747. See tyhtig.
hyge-trym, st. m., animi majestas, high-mindedness: dat. pl. for hige-trymmum, 339.
hyht, st. m., thought, pleasant thought, hope (Dietrich): nom. sg., 179.
ge-hyld (see healdan), st. n., support, protection: nom. sg., 3057.--Leo.
hyldan, w. v., to incline one's self, lie down to sleep: pret. sg. hylde hine, inclined himself, lay down, 689.
hyldo, st. f., inclination, friendliness, grace: acc. sg. hyldo, 2068, 2294; gen. sg. hyldo, 671, 2999.
a-hyrdan, w. v., harden: pret. part. a-hyrded, 1461.
hyrde. See hirde.
hyrst, st. f., accoutrements, ornament, armor: acc. sg. hyrste (Ongente車w's equipments and arms), 2989; acc. pl. hyrsta, 3166; instr. pl. hyrstum, 2763.
hyrstan, w. v., to deck, adorn: pret. part. hyrsted sweord, 673; helm [hyr]sted golde, 2256.
hyrtan, w. v., to take heart, be emboldened: pret. sg. hyrte hyne hord-weard (the drake took heart; see 2566, 2568, 2570), 2594.
hyse, st. m., youth, young man: nom. sg. as voc., 1218.
hyt. See hit.
hydan, w. v., to hide, conceal, protect, preserve: pres. subj. hyde [hine, himself] se te wylle, 2767; inf. w. acc. n? tu m?nne tearft hafalan hydan, 446; ?r he in wille hafelan [hydan] (ere in it he [the stag] will hide his head), 1373.
ge-hydan, w. acc., to conceal, preserve: pret. sg. gehydde, 2236, 3060.
hye, st. f., haven: dat. sg. ?t hyee, 32.
hye-weard, st. m., haven-warden: nom. sg., 1915.
hynan (see he芍n), w. v. w. acc., to crush, afflict, injure: pret. sg. hynde, 2320.
hyneu, st. f., oppression, affliction, injury: acc. sg. hyneu, 277; gen. sg. hw?t ... hyneo, 475; fela ... hyneo, 594; gen. pl. heardra hynea, 166.
hyran, w. v.: 1) to hear, perceive, learn: a) w. inf. or acc. with inf.: I. pret. sg. hyrde ic, 38, 582, 1347, 1843, 2024; III. sg. t?t he fram Sigemunde secgan hyrde, 876; I. pl. swa we s?el?ce secgan hyrdon, 273. b) w. acc.: n?nigne ic ... s那lran hyrde hordmaeeum (_I heard of no better hoard-jewel_), 1198. c) w. dependent clause: I. sg. pret. hyrde ic t?t ..., 62, 2164, 2173.--2) w. dat. of person, to obey: inf. ?e t?t him ?ghwylc tara ymbsittendra hyran scolde, 10; hyran heaeo-si車cum, 2755; Pret. pl. t?t him winemagas georne hyrdon, 66.
ge-hyran, to hear, learn: a) w. acc.: II. pers. sg. pres. m?nne gehyrae anfealdne get?ht, 255; III. sg. pret. gehyrde on Be車wulfe f?str?dne get?ht, 610. b) w. acc. and inf.: III. pl. pret. gehyrdon, 786. c) w. depend. clause: I. pres. sg. ic t?t gehyre t?t ..., 290.
I
ic, pers. pron. _I_: acc. mec, dat. me, gen. m?n; dual nom. wit, acc. uncit, unc, dat. unc, gen. uncer; pl. nom. we, acc. ?sic, ?s, dat. ?s, gen. ?ser. ic omitted before the verb, 470.
icge, gold (perhaps related to Sanskrit ??, = dominare, imperare, O.H.G. 那ht, wealth, opes), treasure?, sword (edge)?, 1108.--K?rner.
ides, st. f., woman, lady, queen: nom. sg., 621, 1076, 1118, 1169; dat. sg. idese, 1650, 1942. Also of Grendel's mother: nom. sg., 1260; gen. sg. idese, 1352.
in. See inn.
in: I. prep. w. dat. and acc.: 1) w. dat. (local, indicating rest), in: in geardum, 13, 2460; in t?m g?esele, 443; in be車rsele, 2636; so, 89, 482, 589, 696, 729, 2140, 2233, etc.; in m?gea gehw?re, 25; in tystrum, 87; in Caines cynne, 107; in hyra gryregeatwum (_in their accoutrements of terror, war-weeds_), 324; so, 395; in campe (in battle), 2506; hiora in anum (_in one of them_), 2600. Prep. postpositive: Scedelandum in, 19. Also, _on, upon_, like on: in ealo-bence, 1030; in gumst?le, 1953; in tam wongstede (on the grassy plain, the battle-field), 2787; in b?lstede, 3098. Temporal: in gear-dagum, 1.--2) w. acc. (local, indicating motion), _in, into_: in woruld, 60; in fyres f?em, 185; so, 1211; in Hrefnesholt, 2936. Temporal, in, at, about, toward: in ta t?de (in watide, MS.), 2228.
II. adv., in (here or there), 386, 1038, 1372, 1503, 1645, 2153, 2191, 2228; inn, 3091.
incge, adj. (perhaps related to icge), instr. sg. incge lafe (_with the costly sword_ ? or with mighty sword?), 2578.--[Edge: incge lafe, _edge of the sword_.--K. K?rner?]
in-fr?d, adj., very aged: nom. sg., 2450; dat. sg. in-fr?dum, 1875.
in-gang, st. m., entrance, access to: acc. sg., 1550.
in-genga, w. m., in-goer, visitor: nom. sg., of Grendel, 1777.
in-gesteald, st. m., house-property, possessions in the house: acc. sg., 1156.
inn, st. n., apartment, house: nom. sg. in, 1301.
innan, adv., within, inside, 775, 1018, 2413, 2720; on innan (_in the interior_), within, 1741, 2716; t?r on innan (in there), 71; burgum on innan (within his city), 1969. Also, therein: t?r on innan, 2090, 2215, 2245.
innan-weard, adv., inwards, inside, within, 992, 1977; inne-weard, 999.
inne, adv.: 1) inside, within, 643, 1282, 1571, 2114, 3060; word inne abe芍d (called, sent word, in, i.e. standing in the hall door), 390; _in it_ (i.e. the battle), 1142; t?r inne (therein), 118, 1618, 2116, 2227, 3088.--2) = insuper, still further, besides, 1867.
inwit, st. n., evil, mischief, spite, cunning hostility, as in
inwit-feng, st. m., malicious grasp, grasp of a cunning foe: nom. sg., 1448.
inwit-g?st, st. m., evil guest, hostile stranger: nom. sg., 2671.
inwit-hr?f, st. m., hostile roof, hiding-place of a cunning foe: acc. sg. under inwit-hr?f, 3124.
inwit-net, st. n., mischief-net, cunning snare: acc. sg., 2168.
inwit-n?e, st. n., cunning hostility, hostile contest: nom. pl. inwit-n?eas (hostility through secret attack), 1859; gen. pl. inwit-n?ea, 1948.
inwit-scear, st. m., massacre through cunning, murderous attack: acc. sg. eatolne inwit-scear, 2479.
inwit-searo, st. n., cunning, artful intrigue: acc. sg. turh inwit-searo, 1102. See searo.
inwit-sorh, st. f., _grief, remorse, mourning springing from hostile cunning_: nom. sg., 1737; acc. sg. inwid-sorge, 832.
inwit-tanc, adj., ill-disposed, malicious: dat. sg. he onf那ng hraee inwit-tancum (he quickly grasped the cunning-in-mind [Grendel]), 749.
irnan (for rinnan), st. v., to run_: so be-irnan, _to run up to_, occur: pret. sg him on m?d be-arn (came into his mind), 67.
on-irnan, to open: pret. sg. duru s?na onarn, 722.
irre-m?d, adj. See yrre-m?d.
?
?del, adj., empty, bare; deprived of: nom. sg., 145, 413; w. gen. lond-rihtes t?re m?gburge ?del (_deprived of his land-possessions among the people_ [of the Ge芍tas]), 2889.
?del-hende, adj., empty-handed, 2082.
?ren, st. n., iron, sword: nom. sg. dryhtl?c ?ren (_the doughty, lordly sword_), 893; ?ren ?r-g?d, 990; acc. sg. le車fl?c ?ren, 1810; gen. pl. ?rena cyst (choicest of swords), 674; ?renna cyst, 803; ?renna ecge (_edges of swords_), 2684.
?ren, adj., of iron: nom. sg. ecg w?s ?ren, 1460.
?ren-bend, st. f., iron band, bond, rivet: instr. pl. ?ren-bendum f?st (bold), 775, 999.
?ren-byrne, w. f., iron corselet: acc. sg. ?ren-byrnan, 2987. See ?sern-byrne.
?ren-heard, adj., hard as iron: nom. sg., 1113.
?renne, adj., of iron: in comp. eall-?renne.
?ren-tre芍t, st. m., iron troop, armored band: nom. sg., 330.
?s, st. n., ice: dat. sg. ?se, 1609.
?sern-byrne, w. f., iron corselet: acc. sg. ?sern-byrnan, 672. See ?ren-byrne.
?sern-sc?r, st. f., iron shower, shower of arrows: gen. sg. tone te oft gebad ?sern-sc?re, 3117.
?s-gebind, st. n., fetters of ice: instr. sg. ?s-gebinde, 1134.
?sig, adj., shining, brilliant (like brass): nom. sg. ?sig (said of a vessel covered with plates(?) of metal), 33.--Leo.
IO IU
i迆. See ge車.
i迆-man. See ge車-man.
i車-me車wle. See ge車-me車wle.
L
laeu, st. f., invitation.--Comp.: fre車nd-, ne車d-laeu.
ge-lafian, w. v. w. acc. pers. and instr. of the thing, to refresh, lave: pret. sg. wine-dryhten his w?tere gelafede, 2723.
lagu, st. m., lake, sea: nom. sg., 1631.
lagu-cr?ftig, adj., acquainted with the sea: nom. sg. lagu-cr?ftig mon (pilot), 209.
lagu-str?t, st. f., path over the sea: acc. sg. ofer lagu-str?te, 239.
lagu-stre芍m, st. m., sea-current, flood: acc. pl. ofer lagu-stre芍mas, 297.
land, st. n., land: nom. sg. lond, 2198; acc. sg. land, 221, 2063; lond, 2472, 2493; land Dena, 242, 253; lond Brondinga, 521; Finna land, 580; dat. sg. on lande (in the land), 2311, 2837; at near, land, shore, 1914; t? lande (to the land, ashore), 1624; gen. sg. landes, 2996; gen. pl. ofer landa fela (over much country, space; afar), 31l.--Comp.: el-, e芍-land.
land-b?end, part, pres., terricola, inhabitant of the land: nom. pl. lond-b?end, 1346; dat. pl. land-b?endum, 95.
land-fruma, w. m., ruler, prince of the country: nom. sg., 31.
land-gemyrcu, st. n. pl., frontier, land-mark: acc. pl., 209.
land-geweorc, st. n., land-work, fortified place: acc. sg. le車da land-geweorc, 939. See weorc, geweorc.
land-riht, st. n., _prerogatives based upon land-possessions, right to possess land_, hence real estate itself: gen. sg. lond-rihtes ?del, 2887.
land-waru, st. f., inhabitants, population: acc. pl. land-wara, 2322.
land-weard, st. m., guard, guardian of the frontier: nom. sg., 1891.
lang, long, adj., long: 1) temporal: nom. sg. t? lang, 2094; n?s ta long (lang) t? ton (not long after), 2592, 2846; acc. sg. lange hw?le (_for a long time_), 16, 2160, 2781; longe (lange) trage, 54, 114, 1258; lange t?d, 1916. Compar. nom. sg. lengra fyrst, 134.--2) local, nom. sg. se w?s f?ftiges f?tgemearces lang, 3044.--Comp.: and-, morgen-, niht-, up-lang.
lange, longe, adv., long: lange, 31, 1995, 2131, 2345, 2424; longe, 1062, 2752, 3109; t? lange (too long, excessively long), 906, 1337, 1749. Compar. leng, 451, 1855, 2802, 3065; n? ty leng (none the longer), 975. Superl. lengest (longest), 2009, 2239.
ge-lang, adj., extending, reaching to something_ or _somebody, hence ready, prepared: n? is r?d gelang eft ?t te anum (_now is help [counsel] at hand in thee alone_), 1377; gen is eall ?t te lissa gelong (_all of favor is still on thee dependent, is thine_), 2151. See ge-lenge.
lang-ge-stre車n, st. n., long-lasting treasure: gen. pl. long-gestre車na, 2241.--Leo.
langian, w. v., reflex, w. dat, to long, yearn: pres. sg. III. him ...?fter de車rum men dyrne langae beorn (_the hero longeth secretly after the dear man_), 1880.
lang-sum, adj., long-lasting, continuing: nom. sg. longsum, 134, 192, 1723; acc. sg. long-sumne, 1537.
lang-twidig, adj., long-granted, assured: nom. sg., 1709.
lata, w. m., a lazy, cowardly one; in comp. hild-lata.
la, interj., yes! indeed! 1701, 2865.
lac, st. n.: 1) measured movement, play: in comp. beadu-, heaeo-lac.--2) gift, offering: acc. pl. lac, 1864; lael?cu lac (_loathly offering, prey_), 1585; dat. pl. lacum, 43, 1869.--Comp. s?-lac.
ge-lac, st. n., sport, play: acc. pl. sweorda gelac (battle), 1041; dat. pl. ?t ecga gelacum, 1169.
lacan, st. v., _to move in measured time, dancing, playing, fighting, flying_, etc.: inf. dareeum lacan (fight), 2849; part. pres. ?fter lyfte lacende (flying through the air), 2833.
for-lacan, to deceive, betray: part, pret. he weare on fe車nda geweald fore forlacen (deceitfully betrayed into the enemy's hands), 904.
lad, st. f., street, way, journey: dat. sg. on lade, 1988; gen. sg. lade, 569.--Comp.: brim-, s?-lad.
ge-lad, st. n., way, path, road: acc. sg. unc?e gelad, 1411.
lae, adj., loathly, evil, hateful, hostile: nom. sg. lae, 816; lae lyft-floga, 2316; lae (enemy), 440; ne le車f ne lae, 511; neut. lae, 134, 192; in weak form, se laea (of the dragon), 2306; acc. sg. laene (wyrm), 3041; dat. sg. laeum, 440, 1258; gen. sg. laees (of the enemy), 842; fela laees (much evil), 930; so, 1062; laean l?ges, 83; laean cynnes, 2009, 2355; t?s laean (of the enemy), 132; acc. pl. neut. lae gewidru (_hateful storms_), 1376; dat. instr. pl. wie laeum, 550; laeum scuccum and scinnum, 939; laeum d?dum (with evil deeds), 2468; laean fingrum, 1506; gen. pl. laera manna, spella, 2673, 3030; laera (the enemy), 242. Compar. nom. sg. laera ... beorn, 2433.
lae-bite, st. m., hostile bite: dat. sg. lae-bite l?ces (_the body's hostile bite_ = the wound), 1123.
lae-gete車na, w. m., evil-doer, injurer: nom. sg., 975; nom. pl. lae-gete車nan, 559.
lae-l?c, adj., loathly, hostile: acc. pl. lae-l?cu, 1585.
laf, st. f.: 1) what is left, relic; inheritance, heritage, legacy: nom. sg. Hr那elan laf (Be車wulf's corselet), 454; nom. pl. f那la lafe (_the leavings of files_ = swords, Grein), 1033; so, homera lafe, 2830; on him gladiae gomelra lafe, heard and hringm?l Heaeobeardna gestre車n (_on him gleams the forefather's bequest, hard and ring-decked, the Heaeobeardas' treasure_, i.e. the equipments taken from the slain king of the Heaeobeardas), 2037; acc. sg. sweorda lafe (leavings of the sword, i.e. those spared by the sword), 2937.--2) _the sword as a specially precious heir-loom_: nom. sg., 2629; acc. sg. lafe, 796, 1489, 1689, 2192, 2564; instr. sg. incge lafe, 2578.--Comp.: ende-, eormen-, we芍-, yrfe-, ye-laf.
lar, st. f., lore, instruction, prescription: dat. sg. be f?der lare, 1951; gen. pl. lara, 1221; larena, 269.--Comp. fre車nd-lar.
last, st. m., footstep, track: acc. sg. last, 132, 972, 2165; on last (on the traces of, behind), 2946; nom. pl. lastas, 1403; acc. pl. lastas, 842.--Comp.: f那ee-, feorh-, f?t-, wr?c-last.
l?ger. See leger.
lager-bed, st. n., bed to lie on : instr. sg. leger-bedde, 1008.
l?s, adj., less, 1947; ty l?s (the less), 487; conjunct, _that not, lest_, 1919.
l?ssa, adj., less, fewer: nom. sg. l?ssa, 1283; acc. sg. m. l?ssan, 43; fem, l?ssan hw?le, 2572; dat. sg. for l?ssan (for less, smaller), 952. Superl. nom. sg. n? t?t l?sest w?s hond-gem?t[a], 2355.
l?t, adj., negligent, neglectful; w. gen.: nom. sg. elnes l?t, 1530.
l?dan, w. v. w. acc.: to lead, guide, bring: inf. l?dan, 239; pret. pl. l?ddon, 1160.
for-1?dan, to mislead: pret. pl. for-l?ddan, 2440 (?).
ge-l?dan, lead, bring: part. pret. ge-l?ded, 37.
l?fan, w. v.: 1), to bequeathe, leave: imper. sg. t?num magum l?f folc and r?ce, 1179; pret. sg. eaferum l?fde ... lond and le車dbyrig, 2471.--2) spare, leave behind: aht cwices l?fan (to spare aught living), 2316.
l?n-dagas, st. m. pl., loan-days, transitory days (of earthly existence as contrasted with the heavenly, unending): acc. pl. l?n-dagas, 2592; gen. pl. l?n-daga, 2342.
l?ne, adj., _inconstant, perishable, evanescent, given over to death or destruction_: nom. sg., 1755, 3179; acc. sg. of rust-eaten treasures, 3130; tas l?nan gesceaft (this fleeting life), 1623; gen. sg. l?nan l?fes, 2846.
l?ran, w. v., to teach, instruct: imper. sg. tu te l?r be ton (_learn this, take this to heart_), 1723.
ge-l?ran, to teach, instruct, give instruction: inf. ic t?s Hr?egar m?g ... r?d gel?ran (I can give H. good advice about this), 278; so, 3080; pret. pl. ta me t?t ge-l?rdon le車de m?ne (gave me the advice), 415.
l?stan, w. v.: 1) to follow, to sustain, serve: inf. t?t him se l?c-homa l?stan nolde (that his body would not sustain him), 813.--2) perform: imper. l?st eall tela (do all well), 2664.
ge-l?stan: 1) to follow, serve: pret. sg. (sweord) t?t mec ?r and oft gel?ste, 2501.--2) to fulfil, grant: subj. pres. pl. t?t ... wilges?eas, tonne w?g cume, le車de gel?stan (render war service), 24; inf. ic te sceal m?ne gel?stan fre車de (shall grant thee my friendship, be grateful), 1707; pret. sg. be車t ... gel?ste (fulfilled his boast), 524; gel?ste swa (_kept his word_), 2991; pres. part. h?fde E芍st-Denum ... gilp gel?sted (_had fulfilled for the East Danes his boast_), 830.
l?tan, st. v., to let, allow, w. acc. and inf.: pres. sg. III. l?tee, 1729; imper. pl. II. l?tae, 397; sg. II. l?t, 1489; pret. sg. l那t, 2390, 2551, 2978, 3151(?); pret. pl. l那ton, 48, 865, 3133; subj. pret. sg. II. l那te, 1997; sg. III. l那te, 3083.
a-l?tan: 1) to let, allow: subj. pres. sg. II. t?t tu ne al?te ... d?m ge-dre車san, 2666.--2) to leave, lay aside: inf. al?tan l?n-dagas (die) 2592; so, al?tan l?f and le車dscipe, 2751.
for-l?tan: 1) to let, permit, w. acc. and inf.: pret. sg. for-l那t, 971; pret. pl. for-l那ton, 3168. Also with inf. omitted: inf. nolde eorla hle車 ... tone cwealmcuman cwicne (i.e. wesan) forl?tan (_would not let the murderous spirit go alive_), 793.--2) to leave behind, leave: pret. sg. in tam wong-stede ... t?r he hine ?r forl那t (_where he had previously left him_), 2788.
of-l?tan, to leave, lay aside: pres. sg. II. gyf tu ?r tonne he worold ofl?test (leavest the world, diest), 1184; so pret. sg. ofl那t l?f-dagas and tas l?nan gesceaft, 1623.
on-l?tan, to release, liberate: pres. sg. III. tonne forstes bend f?der on-l?tee (as soon as the Father looseth the frost's fetters), 1610.
a-lecgan, w. v.: 1) to lay, lay down: pret. sg. syeean hilde-de車r hond a-legde ... under ge芍pne hr?f, 835; t?t he on Be車wulfes bearm a-legde (this [the sword] he laid in B.'s bosom, presented to him), 2195; pret. pl. a-ledon ta le車fne te車den ... on bearm scipes, 34; a-legdon ta t? middes m?rne te車den _(laid the mighty prince in the midst_ [of the pyre]), 3142.--2) to lay aside, give up: sieean ... in fen-freoeo feorh a-legde (laid down his life, died), 852; nu se here-w?sa hleahtor a-legde, gamen and gle車-dre芍m _(now the war-chief has left laughter_, etc.), 3021.
leger, st. n., couch, bed, lair: dat. sg. on legere, 3044.
lemian, w. v., to lame, hinder, oppress: pret. sg. (for pl.) hine sorh-wylmas lemede t? lange, 906. MS.
leng. See lang.
lenge, adj., extending along_ or _to, near (of time): nom. sg. neut. ne w?s hit lenge ta gen (nor was it yet long), 83.
ge-lenge, adj., extending, reaching to, belonging: nom. sg. yrfe-weard ... l?ce gelenge (an heir belonging to one's body), 2733.
let, st. m., place of rest, sojourn? in comp. eo-let (voyage?).
lettan, w. v., to hinder: pret. pl. (acc. pers. and gen. thing), t?t syeean na ... brim-l?eende lade ne letton (_might no longer hinder seafarers from journeying_), 569.
a-l那don. See a-lecgan.
l那g, st. m., flame, fire: nom. sg. wonna l那g (the lurid flame), 3116; sw?gende l那g, 3146; dat. sg. for dracan l那ge, 2550. See l?g.
l那g-draca, w. m., fire-drake, flaming dragon: nom. sg., 3041.
*leahan, le芍n, st. v. w. acc. to scold, blame: pres. sg. III. lyhe, 1049; pret. sg. l?g, 1812; pret. pl. l?gon, 203, 863.
be-le芍n, to dissuade, prevent: inf. ne inc ?nig mon ... bele芍n mihte sorhfullne s?e (_no one might dissuade you twain from your difficult journey_), 511.
leahtre. See or-leahtre.
le芍f, st. n., leaf, foliage: instr. pl. le芍fum, 97.
le芍fnes-word, st. n., permission, leave: acc. pl., 245.
le芍n. See leahan.
le芍n, st. n., reward, compensation: acc. sg., 114, 952, 1221, 1585, 2392; dat. sg. le芍ne, 1022. Often in the pl.: acc. ta le芍n, 2996; dat. tam le芍num, 2146; gen. le芍na, 2991.--Comp.: and-, ende-le芍n.
lean (for l?n, O.H.G. l那han), st. n, loan, 1810.
le芍nian, w. v., to reward, compensate: pres. sg. I. ic te ta f?hee fe車 le芍nige (repay thee for the contest with old-time treasures), 1381; pret. sg. me tone w?l-r?s wine Scyldinga f?ttan golde fela le芍node (_the friend of the Scyldings rewarded me richly for the combat with plated gold_), 2103.
le芍s, adj., false: nom. pl. le芍se, 253.
le芍s, adj., deprived of, free from, w. gen.: nom. sg. dre芍ma le芍s, 851; dat. sg. winigea le芍sum, 1665.--Comp.: d?m-, dre芍m-, ealdor-, feoh-, feormend-, hlaford-, sawol-, sige-, sorh-, t?r-, te車den-, wine-, wyn-le芍s.
le芍sig, adj., concealing one's self; in comp. sin-le芍sig(?).
leoeo-cr?ft, st. m., the art of weaving_ or _working in meshes, wire, etc.: instr. pl. segn eall-gylden ... gelocen leoeo-cr?ftum (_a banner all hand-wrought of interlaced gold_), 2770.
leoeo-syrce, w. f., _shirt of mail (limb-sark)_: acc. sg. locene leoeo-syrcan (locked linked sark), 1506; acc. pl. locene leoeo-syrcan, 1891.
leomum. See lim.
leornian, w. v., to learn, devise, plan: pret. him t?s g?e-cyning ... wr?ce leornode (the war-king planned vengeance therefor), 2337.
le車d, st. m., prince: nom. sg., 341, 348, 670, 830, 1433, 1493, 1613, 1654, etc.; acc. le車d, 626.
le車d, st. f., people: gen. sg. le車de, 597, 600, 697. In pl. indicates individuals, people, kinsmen: nom. pl. le車de, 362, 415, 1214, 2126, etc.; gum-cynnes Ge芍ta le車de (_people of the race of the Ge芍tas_), 260; acc. pl. le車de, 192, 443, 1337, 1346, etc.; dat. pl. le車dum, 389, 521, 619, 698, 906, 1160, etc.; gen. pl. le車da, 205, 635, 794, 1674, 2034, etc.
le車d-bealo, st. n., (mischief, misfortune affecting an entire people), great, unheard-of calamity: acc. sg., 1723; gen. pl. le車d-bealewa, 1947.
le車d-burh, st. f., princely castle, stronghold of a ruler, chief city: acc. pl. -byrig, 2472.
le車d-cyning, st. m., king of the people: nom. sg., 54.
le車d-fruma, w. m., prince of the people, ruler: acc. sg. le車d-fruman, 2131.
le車d-gebyrgea, w. m., protector of the people, prince: acc. sg. -gebyrgean, 269.
le車d-hryre, st. m., fall, overthrow, of the prince, ruler: dat. sg. ?fter le車d-hryre (_after the fall of the king of the Heaeobeardas_, Fr?da, cf. 2051), 2031; gen. sg. t?s le車d-hryres (of the fall of Heardred, cf. 2389), 2392.
le車d-sceaea, w. m., injurer of the people: dat. sg. tam le車d-sceaean, 2094.
le車d-scipe, st. m., the whole nation, people: acc. sg., 2752; dat. sg. on tam le車d-scipe, 2198.
le車e, st. n., song, lay: nom. sg., 1160.--Comp.: fyrd-, gryre-, g?e-, sorh-le車e.
le車f, adj., lief, dear: nom. sg., 31, 54, 203, 511, 521, 1877, 2468; weak form m., le車fa, 1217, 1484, 1855, 2664; acc. sg. m. le車fne, 34, 297, 619, 1944, 2128, 3109, 3143; gen. sg. le車fes (m.), 1995, 2081, 2898; (neut.), 1062, 2911; dat. pl. le車fum, 1074; gen. pl. le車fra, 1916. Compar. nom. sg. neut. le車fre, 2652. Superl. nom. sg. m. le車fost, 1297; acc. sg. tone le車festan, 2824.
le車fl?c, dear, precious, valued: nom. sg. m. le車fl?c lind-w?ga, 2604; acc. sg. neut. le車fl?c ?ren, 1810.
le車gan, st. v., to lie, belie, deceive. subj. pres. n?fne him his wlite le車ge (unless his looks belie him), 250; pret. sg. he ne le芍g fela wyrda ne worda, 3030.
a-le車gan, to deceive, leave unfulfilled: pret. sg. he be車t ne a-l那h (_he left not his promise unfulfilled_), 80.
ge-le車gan, to deceive, betray: pret. sg. him se車 w那n gele芍h (_hope deceived him_), 2324.
le車ht, st. n., light, brilliance: nom. sg., 569, 728, 1751 (?); acc. sg. sunnan le車ht, 649; godes le車ht gece芍s (chose God's light, died), 2470; dat. sg. t? le車hte, 95.--Comp.: ?fen-, fyr-, morgen-le車ht.
le車ht, adj., luminous, bright: instr. sg. le車htan sweorde, 2493.
le車ma, w. m.: 1) light, splendor: nom. sg., 311, 2770; acc. sg. le車man, 1518; sunnan and m?nan le車man (light of sun and moon), 95.--2) (as beaduand hilde-le車ma), the glittering sword: nom. sg. lixte se le車ma (_the blade-gleam flashed_), 1571.
le車san, st. v., = amitti, in
be-le車san, to deprive, be deprived of: pres. part. (he車) weare beloren le車fum bearnum and br?erum (_was deprived of her dear children and brethren_), 1074.
for-le車san, with dat. instr., to lose something: pret. sg. t?r he d?me for-le芍s, ellen-m?reum (_there lost he the glory, the repute, of his heroic deeds_), 1471; pret. sg. for pl. tam te ?r his elne for-le芍s (_to him who, before, had lost his valor_), 2862; part. pret. nealles ic tam le芍num for-loren h?fde (not at all had I lost the rewards), 2146.
libban, w. v., to live, be, exist: pres. sing. III. lifae, 3169; lyfae, 945; leofae, 975, 1367, 2009; subj. pres. sg. II. lifige, 1225; pres. part. lifigende, 816, 1954, 1974, 2063; dat. sg. be te lifigendum (_in thy lifetime_), 2666; pret. sg. lifde, 57, 1258; lyfde, 2145; pret. pl. lifdon, 99. See unlifigende.
licgan, st. v.: 1) to lie, lie down_ or _low: pres. sg. nu se車 hand ligee (now the hand lies low), 1344; nu se wyrm ligee, 2746, so 2904; inf. licgan, 3130; licgean, 967, 3083; pret. sg. l?g, 40, 552, 2078; syeean Heardr那d l?g (_after Heardr那d had fallen_), 2389; pret. pl. lagon, 3049; l?gon, 566.--2) to lie prostrate, rest, fail: pret. sg. n?fre on ?re l?g w?d-c?ees w?g (never failed the far-famed one's valor at the front), 1042; syeean wieer-gyld l?g (after vengeance failed_, or, when Withergyld lay dead_, if W. is a proper name), 2052.
a-licgan, to succumb, fail, yield: inf. 2887; pret. sg. t?t his d?m a-l?g (that its power failed it), 1529.
ge-licgan, to rest, lie still: pret. sg. wind-blond gel?g, 3147.
lida, w. m., boat, ship (as in motion); in comp.: sund-, ye-lida.
lid-man, st. m., seafarer, sailor: gen. pl. lid-manna, 1624.
lim, st. n., limb, branch: instr. pl. leomum, 97.
limpan, st. v., to happen, befall (well or ill); impers. w. dat. pret. sg. h? lomp e車w on lade (how went it with you on the journey?), 1988.
a-limpan, to come about, offer itself: pret. sg. ?e t?t s?l a-lamp (_till the opportunity presented itself_), 623; pret. part, ta him a-lumpen w?s wistfylle w那n (since a hope of a full meal had befallen him), 734.
be-limpan, to happen to, befall: pret. sg. him si車 sar belamp, 2469.
ge-limpan, to happen, occur, turn out: pres. sg. III. hit eft gelimpee t?t..., 1754; subj. pres. tisse ansyne alwealdan tanc lungre gelimpe (thanks to the Almighty forthwith for this sight!), 930; pret. sg. him on fyrste gelamp t?t..., 76; swa him ful-oft gelamp (_as often happened to them_), 1253; t?s te hire se willa gelamp t?t ... (_because her wish had been fulfilled_), 627; fr?for eft gelamp sarig-m?dum, 2942; subj. pret. gif him tysl?cu tearf gelumpe, 2638; pret. part. Denum eallum weare ... willa gelumpen, 825.
lind, st. f. (properly linden; here, a a wooden shield covered with linden-bark or pith): nom. sg., 2342; acc. sg. geolwe linde, 2611; acc. pl. linde, 2366.
lind-gestealla, w. m., shield-comrade, war-comrade: nom. sg., 1974.
lind-h?bbend, pres. part., provided with a shield, i.e. warrior: nom. pl. -h?bbende, 245; gen. pl. h?bbendra, 1403.
lind-plega, w. m., shield-play, i.e. battle: dat. sg. lind-plegan, 1074, 2040.
lind-w?ga, w. m., shield-fighter, warrior: nom. sg., 2604.
linnan, st. v., to depart, be deprived of: inf. aldre linnan (_depart from life_), 1479; ealdres linnan, 2444.
lis, st. f., favor, affection: gen. pl. eall ... lissa, 2151.
list, st. m., art, skill, cleverness, cunning: dat. pl. adverbial, listum (cunningly), 782.
lixan, w. v., to shine, flash: pret. sg. lixte, 311, 485, 1571.
l?c, st. n.: 1) body, corpse: nom. sg., 967; acc. sg. l?c, 2081; t?t l?c (the body, corpse), 2128; dat. sg. l?ce, 734, 1504, 2424, 2572, 2733, 2744; gen. sg. l?ces, 451, 1123.-- 2) form, figure: in comp. eofor-, sw?n-l?c.
ge-l?c, adj., like, similar: nom. pl. m. ge-l?ce, 2165. Superl. ge-l?cost, 218, 728, 986, 1609.
l?c-hama, -homa, w. m. _(body-home, garment), body_: nom. sg. l?c-homa, 813, 1008, 1755; acc. sg. l?c-haman, 2652; dat. sg. l?c-haman, 3179.
l?cian, w. v., to please, like (impers.): pres. sg. III. me t?n m?d-sefa l?cae leng swa wel, 1855; pret. pl. tam w?fe ta word wel l?codon, 640.
l?cnes. See on-l?cnes.
l?c-sar, st. n., bodily pain: acc. sg. l?c-sar, 816.
l?c-syrce, w. f., body-sark, shirt of mail covering the body: nom. sg., 550.
1?ean, st. v., to move, go: pres. part. nom. pl. ta l?eende (_navigantes, sailors_), 221; ta w?s sund liden (the water was then traversed), 223.--Comp.: he芍eu-, mere-, w?g-l?eend.
l?ee (O.H.G. lindi), adj., gentle, mild, friendly: nom. sg. w. instr. gen. lara l?ee, 1221. Superl. nom. sg. l?eost, 3184.
lie-w?ge, st. n., _can in which l?e_ (a wine-like, foaming drink) _is contained_: acc. sg., 1983.
l?f, st. n., life: acc. sg. l?f, 97, 734, 1537, 2424, 2744, 2752; dat. sg. l?fe, 2572; t? l?fe (in one's life, ever) 2433; gen. sg. l?fes, 197, 791, 807, 2824, 2846; worolde l?fes (of the earthly life), 1388, 2344.--Comp. edw?t-l?f.
l?f-bysig, adj. _(striving for life or death), weary of life, in torment of death_: nom. sg., 967.
l?f-dagas, st. m. pl., lifetime: acc.-dagas, 794, 1623.
l?f-fre芍, w. m., lord of life, God: nom. sg., 16.
l?f-gedal, st. n., separation from life: nom. sg., 842.
l?f-gesceaft, st. f., fate, destiny: gen. pl.-gesceafta, 1954, 3065.
l?f-wraeu, st. f., protection for one's life, safety: acc. sg. l?f-wraee, 2878; dat. sg. t? l?f-wraee, 972.
l?f-wyn, st. f., pleasure, enjoyment, joy (of life): gen. pl. l?f-wynna, 2098.
l?g, st. m. n., flame, fire: nom. sg., 1123; dat. instr. sg. l?ge, 728, 2306, 2322, 2342; gen. sg. l?ges, 83, 782. See l那g.
l?g-draca, w. m., _ fire-drake, flaming dragon_; nom. pl., 2334. See l那g-draca.
l?g-egesa, w. m., horror arising through fire, flaming terror: acc. sg., 2781.
l?ge-torn, st. m., false, pretended insult_ or _injury, fierce anger(?): dat. sg. ?fter l?ge-torne _(on account of a pretended insult?_ or _fierce anger?_ cf. Bugge in Zacher's Zeits. 4, 208), 1944.
l?g-ye, st. m., wave of fire: instr. pl. l?g-yeum, 2673.
le車n, st. v., to lend: pret. sg. t?t him on tearfe lah tyle Hr?egares (which H.'s spokesman lent him in need), 1457.
on-le車on, to lend, grant as a loan, with gen. of thing and dat. pers.: pret. sg. ta he t?s w?pnes on-lah s那lran sweord-frecan, 1468.
loca, w. m., bolt, lock: in comp. ban-, burh-loca.
locen. See l?can.
lond, long. See land, lang.
lof, st. m. n., praise, repute: acc. sg. lof, 1537.
lof-d?d, st. f., deed of praise: instr. pl. lof-d?dum, 24.
lof-georn, adj., eager for praise, ambitious: superl. nom. sg. lof-geornost, 3184.
loga, w. m., liar; in comp. tre車w-loga.
losian, w. v., to escape, flee: pres. sg. III. losae, 1393, 2063; pret. sg. he on weg losade (fled away), 2097.
l?cian, w. v., to see, look at: pres. sg. II. s?-lac ... te tu her t? l?cast (booty of the sea that thou lookest on), 1655.
ge-l?me, adv., often, frequently, 559.
lufe, w. f., love: in comp. he芍h-, m?d-, w?f-lufe.
lufa (cf. and-leofa, big-leofa, nourishment), w. m., _food, subsistence; property, real estate_: acc. sg. on lufan (on possessions), 1729.--Comp. eard-lufa.
lufen, st. f. (cf. lufa), _subsistence, food; real estate, (enjoyment?)_: nom. sg. lufen (parallel with 那eel-wyn), 2887.
luf-tacen, st. n., love-token: acc. pl. luf-tacen, 1864.
lufian, w. v., to love, serve affectionately: pret. sg. III. lufode ta le車de (was on affectionate terms with the people), 1983.
lungre, adv.: 1) hastily, quickly, forthwith, 930, 1631, 2311, 2744.--2) quite, very, fully: fe車wer mearas lungre gel?ce (_four horses quite alike_), 2165.
lust, st. m., pleasure, joy: dat. pl. adv. lustum (joyfully), 1654; so, on lust, 619, cf. 600.
l?can, st. v., to twist, wind, lock, interweave: pret. part. acc. sg. and pl. locene leoeo-syrcan (_shirt of mail wrought of meshes or rings interlocked_), 1506, 1891; gen. pl. locenra be芍ga (_rings wrought of gold wire_), 2996.
be-l?can: 1) to shut, close in or around: pret. sg. winter yee be-le芍c ?s-gebinde (winter locked the waves with icy bond), 1133.-- 2) _to shut in, off, preserve, protect_: pret. sg. I. hig w?ge bele芍c manegum m?gea (_I shut them in, protected them, from war arising from many a tribe_), 1771. Cf. me w?ge bel?c wraeum fe車ndum (protect me against mine enemies), Ps. 34, 3.
ge-l?can, to unite, link together, make: pret. part. gelocen, 2770.
on-l?can, to unlock, open: pret. sg. word-hord on-le芍c (_opened the word-hoard, treasure of speech_), 259.
t?-lucan, _(to twist, wrench, in two) to destroy_: inf., 782.
lyft, st. f. (m. n.?), air: nom. sg., 1376; dat. sg. ?fter lyfte (_along, through, the air_), 2833.
lyft-floga, w. m., air-flier: nom. sg. (of the dragon), 2316.
lyft-geswenced, pret. part., urged, hastened on, by the wind, 1914.
lyft-wyn, st. f., enjoyment of the air: acc. sg. lyft-wynne, 3044.
lyhe. See leahan.
lystan, w. v., to lust after, long for: pret. sg. Ge芍t ungemetes wel ... restan lyste(_the Ge芍t_ [Be車wulf] longed sorely to rest), 1794.
lyt, adj. neut. (= parum), little, very little, few: lyt eft becwom ... hames ni車san (few escaped homeward), 2366; lyt ?nig (none at all), 3130; usually with gen.: wintra lyt, 1928; lyt ... he芍fod-maga, 2151; wergendra t? lyt (too few defenders), 2883; lyt sw?gode n?wra spella (_he kept to himself little, none at all, of the new tidings_), 2898; dat. sg. lyt manna (too few of men), 2837.
lytel, adj., small, little: nom. sg. neut. t? lytel, 1749; acc. sg. f. lytle hw?le (a little while), 2031, 2098; lif-wraee lytle (_little protection for his life_), 2878.--Comp. un-lytel.
lyt-hw?n, adv., little = not at all: lyt-hw?n l?gon, 204.
lyfe, st. n., _leave, permission, (life?)_: instr. sg. t?ne lyfe (life, MS.), 2132.--Leo. Cf. O.N. leyfi, n., leave, permission, in M?bius' Glossary, p. 266.
lyfan, w. v., (fundamental meaning to believe, trust) in
a-lyfan, to allow, grant, entrust: pret. sg. n?fre ic ?negum men ?r alyfde ... trye-?rn Dena (_never before to any man have I entrusted the palace of the Danes_), 656; pret. part. (ta me w?s) s?e ... alyfed inn under eore-weall (the way in under the wall of earth was allowed me), 3090.
ge-lyfan, w. v., to believe, trust: 1) w. dat.: inf. t?r gelyfan sceal dryhtnes d?me se te hine de芍e nimee (_whomever death carrieth away, shall believe it to be the judgment of God_, i.e. in the contest between Be車wulf and Grendel), 440.--2) w. acc.: pret. sg. ge車ce gelyfde brego Beorht-Dena (believed in, expected, help, etc.), 609; t?t he車 on ?nigne eorl gelyfde fyrena fr?fre (_that she at last should expect from any earl comfort, help, out of these troubles_), 628; se te him bealwa t? b?te gelyfde (_who trusted in him as a help out of evils_), 910; him t? anwaldan are gelyfde (relied for himself on the help of God), 1273.
a-lysan, w. v., to loose, liberate: pret. part. ta w?s of t?m hr?ran helm and byrne lungre a-lysed (_helm and corselet were straightway loosed from him_), 1631.
M
maeelian, w. v. (sermocinari), to speak, talk: pret. sg. maeelode, 286, 348, 360, 371, 405, 456, 499, etc.; maeelade, 2426.
maga, w. m., son, male descendant, young man: nom. sg. maga Healfdenes (Hr?egar), 189, 1475, 2144; maga Ecgte車wes (Be車wulf), 2588: maga (Grendel), 979; se maga geonga (W?glaf), 2676; Grendeles maga (_a relative of Grendel_), 2007; acc. sg. tone magan, 944.
magan, v. with pret.-pres. form, to be able: pres. sg. I. III. m?g, 277, 478, 931, 943, 1485, 1734, etc.; II. meaht tu, 2048; subj. pres. m?ge, 2531, 2750; te芍h ic eal m?ge (even though I could), 681; subj. pl. we m?gen, 2655; pret. sg. meahte, 542, 755, 1131, 1660, 2465, etc.; mihte, 190, 207, 462, 511, 571, 657, 1509, 2092, 2610; mehte, 1083, 1497, 1516, 1878; pl. meahton, 649, 942, 1455, 1912, 2374, 3080; mihton, 308, 313, 2684, 3164; subj. pret. sg. meahte, 243, 763, 2521; pres. sg. m?g, sometimes = licet, may, can, will (fut.), 1366, 1701, 1838, 2865.
mago (Goth. magu-s), st. m., male, son: nom. sg. mago Ecglafes (Hunfere), 1466; mago Healfdenes (Hr?egar), 1868, 2012.
mago-dryht, st. f., troop of young men, band of men: nom. sg. mago-driht, 67.
mago-rinc, st. m., hero, man (preeminently): gen. pl. mago-rinca, he芍p, 731.
magu-tegn, mago-tegn, st. m., vassal, war-thane: nom. sg. 408, 2758; dat. sg. magu-tegne, 2080; acc. pl. magu-tegnas, 293; dat. pl. mago-tegnum, 1481; gen. pl. mago-tegna ... tone s那lestan (the best of vassals), 1406.
man, mon, st. m.: 1) man, human being: nom. sg. man, 25, 503, 534, 1049, 1354, 1399, 1535, 1877, etc.; mon, 209, 510, 1561, 1646, 2282, etc.; acc. sg. w. mannan, 297, 577, 1944, 2128, 2775; w?d-c?ene man, 1490; dat. sg. men, 656, 753, 1880; menn, 2190; gen. sg. mannes, 1195 (?), 2081, 2534, 2542; monnes, 1730; nom. pl. men, 50, 162, 233, 1635, 3167; acc. pl. men, 69, 337, 1583, 1718; dat. pl. mannum, 3183; gen. pl. manna, 155, 201, 380, 702, 713, 736, etc.; monna, 1414, 2888.--2) indef. pron. = _one, they, people_ (Germ. man): man, 1173, 1176; mon, 2356, 3177.--Comp.: fyrn-, gle車-, gum-, i迆-, lid-, s?-, w?pned-man.
man. See munan.
man-cyn, st. n., mankind: dat. sg. man-cynne, 110; gen. sg. man-cynnes, 164, 2182; mon-cynnes, 196, 1956.
man-dre芍m, st. m., human joy, mundi voluptas: acc. sg. man-dre芍m, 1265; dat. pl. mon-dre芍mum, 1716.
man-dryhten, st. m. (lord of men), ruler of the people, prince, king: nom. sg. man-dryhten, 1979, 2648; mon-drihten, 436; mon-dryhten, 2866; acc. sg. mon-dryhten, 2605; dat. sg. man-drihtne, 1230; man-dryhtne, 1250, 2282; gen. sg. man-dryhtnes, 2850; mon-dryhtnes, 3150.
ge-mang, st. m., troop, company: dat. sg. on gemonge (in the troop [of the fourteen Ge芍tas that returned from the sea]), 1644.
manian, w. v., to warn, admonish: pres. sg. III. manae swa and myndgae ... sarum wordum (so warneth and remindeth he with bitter words), 2058.
manig, monig, adj., many, many a, much: 1) adjectively: nom. sg. rinc manig, 399; geong manig (many a young man), 855; monig snell?c s?-rinc, 690; medu-benc monig, 777; so 839, 909, 919, 1511, 2763, 3023, etc.; acc. sg. medo-ful manig, 1016; dat. sg. m. tegne monegum, 1342, 1420; dat. sg. f. manigre m?gee, 75; acc. pl. manige men, 337; dat. pl. manegum maemum, 2104; monegum m?geum, 5; gen. pl. manigra m那da, 1179.--2) substantively: nom. sg. manig, 1861; monig, 858; dat. sg. manegum, 349, 1888; nom. pl. manige, 1024; monige, 2983; acc. pl. monige, 1599; gen. pl. manigra, 2092.--3) with depend. gen. pl.: dat. manegum m?gea, 1772; monegum fira, 2002; h?leea monegum bold-agendra, 3112; acc. pl. rinca manige, 729; (maem)-?hta monige, 1614.
manig-oft, adv., very often, frequently, 171 [if manig and oft are to be connected].
man-l?ce, adv., man-like, manly, 1047.
man-tw?re, adj., kind, gentle toward men, philanthropic: nom. sg. superl. mon-tw?rust, 3183.
ma, contracted compar., more: with partitive gen., 504, 736, 1056.
maeum, maeeum, st. m., gift, jewel, object of value: acc. sg. maeeum, 169, 1053, 2056, 3017; dat. instr. sg. maeme, 1529, 1903; nom. pl. maemas, 1861; acc. pl. madmas, 385, 472, 1028, 1483, 1757, 1868, etc.; dat. instr. pl. maemum, madmum, 1049, 1899, 2104, 2789; gen. pl. maema, 1785, 2144, 2167, etc.; madma, 36, 41.--Comp.: dryht-, gold-, hord-, ofer-, sinc-, wundor-maeum.
maem-?ht, st. f., treasure in jewels, costly objects: gen. pl. maem-?hta, 1614, 2834.
maeeum-f?t, st. n., treasure-casket_ or _cup, costly vessel: nom. sg., 2406.
maem-gestre車n, st. n., precious jewel: gen. pl. maem-gestre車na, 1932.
maeum-gifu, st. f., gift of valuable objects, largess of treasure: dat. sg. ?fter maeeum-gife, 1302.
maeum-sigl, st. n., costly, sun-shaped ornament, valuable decoration: gen. pl. maeeum-sigla, 2758.
maeum-sweord, st. n., costly sword (inlaid with gold and jewels): acc. sg., 1024.
maeum-wela, w. m., wealth of jewels, valuables:: dat. sg. ?fter-maeeum-welan (after the sight of the wealth of jewels), 2751.
magas. See m?g.
mage, w. f., female relative: gen. sg. Grendles magan (mother), 1392.
man, st. n., crime, misdeed: instr. sg. mane, 110, 979; adv., criminally, 1056.
man-for-d?dla, w. m., evil-doer, criminal: nom. pl. man-for-d?dlan, 563.
man-scaea, w. m., mischievous, hurtful foe, hostis nefastus: nom. sg. 713, 738, 1340; man-sceaea, 2515.
mara (comp. of micel), adj., greater, stronger, mightier: nom. sg. m. mara, 1354, 2556; neut. mare, 1561; acc. sg. m. maran, 2017; mund-gripe maran (a mightier hand-grip), 754; with following gen. pl. maran ... eorla (a more powerful earl), 247; fem. maran, 533, 1012; neut. mare, 518; with gen. pl. more-beala mare _(more, greater, deeds of murder_), 136; gen. sg. f. maran, 1824.
m?st (superl. of micel, mara), greatest, strongest: nom. sg. neut. (with partitive gen.), m?st, 78, 193; fem. m?st, 2329; acc. sg. fem. f?hee m?ste, 459; m?ste ... worolde wynne (the highest earthly pleasure), 1080; neut. n. (with partitive gen.) m?st m?rea, 2646; hond-wundra m?st, 2769; b?l-fyra m?st, 3144; instr. sg. m. m?ste cr?fte, 2182.
m?cg. See mecg.
m?ge, st. f., wife, maid, woman: nom. sg., 3017; gen. pl. m?gea h?se (accompanied by her maids of honor), 925; m?gea, 944, 1284.
m?gen, st. n.: 1) might, bodily strength, heroic power: acc. sg. m?gen, 518, 1707; instr. sg. m?gene, 780(?), 2668; gen. sg. m?genes, 418, 1271, 1535, 1717, etc.; m?gnes, 671, 1762; m?genes strang, strengest (_great in strength_), 1845, 196; m?genes r?f (id.), 2085.--2) prime, flower (of a nation), forces available in war: acc. sg. swa he oft (i.e. etan) dyde m?gen Hr那emanna (_the best of the Hreemen_), 445; gen. sg. wie manna hwone m?genes Deniga (_from(?) any of the men of the Danes_), 155.--Comp. ofer-m?gen.
m?gen-agend, pres. part., having great strength, valiant: gen. pl. -agendra, 2838.
m?gen-byreen, st. f., huge burthen: acc. sg. m?gen-byreenne, 3092; dat. (instr.) sg., 1626.
m?gen-cr?ft, st. m., great, hero-like, strength: acc. sg., 380.
m?gen-ellen, st. n. (the same), acc. sg., 660.
m?gen-fultum, st. m., material aid: gen. pl. n?s t?t tonne m?tost m?gen-fultuma (that was not the least of strong helps, i.e. the sword Hrunting), 1456.
m?gen-r?s, st. m., mighty attack, onslaught: acc. sg., 1520.
m?gen-strengo, st. f., main strength, heroic power: acc. sg., 2679.
m?gen-wudu, st. m., might-wood, i.e. the spear, lance: acc. sg., 236.
m?st, st. m., mast: nom. sg., 1899; dat. sg. be m?ste (_beside the mast_), 36; to the mast, 1906.
m?eum. See maeum, hyge-m?eum.
m?g, st. m., kinsman by blood: nom. sg. m?g, 408, 738, 759, 814, 915, 1531, 1945, etc; (brother), 468, 2605? acc. sg. m?g (son), 1340; (brother), 2440, 2485, 2983; dat. sg. m?ge, 1979; gen. sg. m?ges, 2629, 2676, 2699, 2880; nom. pl. magas, 1016; acc. pl. magas, 2816; dat. pl. magum, 1179, 2615, 3066; (to brothers), 1168; m?gum, 2354; gen. pl. maga, 247, 1080, 1854, 2007, 2743.--Comp.: f?deren-, he芍fod-, wine-m?g.
m?g-burh, st. f., _borough of blood-kinsmen, entire population united by ties of blood_; (in wider sense) race, people, nation: gen. sg. lond-rihtes ... t?re m?g-burge (of land possessions among the people, i.e. of the Ge芍tas), 2888.
m?ge, st. f., race, people: acc. sg. m?gee, 1012; dat. sg. m?gee, 75; dat. pl. m?geum, 5; gen. pl. m?gea, 25, 1772.
m?g-wine, st. m., blood kinsman, friend, 2480 (nom. pl.).
m?l, st. n.: l) time, point of time: nom. sg. 316; ta w?s s?l and m?l (there was [appropriate] chance and time), 1009; acc. sg. m?l, 2634; instr. pl. ?rran m?lum, 908, 2238, 3036; gen. pl. m?la, 1250; s?la and m?la, 1612; m?la gehwylce (each time, without intermission), 2058.--2) sword, weapon: nom. sg. broden (brogden) m?l (the drawn sword), 1617, 1668 (cf. Grimm, Andreas and Elene, p. 156).--3) _mole, spot, mark_.--Comp.: gr?g-, hring-, sceaeen-, wunden-m?l.
m?l-cearu, st. f., long-continued sorrow, grief: acc. sg. m?l-ceare, 189.
m?l-gesceaft, st. f., fate, appointed time: acc. pl. ie on earde bad m?l-gesceafta (awaited the time allotted for me by fate), 2738.
m?nan, w. v., with acc. in the sense of (1) _to remember, mention, proclaim_: inf. m?nan, 1068; pret. part. t?r w?s Be車wulfes m?reo m?ned, 858.--2) to mention sorrowfully, mourn: inf. 3173; pret. sg. gioheo m?nde (mourned sorrowfully), 2268; pret. pl. m?ndon, 1150, 3150.
ge-m?nan (see man), w. v. with acc., to injure maliciously, break: subj. pret. pl. ge-m?nden, 1102.
ge-m?ne, adj., common, in common: nom. sg. gem?ne, 2474; t?r unc hw?le w?s hand gem?ne (i.e. in battle), 2138; sceal ?rum t?t sweord and helm bam gem?ne (i.e. wesan), 2661; nom. pl. gem?ne, 1861; dat. pl. t?t tam folcum sceal ... sib gem?num (attraction for gem?ne, i.e. wesan), 1858; gen. pl. unc sceal (i.e. wesan) fela maema gem?nra (_we two shall share many treasures together_), 1785.
m?reu, st. f.: 1) glory, a heroes fame: nom. sg. 858; acc. sg. m?reo, 660, 688; acc. pl. m?rea, 2997; instr. pl. m?reum (gloriously), 2515: gen. pl. m?rea, 504, 1531.--2) deed of glory, heroism: acc. sg. m?reo, 2135; gen. pl. m?rea, 408, 2646.--Comp. ellen-m?reu.
m?re, adj., memorable; celebrated, noble; well known, notorious: nom. sg. m. m?re, 103, 129, 1716, 1762; se m?ra, 763, 2012, 2588; also as vocative m. se m?ra, 1475; nom. fem. m?ru, 2017; m?re, 1953; neut. m?re, 2406; acc. sg. m. m?rne, 36, 201, 353, 1599, 2385, 2722, 2789, 3099; neut. m?re, 1024; dat. sg. m?rum, 345, 1302, 1993, 2080, 2573; t? t?m m?ran, 270; gen. sg. m?res, 798; m?ran, 1730; nom. pl. m?re, 3071; superl. m?rost, 899,--Comp.: fore-, heaeo-m?re.
m?st. See mara.
m?te, adj., moderate, small: superl. nom. sg. m?tost, 1456.
mecg, m?cg, st. m., son, youth, man. in comp. hilde-, oret-mecg, wr?c-m?cg.
medla. See on-medla.
medu, st. m., mead: acc. sg. medu, 2634; dat. sg. t? medo, 605.
medo-?rn, st. n., mead-hall: acc. sg. medo-?rn (Heorot), 69.
medu-benc, st. f., mead-bench, bench in the mead-hall: nom. sg. medu-benc, 777; dat. sg. medu-bence, 1053; medo-bence, 1068, 2186; meodu-bence, 1903.
medu-dre芍m, st. m., mead-joy, joyous carousing during mead-drinking: acc. sg. 2017.
medo-ful, st. n., mead-cup: acc. sg. 625, 1016.
medo-heal, st. f., mead-hall: nom. sg., 484; dat. sg. meodu-healle, 639.
medu-scenc, st. m., mead-can, vessel: instr. pl. meodu-scencum, 1981.
medu-seld, st. n., mead-seat, mead-house: acc. sg., 3066.
medo-setl, st. n., mead-seat upon which one sits mead-drinking: gen. pl. meodo-setla, 5.
medo-st?g, st. f., mead-road, road to the mead-hall: acc. sg. medo-st?g, 925.
medo-wang, st. m., mead-field (where the mead-hall stood): acc. pl. medo-wongas, 1644.
meeel, st. n., assembly, council: dat. sg. on meele, 1877.
meeel-stede, st. m., (properly place of speech, judgment-seat), here meeting-place, battle-field (so, also 425, the battle is conceived under the figure of a parliament or convention): dat. sg. on t?m meeel-stede, 1083.
meeel-word, st. n., words called forth at a discussion; address: instr. pl. meeel-wordum, 236.
melda, w. m., finder, informer, betrayer: gen. sg. t?s meldan, 2406.
meltan, st. v. intrans., to consume by fire, melt or waste away: inf., 3012; pret. sg. mealt, 2327; pl. multon, 1121.
ge-meltan, the same: pret. sg. gemealt, 898, 1609, 1616; ne gemealt him se m?d-sefa (his courage did not desert him), 2629.
men. See man.
mene, st. m., neck ornament, necklace, collar: acc. sg., 1200.
mengan, w. v., to mingle, unite, with, w. acc. of thing: inf. se te mere-grundas mengan scolde, 1450.
ge-mengan, to mix with, commingle: pret. part. 849, 1594.
menigu, st. f., multitude, many: nom. and acc. sg. maema menigeo (multitude of treasures, presents), 2144; so, m?nigo, 41.
mercels, st. m., mark, aim: gen. sg. mercelses, 2440.
mere, st. m., sea, ocean: nom. sg. se mere, 1363; acc. sg. on mere, 1131, 1604; on nicera mere, 846; dat. sg. fram mere, 856.
mere-de車r, st. n., sea-beast: acc. sg., 558.
mere-fara, w. m., seafarer: gen. sg. mere-faran, 502.
mere-fix, st. m., sea-fish: gen. pl. mere-fixa (the whale, cf. 540), 549.
mere-grund, st. m., sea-bottom: acc. sg., 2101; acc. pl. mere-grundas, 1450.
mere-hr?gl, st. n., _-sea-garment_, i.e., sail: gen. pl. mere-hr?gla sum, 1906.
mere-l?eend, pres. part., moving on the sea, sailor: nom. pl. mere-l?eende, 255.
mere-str?t, st. f., sea-street, way over the sea: acc. pl. mere-str?ta 514.
mere-strengo, st. f., sea-power, strength in the sea: acc. sg., 533.
mere-w?f, st. n., sea-woman, mer-woman: acc. sg. (of Grendel's mother), 1520.
mergen. See morgen.
met, st. n., thought, intention (cf. metian = meditari): acc. pl. ons?l meoto, 489 (meaning doubtful; see Bugge, Journal 8, 292; Dietrich, Haupt's Zeits. 11, 411; K?rner, Eng. Stud. 2, 251).
ge-met, st. n., an apportioned share; might, power, ability : nom. sg. nis t?t ... gemet mannes nefne m?n anes (_nobody, myself excepted, can do that_), 2534; acc. sg. ofer m?n gemet (beyond my power), 2880; dat. sg. mid gemete, 780.
ge-met, adj., well-measured, meet, good: nom. sg. swa him gemet tince (t?hte), (as seemed meet to him), 688, 3058. See un-gemete, adv.
metan, st. v., to measure, pass over_ or _along: pret. pl. fealwe str?te mearum m?ton (measured the yellow road with their horses), 918; so, 514, 1634.
ge-metan, the same: pret. sg. medu-st?g gem?t.(_measured, walked over, the road to the mead-hall_), 925.
metod, st. m. (the measuring, arranging) Creator, God: nom. sg., 110, 707, 968, 1058, 2528; sc?r metod, 980; s?e metod, 1612; acc. sg. metod, 180; dat. sg. metode, 169, 1779; gen. sg. metodes, 671.--Comp. eald-metod.
metod-sceaft, st. f.: 1) _the Creator's determination, divine purpose, fate_: acc. sg. -sceaft, 1078.--2) the Creators glory: acc. sg. metod-sceaft se車n (i.e. die), 1181; dat. sg. t? metod-sceafte, 2816.
m那ce, st. m., sword: nom. sg., 1939; acc. sg. m那ce, 2048; bradne m那ce, 2979; gen. sg. m那ces, 1766, 1813, 2615, 2940; dat. pl. instr. m那cum, 565; gen. pl. m那ca, 2686.--Comp.: beado-, h?ft-, hilde-m那ce.
m那d, st. f., meed, reward: acc. sg. m那de, 2135; dat. sg. m那de, 2147; gen. pl. m那da, 1179.
ge-m那de, st. n., approval, permission (Grein): acc. pl. ge-m那du, 247.
m那ee, adj., tired, exhausted, dejected: in comp. hyge-, s?-m那ee.
m那tan, w. v., to meet, find, fall in with: with acc., pret. pl. syeean ?scheres ... hafelan m那tton, 1422; subj. pret. sg. t?t he ne m那tte ... on elran man mundgripe maran (_that he never met, in any other man, with a mightier hand-grip_), 752.
ge-m那tan, with acc., the same: pret. sg. gem那tte, 758, 2786; pl. n?s ta long t? ton, t?t ta agl?cean hy eft gem那tton (_it was not long after that the warriors again met each other_), 2593.
ge-m那ting, st. f., meeting, hostile coming together: nom. sg., 2002.
meagol, adj., mighty, immense; formal, solemn: instr. pl. meaglum wordum, 1981.
mearc, st. f., frontier, limit, end: dat. sg. t? mearce (_the end of life_), 2385.--Comp. Weder-mearc, 298.
ge-mearc, st. n., measure, distance: comp. f?t-, m?l-ge-mearc.
mearcian, w. v., to mark, stain: pres. ind. sg. mearcae m?rhopu (_will stain, mark, the moor with the blood of the corpse_), 450.
ge-mearcian, the same: pret. part. (Cain) morere gemearcod (murder-marked [cf. 1 Book Mos. IV. 15]), 1265; swa w?s on t?m scennum ... gemearcod ... hwam t?t sweord geworht w?re (_engraved for whom the sword had been wrought_), 1696.
mearc-stapa, w. m., march-strider, frontier-haunter (applied to Grendel and his mother): nom. sg., 103; acc. pl. mearc-stapan, 1349.
mearh, st. m., horse, steed: nom. pl. mearas, 2164; acc. pl. mearas, 866, 1036; dat. pl. inst. mearum, 856, 918; mearum and maemum, 1049, 1899; gen. pl. meara and maema, 2167.
mearn. See murnan.
meodu. See medu.
meoto. See met.
meotud. See metod.
meowle, w. f., maiden: comp. ge車-meowle.
micel, adj., great, huge, long (of time): nom. sg. m., 129, 502; fem., 67, 146, 170; neut., 772; acc. sg. m. micelne, 3099; fem, micle, 1779, 3092; neut. micel, 270, 1168. The comp. mare must be supplied before tone in: medo-?rn micel ... (mare) tone yldo beam ?fre ge-frunon, 69; instr. sg. ge-trume micle, 923; micle (by much, much); micle le車fre (far dearer), 2652; efne swa micle (l?ssa), (_[less] even by so much_), 1284; oftor micle (much oftener), 1580; dat. sg, weak form miclan, 2850; gen. sg. miclan, 979. The gen. sg. micles is an adv. = much, very: micles wyrene ged?n (deem worthy of much, i.e. honor very highly), 2186; t? fela micles (_far too much, many_), 695; acc. pl. micle, 1349. Compar., see mara.
mid, I. prep. w. dat., instr., and acc., signifying pre?minently _union, community, with_, hence: 1) w. dat.: a) _with, in company, community, with_; mid Finne, 1129; mid Hr?egare, 1593; mid scip-herge, 243; mid ges?eum (with his comrades), 1314; so, 1318, 1964, 2950, etc.; mid his fre車-drihtne, 2628; mid t?m lacum (with the gifts), 1869; so, 2789, 125; mid h?le (with good luck!), 1218; mid b?le f?r (sped off amid fire), 2309. The prep. postponed: him mid (with him, in his company), 41; _with him_, 1626; ne w?s him Fitela mid (was not with him), 890. b) _with, among_: mid Ge芍tum (_among the Ge芍tas_), 195, 2193, 2624; mid Scyldingum, 274; mid Eotenum, 903; mid yldum (eldum), 77, 2612; mid him (_with, among, one another_), 2949. In temporal sense: mid ?r-d?ge (at dawn), 126.--2) with, with the help of, through, w. dat.: mid ar-stafum (_through his grace_), 317; so, 2379; mid grape (with the fist), 438; so, 1462, 2721; mid his hete-toncum (through his hatred), 475; mid sweorde, 574; so, 1660, 2877; mid gemete (through, by, his power), 780; so, 1220, 2536, 2918; mid g?de (with benefits), 1185; mid hearme (with harm, insult), 1893; mid t?re sorge (_with [through?] this sorrow_), 2469; mid rihte (_by rights_), 2057. With instr.: mid ty w?fe (_through [marriage with] the woman_), 2029.--3) w. acc., with, in community, company, with: mid his eorla gedriht, 357; so, 634, 663, 1673; mid hine, 880; mid m?nne gold-gyfan, 2653.
II. adv., mid, thereamong, in the company_, 1643; at the same time, likewise_, 1650.
middan-geard, st. m., globe, earth: acc. sg., 75, 1772; dat. sg. on middan-gearde, 2997; gen. sg. middan-geardes, 504, 752.
midde, w. f., middle = medius: dat. sg. on middan (_through the middle, in two_), 2706; gen. sg. (adv.) t?-middes (in the midst), 3142.
middel-niht, st. f., midnight: dat. pl. middel-nihtum, 2783, 2834.
miht, st. f., might, power, authority: acc. sg. turh drihtnes miht (through the Lord's help, power), 941; instr. pl. selfes mihtum, 701.
mihtig, adj.: 1) physically strong, powerful: acc. sg. mihtig mere-de車r, 558; mere-w?f mihtig, 1520.--2) possessing authority, mighty: nom. sg. mihtig god, 702, 1717, 1726; dat. sg. mihtigan drihtne, 1399.--Comp.: ?l-, fore-mihtig.
milde, adj., kind, gracious, generous: nom. sg. m?des milde (kind-hearted), 1230; instr. pl. mildum wordum (graciously), 1173. Superl. nom. sg. worold-cyning mannum mildust (_a king most liberal to men_), 3183.
milts, st. f., kindness, benevolence: nom. sg., 2922.
missan, w. v. with gen., to miss, err in: pret. sg. miste mercelses (missed the mark), 2440.
missere, st. n., space of a semester, half a year: gen. pl. hund missera (fifty winters), 2734, 2210; generally, a long period of time, season, 1499, 1770; fela missera, 153, 2621.
mist-hlie, st. n., misty cliff, cloud-capped slope: dat. pl. under mist-hleoeum, 711.
mistig, adj., misty: acc. pl. mistige m?ras, 162.
m?l-gemearc, st. n., measure by miles: gen. sg. m?l-gemearces, 1363.
m?n: 1) poss. pron., my, mine, 255, 345, etc.; Hygelac m?n (my lord, or king, H.), 2435.--2) gen. sg. of pers. pron. ic, of me, 2085, 2534, etc.
molde, w. f., dust; earth, field: in comp. gr?s-molde.
mon. See man.
ge-mong. See ge-mang.
more-bealu, st. n., murder, deadly hale_ or _deed of murder: gen. pl. more-beala, 136.
moreor, st. n., deed of violence, murder: dat. instr. sg. morere, 893, 1265, 2783; gen. sg. moreres, 2056; moreres scyldig (guilty of murder), 1684.
moreor-bed, st. n., bed of death, murder-bed: acc. sg. w?s tam yldestan ... moreor-bed str那d (a bed of death was spread for the eldest, i.e. through murder his death-bed was prepared), 2437.
moreor-bealu, st. n., death-bale, destruction by murder: acc. sg. moreor-bealo, 1080, 2743.
moreor-hete, st. m., murderous hate: gen. sg. t?s moreor-hetes, 1106.
morgen, morn, mergen, st. m., morning, forenoon_; also _morrow: nom. sg. morgen, 1785, 2125; (morrow), 2104; acc. sg. on morgen (_in the morning_), 838; dat. sg. on morgne, 2485; on mergenne, 565, 2940; gen. pl. morna gehwylce (every morning), 2451.
morgen-ceald, adj., morning-cold, dawn-cold: nom. sg. gar morgen-ceald (spear chilled by the early air of morn), 3023.
morgen-lang, adj., lasting through the morning: acc. sg. morgen-longne d?g (the whole forenoon), 2895.
morgen-le車ht, st. n., morning-light: nom. sg., 605, 918.
morgen-sw那g, st. m., morning-cry, cry at morn: nom. sg., 129.
morgen-t?d, st. f., morning-tide: acc. sg. on morgen-t?de, 484, 818(?)
morn. See morgen.
m?d, st. n.: 1) heart, soul, spirit, mood, mind, manner of thinking: nom. sg., 50, 731; w?fre m?d (the flicker ing spirit, the fading breath), 1151; acc. sg. on m?d (into his mind), 67; dat. instr. sg. m?de getungen (of mature, lofty spirit), 625; on m?de (in heart, mind), 754, 1845, 2282? 2528; on hre車um m?de (fierce of spirit), 2582; gen. sg. modes, 171, 811, 1707; modes bl?ee (gracious-minded, kindly disposed), 436; so, m?des milde, 1230; m?des se車ce (depressed in mind), 1604.--2) _boldness, courage_: nom. and acc. sg., 1058, 1168. 3) passion, fierceness: nom. sg., 549.--Comp. form adj.: galg-, ge?mor-, gl?d-, g?e-, hre車h-, irre-, sarig-, st?e-, sw?e-, w那rig-m?d.
m?d-cearu, st. f., grief of heart: acc. sg. m?d-ceare, 1993, 3150.
m?d-gehygd, st. f ., thought of the heart; mind: instr. pl. m?d-gehygdum, 233
m?d-ge-tanc, st. n., mood-thought, meditation: acc. sg. m?d-ge-tonc, 1730.
m?d-gi?mor, adj., grieved at heart, dejected: nom. sg., 2895.
m?dig, adj., courageous: nom. sg., 605, 1644, 1813, 2758; he t?s (t?m, MS.) m?dig w?s (had the courage for it), 1509; se m?dega, 814; dat. sg. mid tam m?digan, 3012; gen. sg. m?dges, 502; m?diges, 2699; Ge芍ta le車d georne tr?wode m?dgan m?gnes (trusted firmly in his bold strength), 671; nom. pl. m?dge, 856; m?dige, 1877; gen. pl. m?digra, 312, 1889.--Comp, fela-m?dig.
m?dig-l?c, adj., of bold appearance: compar. acc. pl. m?digl?cran, 337.
m?d-lufe, w. f., hearts affection, love: gen. sg. t?nre m?d-lufan, 1824.
m?d-sefa, w. m., thought of the heart; brave, bold temper; courage: nom. sg., 349, 1854, 2629; acc. sg. m?d-sefan, 2013; dat. sg. m?d-sefan, 180.
m?d-tracu, st. f., boldness, courage, strength of mind: dat. sg. for his m?d-tr?ce, 385.
m?dor, f., mother: nom. sg., 1259, 1277, 1283, 1684, 2119; acc. sg. m?dor, 1539, 2140, 2933.
m?na, w. m., moon: gen. sg. m?nan, 94.
m?r, st. m., moor, morass, swamp: acc. sg. ofer myrcan m?r, 1406; dat. sg. of m?re, 711; acc. pl. m?ras, 103, 162, 1349.
m?r-hop, st. n., place of refuge in the moor, hiding-place in the swamp: acc. pl. m?r-hopu, 450.
ge-m?t, st. n., meeting: in comp. hand-, torn-ge-m?t.
m?tan, pret.-pres. v.: 1) power_ or permission to have something, to be permitted; may, can_: pres. sg. I., III. m?t, 186, 442, 604; II. m?st, 1672; pl. m?ton, 347, 365, 395; pres. subj. ic m?te, 431; III. se te m?te, 1388; pret sg. m?ste, 168, 707, 736, 895, 1488, 1999, 2242, 2505, etc.; pl. m?ston, 1629, 1876, 2039, 2125, 2248; pres. subj. sg. II. t?t tu hine selfne gese車n m?ste (mightest see), 962.--2) shall, must, be obliged: pres. sg. m?t, 2887; pret. sg. m?ste, 1940; t?r he ty fyrste forman d?gore wealdan m?ste, swa him Wyrd ne gescraf, hr那e ?t hilde (_if he must for the first time that day be victorious, as Fate had denied him victory_, cf. 2681, 2683 seqq.), 2575.
ge-munan, pret.-pres. v., _to have in mind, be mindful; remember, think of_, w. acc.: pres. sg. hine gearwe geman witena wel-hwylc (_each of the knowing ones still remembers him well_), 265; ic te t?s le芍n geman (_I shall not forget thy reward for this_), 1221; ic t?t eall gemon (_I remember all that_), 2428; so, 1702, 2043; gif he t?t eall gemon hw?t ... (if he is mindful of all that which ...), 1186; ic t?t m?l gemon hw?r... (I remember the time when...), 2634; pret. sg. w. gemunde... ?fen-spr?ce (recalled his evening speech), 759; so, 871, 1130, 1260, 1271, 1291, 2115, 2432, 2607, 2679; se t?s le車d-hryres le芍n ge-munde (_was mindful of reward for the fall of the ruler_), 2392; t?t he Eotena bearn inne gemunde (_that he in this should remember, take vengeance on, the children of the Eotens_), 1142; so, hond gemunde f?heo gen?ge (_his hand remembered strife enough_), 2490; ne ge-munde mago Ecglafes t?t ... (_remembered not that which_ ...), 1466; pret. pl. helle gemundon in m?d-sefan (their thoughts [as heathens] fixed themselves on, remembered, hell), 179.
on-munan, w. acc. pers. and gen. of thing, to admonish, exhort: pret. sg. onmunde ?sic m?rea (exhorted us to deeds of glory), 2641.
mund, st. f., hand: instr. pl. mundum, mid mundum, 236, 514, 1462, 3023, 3092.
mund-bora, w. m., protector, guardian, preserver: nom. sg., 1481, 2780.
mund-gripe, st. m., hand-grip, seizure: acc. sg. mund-gripe, 754; dat. sg. mund-gripe, 380, 1535; ?fter mund-gripe (_after having seized the criminal_), 1939.
murnan, st. v., to shrink from, be afraid of, avoid: pret. sg. n? mearn fore f?hee and fyrene, 136; so, 1538; nalles for ealdre mearn (_was not apprehensive for his life_), 1443.--2) to mourn, grieve: pres. part. him w?s ... murnende m?d, 50; pres. subj., tonne he fela murne (_than that he should mourn much_), 1386.
be-murnan, be-meornan, with acc., to mourn over: pret. be-mearn, 908, 1078.
murn-l?ce. See un-murn-l?ce.
m?e-bana, w. m., mouth-destroyer: dat. sg. t? m?e-bonan (of Grendel because he bit his victim to death), 2080.
m?ea, w. m., mouth, entrance: acc. sg. recedes m?ean (_mouth of the house, door_), 725.
ge-mynd, st. f., memory, memorial, remembrance: dat. pl. t? gemyndum, 2805, 3017. See weore-mynd.
myhdgian, w. v., to call to mind, remember: pres. sg. myndgae, 2058; pres. part. w. gen. gif tonne Fresna hwylc ... t?s moreor-hetes myndgiend w?re (were to call to mind the bloody feud), 1106.
ge-myndgian, w. v. w. acc., to remember: bie gemyndgad ... eaforan ellor-s?e (is reminded of his son's decease), 2451.
ge-myndig, adj., mindful: nom. sg. w. gen., 614, 869, 1174, 1531, 2083, etc.
myne, st. m.: 1) mind, wish: nom. sg., 2573.--2) love(?): ne his myne wisse (whose [God's] love he knew not), 169.
ge-mynian, w. v. w. acc., to be mindful of: imper. sg. gemyne m?reo! 660.
myntan, w. v., to intend, think of, resolve: pret. sg. mynte ... manna cynnes sumne besyrwan (meant to entrap all(?) [see sum], _some one of (?), the men_), 713; mynte t?t he ged?lde ... (thought to sever), 732; mynte se m?ra, t?r he meahte swa, w?dre gewindan (intended to flee), 763.
myrce, adj., murky, dark: acc. sg. ofer myrcan m?r, 1406.
myre, st. f., joy, mirth: dat. (instr.) sg. m?des myree, 8n.
N
naca, w. m., vessel, ship: acc. sg. nacan, 295; gen. sg. nacan, 214.--Comp.: hring-, ye-naca.
nacod, adj., naked: nom. and acc. sg. swurd, g?e-bill nacod, 539, 2586; nacod n?e-draca, 2274.
nalas, nales, nallas. See nealles.
nama, w. m., name: nom. sg. Be車wulf is m?n nama, 343; w?s t?m h?ft-m那ce Hrunting nama, 1458; acc. sg. sc?p him Heort naman (_gave it the name Hart_), 78.
na (from ne-a), strength, negative, never, not all, 445, 567, 1537.
nah, from ne-ah. See agan.
nan (from ne-an), indef. pron., none, no: with gen. pl. g?e-billa nan, 804; adjectively, nan ... ?ren ?rg?d, 990.
nat, from ne-wat: I know not=nescio. See witan.
nat-hwylc (nescio quis, ne-wat-hwylc, know not who, which, etc.), indef. pron., any, a certain one, some or other: 1) w. partitive gen.: nom. sg. gumena nat-hwylc, 2234;. gen. sg. nat-hwylces (tara banena), 2054; niea nat-hwylces(?), 2216; nat-hwylces h?leea bearna, 2225.--2) adjectively: dat. sg. in nie-sele nat-hwylcum, 1514.
n?bben, from ne-h?bben (subj. pres.). See habban.
n?fne. See nefne.
n?gel, st. m., nail: gen. pl. n?gla (of the finger-nails), 986.
n?gled, part., nailed?, nail-like?, buckled?: acc. sg. neut. n?gled (MS. gled) sinc, 2024.
n?s, st. m., naze, rock projecting into the sea, cliff, promontory: acc. sg. n?s, 1440, 1601, 2899; dat. sg. n?sse, 2244, 2418; acc. pl. windige n?ssas, 1412; gen. pl. n?ssa, 1361.
n?s, from ne-w?s (was not). See wesan.
n?s, neg. adv., not, not at all, 562, 2263.
n?s-hlie, st. n., _declivity, slope of a promontory that sinks downward to the sea_: dat. pl. on n?s-hleoeum, 1428.
n?fre, adv., never, 247, 583, 592, 656, 719, 1042, 1049, etc.; also strengthened by ne: n?fre ne, 1461.
ge-n?gan, w. v. w. acc. pers. and gen. of thing, to attack, press; pret. pl. n?ea gen?gdan nefan Herer?ces (_in combats pressed hard upon H.'s nephew_), 2207; pret. part. weare ... n?ea gen?ged, 1440.
n?nig (from ne-?nig), pron., not any, none, no: 1) substantively w. gen. pl.: nom. sg., 157, 242, 692; dat. sg. n?negum, 599; gen. pl. n?nigra, 950.--2) adjectively: nom. sg. ?eer n?nig, 860; n?nig w?ter, 1515; n?nig ... de車r, 1934; acc. sg. n?nigne ... hord-maeeum, 1199.
n?re, from ne-w?re (were not, would not be). See wesan.
ne, simple neg., not, 38, 50, 80, 83, 109, etc.; before imper. ne sorga! 1385; ne gym! 1761, etc. Doubled =certainly not, not even that: ne ge ... gearwe ne wisson (ye certainly have not known, etc.), 245; so, 863; ne ic ... wihte ne w那ne (nor do I at all in the least expect), 2923; so, 182. Strengthened by other neg.: n?eer ... ne, 2125; swa he ne mihte n? ... (_so that he absolutely could not_), 1509.
ne ... ne, not ... and not, nor; neither ... nor, 154-157, 511, 1083-1085, etc. Another neg. may supply the place of the first ne: so, n? ... ne, 575-577, 1026-1028, 1393-1395, etc.; n?fre ... ne, 583-584; nalles ... ne, 3016-3017. The neg. may be omitted the first time: ?r ne sieean (neither before nor after, before nor since), 719; s?e ne nore (_south nor north_), 859; adl ne yldo (neither illness nor old age), 1737; wordum ne worcum (neither by word nor deed), 1101; wiston and ne w那ndon (_knew not and weened not_), 1605.
nefa, w. m., nephew, grandson: nom. sg. nefa (grandson), 1204; so, 1963; (nephew), 2171; acc. sg. nefan (nephew), 2207; dat. sg. nefan (nephew), 882.
nefne, n?fne, nemne (orig. from ne-gif-ne): 1) subj.: a) with depend. clause = unless: nefne him witig god wyrd forst?de (_if fate, the wise God, had not prevented him_), 1057; nefne god sylfa ... sealde (_unless God himself_, etc.), 3055; n?fne him his wlite le車ge (MS. n?fre) (_unless his face belie him_), 250; n?fne he w?s mara (except that he was huger), 1354; nemne him heaeo-byrne helpe ge-fremede, 1553; so, 2655.--b) w. follow. substantive = except, save, only: nefne sin-fre芍 (_except the husband_), 1935; ic lyt hafo he芍fod-maga nefne Hygelac tec (_have no near kin but thee_), 2152; nis t?t e車wer (gen. pl.) s?e ... nefne m?n anes, 2534.--2) Prep. with dat., except: nemne fe芍um anum, 1082.
ge-nehost. See ge-neahhe.
nelle, from ne-wille (I will not). See willan.
nemnan, w. v. w. acc.: 1) to name, call: pres. pl. tone yldestan oret-mecgas Be車wulf nemnae (_the warriors call the most distinguished one Be車wulf_), 364; so inf. nemnan, 2024; pret. pl. nemdon, 1355.--2) _to address_, as in
be-nemnan, to pronounce solemnly, put under a spell: pret. sg. Fin Hengeste ... aeum be-nemde t?t (asserted, promised under oath that ...), 1098; pret. pl. swa hit ?e d?mes d?g di車pe benemdon te車dnas m?re (_put under a curse_), 3070.
nemne. See nefne.
nerian, ge-nerian, w. v., to save, rescue, liberate: pres. sg. Wyrd oft neree unf?gne eorl, 573; pret. part. h?fde ... sele Hr?egares ge-nered wie n?ee (saved from hostility), 828.
ge-nesan, st. v.: 1) intrans., to remain over, be preserved: pret. sg. hr?f ana gen?s ealles ansund (the roof alone was quite sound), 1000.--2) w. acc., to endure successfully, survive, escape from: pret. sg. se ta s?cce ge-n?s, 1978; fela ic ... g?e-r?sa ge-n?s, 2427; pret. part. swa he n?ea gehwane genesen h?fde, 2398.
net, st. n., net: in comp. bre車st-, here-, hring-, inwit-, searo-net.
n那dla, w. m., dire necessity, distress: in comp. tre芍-n那dla.
n那ean (G. nantjan), w. v., to venture, undertake boldly: pres. part. nearo n那eende (encountering peril), 2351; pret. pl. t?r git ... on de車p water aldrum n那edon (where ye two risked your lives in the deep water), 510; so, 538.
ge-n那ean, the same: inf. ne dorste under yea gewin aldre ge-n那ean, 1470. With depend. clause: n?nig t?t dorste gen那ean t?t (_none durst undertake to_ ...), 1934; pret. sg. he under harne stan ana gen那ede fr那cne d?de (_he risked alone the bold deed, venturing under the grey rock_), 889; (ic) w?ge under w?tere weorc gen那ede earfoe-l?ce (_I with difficulty stood the work under the water in battle_, i.e. could hardly win the victory), 1657; ic gen那ede fela g?ea (ventured on, risked, many contests), 2512; pres. pl. (of majesty) we ... fr那cne gen那edon eafoe unc?ees (_we have boldly risked, dared, the monster's power_), 961.
n那h. See ne芍h.
ge-neahhe, adv., enough, sufficiently, 784, 3153; superl. genehost br?gd eorl Be車wulfes ealde lafe (many an earl of B.'s), 795.
nealles (from ne-ealles), adv., omnino non, not at all, by no means: nealles, 2146, 2168, 2180, 2223, 2597, etc.; nallas, 1720, 1750; nalles, 338, 1019, 1077, 1443, 2504, etc.; nalas, 43, 1494, 1530, 1538; nales, 1812.
nearo, st. n., strait, danger, distress: acc. sg. nearo, 2351, 2595.
nearo, adj., narrow: acc. pl. f. nearwe, 1410.
nearwe, adv., narrowly, 977.
nearo-cr?ft, st. m., _art of rendering difficult of access?, inaccessibility_ (see 2214 seqq.): instr. pl. nearo-cr?ftum, 2244.
nearo-fah, m., foe that causes distress, war-foe: gen. sg. nearo-fages, 2318.
nearo-tearf, st. f., dire need, distress: acc. sg. nearo-tearfe, 422.
ge-nearwian, w. v., to drive into a corner, press upon: pret. part. genearwod, 1439.
ne芍h, n那h: 1) adj., near, nigh: nom. sg. ne芍h, 1744, 2729. In superl. also = last: instr. sg. nyhstan s?ee (for the last time), 1204; ni谷hstan s?ee, 2512.
2) adv., near: feor and (oeee) ne芍h, 1222, 2871; 3) prep, s?-grunde ne芍h, 564; so, 1925, 2243; holm-wylme n那h, 2412. Compar. ne芍r, 746.
ne芍n, adv., _near by, (from) close at hand_, 528; (neon, MS.), 3105; feorran and ne芍n, 840; ne芍n and feorran, 1175, 2318.
ge-ne芍t, st. m., comrade, companion: in comp. be車d-, heore-gene芍t.
nioeor. See nieer.
neowol, adj., steep, precipitous: acc. pl. neowle, 1412.
ne車d, st. f., polite intercourse regulated by etiquette?, hall-joy?: acc. sg. ni車de, 2117; inst. (= joy), 2216.
ne車d-laeu, st. f., polite invitation; wish: dat. sg. ?fter ne車d-laeu (according to his wishes), 1321.
ne車san, ne車sian, w. v. w. gen., to seek out, look for; to attack: inf. ne車san, 125, 1787, 1792, 1807, 2075; ni車san, 2389, 2672; ne車sian, 115, 1126; ni車sian, 3046; pret. sg. ni車sade, 2487.
ne車tan, st. v., to take, accept_, w. gen.; _to use, enjoy: imper. sg. ne車t, 1218.
be-ne車tan, w. dat., to rob, deprive of: inf. hine aldre be-ne車tan, 681; pret. sg. cyning ealdre bi-ne芍t (deprived the king of life), 2397.
nicor, st. m., sea-horse, walrus, sea-monster (cf. Bugge in Zacher's Journal, 4, 197): acc. pl. niceras, 422, 575; nicras, 1428; gen. pl. nicera, 846.
nicor-h?s, st. n., house_ or _den of sea-monsters: gen. pl. nicor-h?sa, 1412.
nie st. m., man, human being: gen. pl. nieea, 1006; niea? (passage corrupt), 2216.
nieer, nyeer, neoeor, adv., down, downward: nieer, 1361; nioeor, 2700; nyeer, 3045.
nie-sele, st. m., hall, room, in the deep (Grein): dat. sg. [in] nie-sele nat-hwylcum, 1514.
nigen, num., nine: acc. nigene, 575.
niht, st. f. night: nom. sg., 115, 547. 650, 1321, 2117; acc. sg. niht, 135, 737, 2939; gystran niht (yester-night), 1335; dat. sg. on niht, 575, 684; on wanre niht, 703; gen. sg. nihtes hw?lum (_sometimes at night, in the hours of the night_), 3045; as adv. = of a night, by night, G. nachts, 422, 2274; d?ges and nihtes, 2270; acc. pl. seofon niht (se'nnight, seven days, cf. Tac. Germ, 11), 517; dat. pl. sweartum nihtum, 167; deorcum nihtum, 275, 221; gen. pl. nihta, 545, 1366.--Comp.: middel-, sin-niht.
niht-bealu, st. n., night-bale, destruction by night: gen. pl. niht-bealwa, 193.
niht-helm, st. m., veil_ or _canopy of night: nom. sg., 1790.
niht-long, adj., lasting through the night: acc. sg. m. niht-longne fyrst (space of a night), 528.
niht-weorc, st. n., night-work, deed done at night: instr. sg. niht-weorce, 828.
niman, st. v. w. acc.: 1) to take, hold, seize, undertake: pret. sg. nam ta mid handa hige-tihtigne rinc, 747; pret. pl. we . . . ni車de naman, 2117.--2) to take, take away, deprive of: pres. sg. se te hine de芍e nimee (he whom death carrieth off), 441; so, 447; nymee, 1847; nymee nyd-bade, 599; subj. pres. gif mec hild nime, 452, 1482; pret. sg. ind. nam on Ongenti車 ?ren-byrnan, 2987; ne nom he ... maem-?hta ma (_he took no more of the rich treasures_), 1613; pret. part. ta w?s ... se車 cw那n numen (_the queen carried off_), 1154.
be-niman, to deprive of: pret. sg. ?e t?t hine yldo benam m?genes wynnum (till age bereft him of joy in his strength), 1887.
for-niman, to carry off: pres. sg. te ta de芍e for-nam (_whom death carried off_), 488; so, 557, 696, 1081, 1124, 1206, 1437, etc. Also, dat. for acc.: pret. pl. him ?renna ecge fornamon, 2829.
ge-niman: 1) to take, seize: pret. sg. (hine) be healse ge-nam (_clasped him around the neck, embraced him_), 1873.--2) to take, take away: pret. on reste genam tritig tegna, 122; he車 under heolfre genam c?ee folme, 1303; segn e芍c genom, 2777; ta mec sinca baldor ... ?t m?num f?der genam (_took me at my father's hands, adopted me_), 2430; pret. part. genumen, 3167.
ge-nip, st. n., darkness, mist, cloud: acc. pl. under n?ssa genipu, 1361; ofer fl?da genipu, 2809.
nis, from ne-is (is not): see wesan.
niwe, ni車we, adj., new, novel; unheard-of: nom. sg. sw那g up a-stag niwe geneahhe (a monstrous hubbub arose), 784; beorh ... niwe (_a newly-raised(?) grave-mound_), 2244; acc. sg. niwe sibbe (_the new kinship_), 950; instr. sg. niwan stefne (properly, nova voce; here = de novo, iterum, again), 2595; ni車wan stefne (again), 1790; gen. pl. niwra spella (new tidings), 2899.
ge-niwian, w. v., to renew: pret. part. ge-niwod, 1304, 1323; geniwad, 2288.
niw-tyrwed, pret. part., newly-tarred: acc. sg. niw-tyrwedne (-tyrwydne, MS.) nacan, 295.
n?e, st. m., properly only zeal, endeavor_; then hostile endeavor, hostility, battle, war_: nom. sg., 2318; acc. sg. n?e, 184, 276; Wedera n?e (enmity against the W., the sorrows of the Weders), 423; dat. sg. wie (?t) n?ee, 828, 2586; instr. n?ee, 2681; gen. pl. n?ea, 883, 2351, 2398, etc.; also instr. = by, in, battle, 846, 1440, 1963, 2171, 2207.--Comp.: bealo-, f?r-, here-, hete-, inwit-, searo-, w?l-n?e.
n?e-draca, w. m., battle-dragon: nom. sg., 2274.
n?e-gast, st. m., hostile alien, fell demon: acc. sg. tone n?e-g?st (_the dragon_), 2700.
n?e-geweorc, st. n., work of enmity, deed of evil: gen. pl. -geweorca, 684.
n?e-grim, adj., furious in battle, savage: nom. sg., 193.
n?e-heard, adj., valiant in war: nom. sg., 2418.
n?e-hydig, adj., eager for battle, valorous: nom. pl. n?e-hydige men, 3167.
ge-n?ela, w. m., foe, persecutor, waylayer: in comp. ferhe-, feorh-gen?ela.
n?e-wundor, st. n., hostile wonder, strange marvel of evil: acc. sg., 1366.
n?pan, st. v., to veil, cover over, obscure; pres. part. n?pende niht, 547, 650.
nolde, from ne-wolde (would not); see willan.
nore, adv., northward, 859.
norean, adv., from the north, 547.
nose, w. f., projection, cliff, cape: dat. sg. of hliees nosan, 1893; ?t brimes nosan, 2804.
n? (strengthened neg.), not, not at all, by no means, 136, 244, 587, 755, 842, 969, 1736, etc.; strengthened by following ne, 459(?), 1509; n? ... n? (neither ... nor), 541-543; so, n? ... ne, 168. See ne.
n?eer (from na-hw?eer), neg., and not, nor, 2125.
ge-n?h, adj., sufficient, enough: acc. sg. f?heo gen?ge, 2490; acc. pl. gen?ge ... be芍gas, 3105.
n?n, st. f., [Eng. noon], ninth hour of the day, three o'clock in the afternoon of our reckoning_ (the day was reckoned from six o'clock in the morning; cf. Bouterwek Scre芍dunga, 24 _2_: we hatae ?nne d?g fram sunnan upgange ?e ?fen): nom. sg. n?n, 1601.
nu, adv.: l) now, at present, 251, 254, 375, 395, 424, 426, 489, etc.: nu gyt (up to now, hitherto), 957; nu gen (now still, yet), 2860; (_now yet, still_), 3169.--2) conj., since, inasmuch as: nu tu lungre geong ... nu se wyrm ligee (go now quickly, since the dragon lieth dead), 2746; so, 2248; t?t tu me ne forwyrne ... nu ic tus feorran com (_that do not thou refuse me, since I am come so far_), 430; so, 1476; nu ic on maema hord m?ne bebohte fr?de feorh-lege, fremmae ge nu (as I now..., so do ye), 2800; so, 3021.
nymee, conj. w. subj., if not, unless, 782; nymee mec god scylde (_if God had not shielded me_), 1659.
nyt, st. f., duty, service, office, employment: acc. sg. tegn nytte behe車ld (did his duty), 494; so, 3119.--Comp.: sund-, sundor-nyt.
nyt, adj., useful: acc. pl. m. nytte, 795; comp. un-nyt.
ge-nyttian, w. v., to make use of, enjoy: pret. part. h?fde eore-scrafa ende ge-nyttod (had enjoyed, made use of), 3047.
nyd, st. f., force, necessity, need, pain: acc. sg. turh de芍ees nyd, 2455; instr. sg. nyde, 1006. In comp. (like nyd-maga, consanguineus, in ?thelred's Laws, VI. 12, Schmid, p. 228; n那d-maga, in Cnut's Laws, I. 7, ibid., p. 258); also, tie of blood.--Comp. tre芍-nyd.
ge-nydan, w. v.: 1) to force, compel: pret. part. n?ee ge-nyded (_forced by hostile power_), 2681.--2) to force upon: pret. part. acc. sg. f. nyde genydde ... gearwe st?we (the inevitable place prepared for each, i.e. the bed of death), 1006.
nyd-bad, st. f., forced pledge, pledge demanded by force: acc. pl. nyd-bade, 599.
nyd-gestealla, w. m., comrade in need_ or _united by ties of blood: nom. pl. nyd-gesteallan, 883.
nyd-gripe, st. m., compelling grip: dat. sg. in nyd-gripe (mid-gripe, MS.), 977.
nyd-wracu, st. f., distressful persecution, great distress: nom. sg., 193.
nyhst. See ne芍h.
O
oeee, conj.: 1) or; otherwise, 283, 437, 636, 638, 694, 1492, 1765, etc.--2) and(?), till(?), 650, 2476, 3007.
of, prep. w. dat., from, off from: 1) from some point of view: ge-seah of wealle (from the wall), 229; so, 786; of hefene sc?nee (_shineth from heaven_), 1572; of hliees nosan g?stas gr那tte (_from the cliff's projection_), 1893; of tam le車ma st?d (from which light streamed), 2770; t?r w?s maema fela of feorwegum ... gel?ded (from distant lands), 37; ta com of m?re (from the moor), 711, 922.--2) forth from, out of: hwearf of earde (wandered from his home, died), 56; so, 265, 855, 2472; ta ic of searwum com (when I had escaped from the persecutions of the foe), 419; ta him Hr?egar gewat ... ?t of healle (out of the hall), 664; so, 2558, 2516; 1139, 2084, 2744; wudu-r那c a-stah sweart of (ofer) swioeole (_black wood-reek ascended from the smoking fire_), 3145; (icge gold) a-h?fen of horde (lifted from the hoard), 1109; l那t ta of bre車stum ... word ?t faran (from his breast), 2551; dyde ... helm of hafelan (doffed his helmet), 673; so, 1130; sealdon w?n of wunder-fatum (_presented wine from wondrous vessels_), 1163; sieean hyne H?ecyn of horn-bogan ... flane geswencte (with an arrow shot from the horned bow), 2438; so, 1434. Prep. postponed: ta he him of dyde ?sern-byrnan (doffed his iron corselet), 672.
ofer, prep. w. dat. and acc., over, above: 1) w. dat, over (rest, locality): W?glaf sitee ofer Bi車wulfe, 2908; ofer ?eelinge, 1245; ofer eorean, 248, 803, 2008; ofer wer-te車de (over the earth, among mankind), 900; ofer yeum, 1908; ofer hron-rade (over the sea), 10; so, 304, 1287, 1290, etc.; ofer ealow?ge (over the beer-cup, drinking), 481.--2) w. acc. of motion: a) over (local): ofer yee (over the waves), 46, 1910; ofer swan-rade (over the swan-road, the sea), 200; ofer w?gholm, 217; ofer geofenes be-gang, 362; so, 239, 240, 297, 393, 464, 471, etc.; ofer bolcan (over the gangway), 231; ofer landa fela (over many lands), 311; so, 1405, 1406; ofer he芍hne hr?f (_along upon (under?) the high roof_), 984; ofer eormen-grund (over the whole earth), 860; ofer ealle (_over all, on all sides_), 2900, 650; so, 1718;--606, 900, 1706; ofer borda gebr?c (over, above, the crashing of shields), 2260; ofer bord-(scild) weall, 2981, 3119. Temporal: ofer ta niht (through the night, by night), 737. b) w. verbs of saying, speaking, about, of, concerning: he ofer benne spr?c, 2725. c) beyond, over: ofer m?n ge-met (beyond my power), 2880;--hence, against, contrary to: he ofer willan gi車ng (went against his will), 2410; ofer ealde riht (against the ancient laws, i.e. the ten commandments), 2331;--also, without: w?g ofer w?pen (_war sans, dispensing with, weapons_), 686;--temporal = after: ofer eald-gewin (after long, ancient, suffering), 1782.
ofer-hygd, st. n., arrogance, pride, conceit: gen. pl. ofer-hygda, 1741; ofer-hyda, 1761.
ofer-maeum, st. m., very rich treasure: dat. pl. ofer-maemum, 2994.
ofer-m?gen, st. n., over-might, superior numbers: dat. sg. mid ofer-m?gene, 2918.
ofer-tearf, st. f., dire distress, need: dat. sg. [for ofer] tea[rfe], 2227.
oft, adv., often, 4, 165, 444, 572, 858, 908, 1066, 1239, etc.; oft [n?] seldan, 2030; oft nalles ?ne, 3020; so, 1248, 1888. Compar. oftor, 1580. Superl. oftost, 1664.
om-, on-. See am-, an-.
ombiht. See ambiht.
oncer. See ancer.
ond. See and.
onsyn. See ansyn.
on, prep. w. dat. and acc., signifying primarily _touching on, contact with_: I. local, w. dat.: a) on, upon, in at (of exterior surface): on he芍h-stede (in the high place), 285; on m?nre 那eel-tyrf (_in my native place_), 410; on t?m meeel-stede, 1083; so, 2004; on tam holmclife, 1422; so, 1428; on foldan (on earth), 1197; so, 1533, 2997; on t?re medu-bence (on the mead-bench), 1053; beornas on blancum (_the heroes on the dapple-greys_), 857, etc.; on r?ste (in bed), 1299; on stapole (_at, near, the pillar_), 927; on wealle, 892; on wage (on the wall), 1663; on t?m w?l-stenge (on the battle-lance), 1639; on eaxle (on his shoulder), 817, 1548; on bearme, 40; on bre車stum, 552; on hafelan, 1522; on handa (_in his hand_), 495, 540; so, 555, 766; on him byrne scan (_on him shone the corselet_), 405; on ?re (at the front), 1042; on corere (_at the head of, among, his troop_), 1154; scip on ancre (the ship at anchor), 303; t?t he on heoee ge-st?d (until he stood in the hall), 404; on f?der st?le (_in a father's place_), 1480; on yeum (on the waves, in the water), 210, 421, 534, 1438; on holme, 543; on 那g-stre芍mum, 577; on segl-rade, 1438, etc.; on fl?de, 1367. The prep. postponed: Freslondum on, 2358.--b) in, inside of (of inside surface): secg on searwum (a champion in armor), 249; so, 963; on w?g-geatwum, 368; (reced) on t?m se r?ca bad (_in which the mighty one abode_), 310; on Heorote (in Heorot), 475, 497, 594, 1303; on be車r-sele, 492, 1095; on healle, 615, 643; so, 639, 1017, 1026, etc.; on burgum (_in the cities, boroughs_), 53; on helle, 101; on sefan m?num (in my mind), 473; on m?de, 754; so, 755, 949, 1343, 1719, etc.; on aldre (_in his vitals_), 1435; on middan (in medio), 2706.--c) among, amid: on searwum (among the arms), 1558; on gemonge (among the troop), 1644; on tam le車d-scipe (among the people), 2198; nymee l?ges f?em swulge on swaeule (unless the embracing flame should swallow it in smoke), 783;--_in, with, touched by, possessing something_: ta w?s on salum sinces brytta (_then was the dispenser of treasure in joy_), 608; so, 644, 2015; w?s on hre車n m?de, 1308; on sweofote (in sleep), 1582, 2296; he車 w?s on ?fste (_she was in haste_), 1293; so, 1736, 1870; ta w?s on bl?de brim weallende (_there was the flood billowing in, with, blood_), 848; (he) w?s on sunde (_was a-swimming_), 1619; w?s t? fore-mihtig fe車nd on f那ee (_too powerful in speed_), 971; t?r w?s sw?gra secg ... on gylpspr?ce (_there was the champion more silent in his boasting speech_), 982;--_in; full of, representing, something_: on weres w?stmum (in man's form), 1353.--d) attaching to_, hence _proceeding from; from something: ge-hyrde on Be車wulfe f?st-r?dne ge-t?ht (heard in, from, B. the fixed resolve), 610; t?t he ne m那tte ... on elran men mund-gripe maran, 753;--hence, with verbs of taking: on r?ste genam (took from his bed), 122; so, 748, 2987; hit ?r on te g?de be-geaton (took it before from thee), 2249.--e) with: swa hit lungre weare on hyra sinc-gifan sare ge-endod (_as it, too, soon painfully came to an end with the dispenser of treasure_), 2312.--f) by: m?g tonne on t?m golde ongitan Ge芍ta dryhten (_the lord of the Geatas may perceive by the gold_), 1485.--g) to, after weorean: t?t he on fylle weare (that he came to a fall), 1545.
With acc.: a) w. verbs of moving, doing, giving, seeing, etc., _up to, on, upon, in_: a-l那don ta le車fne te車den ... on bearm scipes, 35; on stefn (on wang) stigon, 212, 225; ta him mid scoldon on fl?des ?ht feor ge-w?tan, 42; se te wie Brecan wunne on s?dne s? (_who strovest in a swimming-match with B. on the broad sea_), 507, cf. 516; t?t ic on holma ge-tring eorlscipe efnde (that I should venture on the sea to do valiant deeds), 2133; on fe車nda geweald s?eian, 809; tara te on swylc starae, 997; so, 1781; on lufan l?tee hworfan (_lets him turn his thoughts to love?, to possessions?_), 1729; him on m?d bearn (_came into his mind, occurred to him_), 67; r?sde on tone r?fan (rushed on the powerful one), 2691; (cwom) on woreig (came into the palace), 1973; so, 27, 242, 253, 512, 539, 580, 677, 726, etc.; on weg (away), 764, 845, 1383, 1431, 2097.--b) _towards, on_: g?de gewyrcean ... on f?der wine (pl.), 21.--c) aim or object, _to, for the object, for, as, in, on_: on tearfe (in his need, in his strait), 1457; so, on hyra man-dryhtnes miclan tearfe, 2850; wraeum on andan (_as a terror to the foe_), 709; Hr?egar maeelode him on andsware (_said to him in reply_), 1841; betst beado-rinca w?s on b?l gearu (on the pyre ready), 1110; w?g-heafolan b?r fre芍n on fultum (for help), 2663; weare on b?d wrecen (forced to wait), 2963.--d) ground, reason, _according to, in conformity with_: rodera r?dend hit on ryht gesc那d (_decided it in accordance with right_), 1556; ne me sw?r fela aea on unriht (_swore no oaths unjustly, falsely_), 2740; on sp那d (skilfully), 874; nallas on gylp selee f?tte be芍gas (giveth no gold-wrought rings as he promised), 1750; on s?nne selfes d?m (boastingly, at his own will), 2148; him eal worold wendee on willan (according to his will), 1740.--e) w. verbs of buying, for, in exchange for: me ic on maema hord m?ne be-bohte fr?de feorh-lege (for the hoard of jewels), 2800.--f) of, as to: ic on Higelace wat, Ge芍ta dryhten (I know with respect to, as to, of, H.), 1831; so, 2651; t?t he車 on ?nigne eorl ge-lyfde fyrena fr?fre (_that she should rely on any earl for help out of trouble_), 628; ta hie ge-tr?wedon on twa healfa (_on both sides, mutually_), 1096; so, 2064; t?t tu him ondr?dan ne tearft ... on ta healfe (from, on this side), 1676.--g) after superlatives or virtual superlatives = among: n?s ... sinc-maeeum s那lra (= t?t w?s sinc-maema s那lest) on sweordes had (_there was no better jewel in sword's shape_, i.e. among all swords there was none better), 2194; se w?s Hr?egare h?leea le車fost on ge-s?ees had (_dearest of men as, in the character of, follower_, etc.), 1298.
II. Of time: a) w. dat., in, inside of, during, at: on fyrste (_in time, within the time appointed_), 76; on uhtan (at dawn), 126; on mergenne (at morn, on the morrow), 565, 2940; on niht, 575; on wanre niht, 703; on tyn dagum, 3161; so, 197, 719, 791, 1063, etc.; on geogoee (in youth), 409, 466; on geogoe-feore, 537; so, 1844; on orlege (in, during, battle), 1327; h? lomp e車w on lade (on the way), 1988; on gange (_in going, en route_), 1885; on sweofote (in sleep), 1582.--b) w. acc., _towards, about_: on undern-m?l (in the morning, about midday), 1429; on morgen-t?d, 484, 518; on morgen, 838; on ende-st?f (_toward the end, at last_), 1754; oftor micle tonne on ?nne s?e (far oftener than once), 1580.
III. With particles: him on efn (beside, alongside of, him), 2904; on innan (inside, within), 71, 1741, 1969, 2453, 2716; t?r on innan (_in there_), 2090, 2215, 2245. With the relative te often separated from its case: te ic her on starie (that I here look on, at), 2797; te ge t?r on standae (that ye there stand in), 2867.
on-cye (cf. Dietrich in Haupt's Zeits. XI., 412), st. f., _pain, suffering_: nom. sg., 1421; acc. sg. or pl. on-cyeee, 831.
on-drysne, adj., frightful, terrible: acc. sg. firen on-drysne, 1933.
onettan (for anettan, from root an-, Goth. inf. anan, to breathe, pant), w. v., to hasten: pret. pl. onetton, 306, 1804.
on-l?cnes, st. f., likeness, form, figure: nom. sg., 1352.
on-m那dla, w. m., pride, arrogance: dat. sg. for on-m那dlan, 2927. Cf. Bugge in Zacher's Zeits. 4, 218 seqq.
on-s?ge, adj., tending to fall, fatal: nom. sg. ta w?s Hondsci車 (dat.) hild on-s?ge, 2077; H?ecynne weare ... g?e on-s?ge, 2484.
on-weald, st. m., power, authority: acc. sg. (him) bega ge-hw?eres ... onweald ge-te芍h (gave him power over, possession of, both), 1044.
open, adj., open: acc. sg. hord-wynne fond ... opene standan, 2272.
openian, w. v., to open, w. acc.: inf. openian, 3057.
orc (O.S. orc, Goth. a迆rkei-s), st. m., crock, vessel, can : nom. pl. orcas, 3048; acc. pl. orcas, 2761.
orcn那, st. m., sea-monster: nom. pl. orcn那as, 112.
ord, st. n. point: nom. sg. ?e t?t wordes ord bre車st-hord turh-br?c (till the word-point broke through his breast-hoard, came to utterance), 2792; acc. sg. ord (sword-point), 1550; dat. instr. orde (id.), 556; on orde (at the head of, in front [of a troop]), 2499, 3126.
ord-fruma, w. m., head lord, high prince: nom. sg., 263.
oret-mecg, st. m., champion, warrior, military retainer: nom. pl. oret-mecgas, 363, 481; acc. pl. oret-mecgas, 332.
oretta, w. m., champion, fighter, hero: nom. sg., 1533, 2539.
or-leg, st. n., war, battle: dat. sg. on orlege, 1327; gen. sg. or-leges, 2408.
or-leg-hw?l, st. f., time of battle, war-time: nom. sg. [or-leg]-hw?l, 2003; gen. sg. orleg-hw?le, 2912; gen. pl orleg-hw?la, 2428.
or-leahtre, adj., blameless: nom. sg 1887.
or-tanc (cf. Gloss. Aldhelm. mid or-tance = argumento in Haupt XI., 436; ortancum = machinamentis, ibid. 477; or-tanc-scipe = mechanica, 479), st. m., mechanical art, skill: instr. pl. or-toncum, 2088; smiees or-tancum, 406.
or-w那na, adj. (weak form), hopeless, despairing, w. gen.: aldres or-w那na (hopeless of life), 1003, 1566.
or-wearde, adj., unguarded, without watch_ or _guard: adv., 3128.
orue, st. n., breath, snorting: nom. sg., 2558; dat. oreee, 2840.
?
?e (Goth. und, O.H.G. unt, unz): 1) prep. w. acc., to, till, up to, only temporal: ?e tone anne d?g, 2400; ?e d?mes d?g, 3070; ? woruld-ende, 3084.--2) ?e t?t, conj. w. depend, indicative clause, till, until, 9, 56, 66, 100, 145. 219, 296, 307, etc.
?eer (Goth. antar), num.: 1) one or other of two, a second, = alter: nom. sg. subs.: se ?eer, 2062; ?eer(one i.e. of my blood-relations, H?ecyn and Hygelac), 2482; ?eer ... ?eer (the one ... the other), 1350-1352. Adj.: ?eer ... mihtig man-sceaea (the second mighty, fell foe, referring to 1350), 1339; se ?eer ... h?le, 1816; fem. niht ?eer, 2118; neut. ?eer gear (the next, second, year), 1134; acc. sg. m. ?eerne, 653, 1861, 2441, 2485; tenden re芍fode rinc ?eerne(whilst one warrior robbed the other, i.e. Eofor robbed Ongente車w), 2986; neut. ?eer swylc(_another such, an equal number_), 1584; instr. sg. ?ere s?ee (for the second time, again), 2671, 3102; dat. sg. ?erum, 815, 1030, 1166, 1229, 1472, 2168, 2172, etc.; gen. sg. m. ?eres d?gores, 219, 606; neut. ?eres, 1875.--2) _another, a different one_, = alius: nom. sg., subs. ?eer, 1756; ?eer n?nig (_no other_), 860. Adj.: ?nig ?eer man, 503, 534; so, 1561; ?eer in (_a different house_ or room), 1301; acc. sg. ?eer flet, 1087; gen. sg. ?eres ... yrfe-weardes, 2452; acc. pl. ealo drincende ?eer s?dan (_ale drinkers said other things_), 1946; acc. pl. neut. word ?eer, 871.
?fer, st. m., shore: dat. sg. on ?fre, 1372.
?fost, st. f., haste: nom. sg. ?fost is s那lest t? gecyeanne (_haste is best to make known, best to say at once_), 256; so, 3008; dat. sg. be車 tu on ?feste (?foste) (be in haste, hasten), 386, 2748; on ?fste, 1293; on ?foste, 2784, 3091.
?fost-l?ce, adv., in haste, speedily, 3131.
?-hw?r, adv., anywhere, 1738, 2871.
?mig, adj., rusty: nom. sg., 2764; nom. pl. ?mige, 3050.
?r, st. n., beginning, origin; front: nom. sg., 1689; acc. sg., 2408; dat. sg. on ?re, 1042.
?-wiht, anything, aught: instr. sg. ?-wihte (in any way), 1823, 2433.
P
pad, st. f., dress; in comp. here-pad.
p?e, st. m., path, road, way; in comp. an-p?e.
plega, w. m., play, emulous contest; lind-plega, 1074.
R
raee, adv., quickly, immediately, 725, Cf. hraee.
rand, rond, st. m., shield: acc. sg, rand, 683; rond, 657, 2567, 2610; dat. ronde (rond, MS.), 2674; under rande, 1210; b? ronde, 2539; acc. pl. randas, 231; rondas, 326, 2654.--Comp.: bord-, hilde-, s?d-rand.
rand-h?bbend, pres. part., shield-bearer_, i.e. _man at arms, warrior: gen. pl. rond-h?bbendra, 862.
rand-w?ga, w. m., shield-warrior, shield-bearing warrior: nom. sg., 1299; acc. sg. rand-w?gan, 1794.
rad, st. f., road, street; in comp. hran-, segl-, swan-rad.
ge-rad, adj., clever, skilful, ready: acc. pl. neut. ge-rade, 874.
rap, st. m., rope, bond, fetter: in comp. w?l-rap.
rasian, w. v., to find, discover: pret. part. ta w?s hord rasod, 2284.
r?st. See rest.
r?can, w. v., to reach, reach after: pret. sg. r?hte onge芍n fe車nd mid folme (reached out his hand toward the foe), 748.
ge-r?can, to attain, strike, attack: pret. sg. hyne ... w?pne ge-r?hte (struck him with his sword), 2966; so, 556.
r?d, st. m.: 1) advice, counsel, resolution; good counsel, help: nom. sg. nu is r?d gelong eft ?t te anum (_now is help to be found with thee alone_), 1377; acc. sg. r?d, 172, 278, 3081.--2) advantage, gain, use: acc. sg. t?t r?d talae (counts that a gain), 2028; 那cne r?d (_the eternal gain, everlasting life_), 1202; acc. pl. 那ce r?das, 1761.--Comp.: folc-r?d, and adj., an-, f?st-r?d.
r?dan, st. v., to rule; reign; to possess: pres. part. rodera r?dend (the ruler of the heavens), 1556; inf. tone te tu mid rihte r?dan sceoldest (that thou shouldst possess by rights), 2057; wolde d?m godes d?dum r?dan gumena gehwylcum (_God's doom would rule over, dispose of, every man in deeds_), 2859. See sele-r?dend.
r?d-bora, w. m. counsellor, adviser: nom. sg., 1326.
r?den, st. f., order, arrangement, law: see Note on 1143; comp. worold-r?den(?).
a-r?ran, w. v.: 1) to raise, lift up: pret. pl. ta w?ron monige te his m?g ... ricone a-r?rdon (_there were many that lifted up his brother quickly_), 2984.--2) figuratively, to spread, disseminate: pret. part. bl?d is a-r?red (thy renown is far-spread), 1704.
r?s, st. m., on-rush, attack, storm: acc. sg. g?ee r?s (_the storm of battle, attack_), 2627; instr. pl. g?ee r?sum, 2357.--Comp.: g?e-, hand-, heaeo-, m?gen-, w?l-r?s.
(ge-)r?san, w. v., _to rush (upon)_: pret. sg. r?sde on tone r?fan, 2691, 2840.
r?swa, w. m., prince, ruler: dat. sg. weoroda r?swan, 60.
reccan, w. v., to explicate, recount, narrate: inf. frum-sceaft fira feorran reccan (recount the origin of man from ancient times), 91; gerund, t? lang is t? reccenne, h? ic ... (too long to tell how I...), 2094; pret. sg. syll?c spell rehte (told a wondrous tale), 2111; so intrans. feorran rehte (told of olden times), 2107.
reced, st. n., building, house; hall (complete in itself): nom. sg., 412, 771, 1800; acc. sg., 1238; dat. sg. recede, 721, 729, 1573; gen. sg. recedes, 326, 725, 3089; gen. pl. receda, 310.--Comp.: eore-, heal-, horn-, win-reced.
regn-heard, adj., immensely strong, firm: acc. pl. rondas regn-hearde, 326.
regnian, r那nian, w. v., to prepare, bring on_ or _about: inf. de芍e r那n[ian] hond-gesteallan (prepare death for his comrade), 2169.
ge-regnian, to prepare, deck out, adorn: pret. part. medu-benc monig ... golde ge-regnad, 778.
regn-, r那n-weard, st. m., mighty guardian: nom. pl. r那n-weardas (of Be車wulf and Grendel contending for the possession of the hall), 771.
rest, r?st, st. f.: 1) bed, resting-place: acc. sg. r?ste, 139; dat. sg. on r?ste (genam) (from his resting-place), 1299, 1586; t? r?ste (_to bed_), 1238. Comp.: flet-r?st, sele-rest, w?l-rest.--2) repose, rest; in comp. ?fen-r?st.
ge-reste (M.H.G. reste), f., resting-place: in comp. wind-gereste.
restan, w. v.: 1) to rest: inf. restan, 1794; pret. sg. reflex. reste hine ta r?m-heort, 1800.--2) to rest, cease: inf., 1858.
r那c (O.H.G. rouh), st. m., reek, smoke: instr. sg. r那ce, 3157.--Comp.: w?l-, wudu-r那c.
r那can (O.H.G. ruohjan), w. v. w. gen., _to reck, care about something, be anxious_: pres. sg. III. w?pna ne r那cee (_recketh not for weapons, weapons cannot hurt him_), 434.
r那ee, adj., wroth, furious: nom. sg., 122, 1586; nom. pl. r那ee, 771. Also, of things, wild, rough, fierce: gen. sg. r那ees and-hattres (fierce, penetrating heat), 2524.
re芍f, st. n., booty, plunder in war; clothing, garments (as taken by the victor from the vanquished): in comp. heaeo-, w?l-re芍f.
re芍fian, w. v., to plunder, rob, w. acc.: inf. hord re芍fian, 2774; pret. sg. tenden re芍fode rinc ?eerne, 2986; w?l re芍fode, 3028; pret. pl. w?l re芍fedon, 1213.
be-re芍fian, w. instr., to bereave, rob of: pret. part. since be-re芍fod, 2747; golde be-re芍fod, 3019.
reord, st. f., speech, language; tone of voice: acc. sg. on-cni車w mannes reorde (knew, heard, a human voice), 2556.
reordian, w. v., to speak, talk_: inf. fela reordian (speak much_), 3026.
ge-reordian, to entertain, to prepare for: pret. part. ta w?s eft swa ?r ... flet-sittendum f?gere ge-reorded (_again, as before, the guests were hospitably entertained_), 1789
re車t, st. m.?, f.?, noise, tumult? (grave?): instr. sg. re車te, 2458. Bugge, in Zachers Zeits. 4, 215, takes re車te as dat. from re車t (_rest, repose_).
re車c, adj., savage, furious: nom. sg., 122.
be-re車fan, st. v., to rob of, bereave: pret. part. w. instr. acc. sg. fem. golde berofene, 2932; instr. sg. re車te berofene, 2458.
re車n. See r?wan.
re車tan, st. v., to weep: pres. pl. ?e t?t ... roderas re車tae, 1377.
re車w, adj., excited, fierce, wild: in comp. bl?d-, g?e-, w?l-re車w. See hre車w.
ricone, hastily, quickly, immediately, 2984.
riht, st. n., right_ or _privilege; the (abstract) right: acc. sg. on ryht (according to right), 1556; s?e and riht (truth and right), 1701; dat. sg. wie rihte, 144; ?fter rihte (in accordance with right), 1050; syll?c spell rehte ?fter rihte _(told a wondrous tale truthfully_), 2111; mid rihte, 2057; acc. pl. ealde riht (the ten commandments), 2331; --Comp. in 那eel-, folc-, land-, un-, word-riht.
riht, adj., straight, right: in comp. up-riht.
rihte, adv., rightly, correctly, 1696. See ?t-rihte.
rinc, st. m., man, warrior, hero: nom. sg., 399, 2986; also of Grendel, 721; acc. sg. rinc, 742, 748; dat. sg. rince, 953; of Hr?egar, 1678; gen. pl. rinca, 412, 729.--Comp. in beado-, g?e-, here-, heaeo-, hilde-, mago-, s?-rinc.
ge-risne, ge-rysne, adj., appropriate, proper: nom. sg. n. ge-rysne, 2654.
r?ce, st. n.: 1) realm, land ruled over: nom. sg., 2200, 2208; acc. sg. r?ce, 913, 1734, 1854, 3005; gen. sg. r?ces, 862, 1391, 1860, 2028, 3081. Comp. Swi車-r?ce.--2) _council of chiefs, the king with his chosen advisers_(?): nom. sg. oft ges?t r?ce t? r?ne, 172.
r?ce, adj., mighty, powerful: nom. sg. (of Hr?egar), 1238; (of Hygelac), 1210; (of ?sc-here), 1299; weak form, se r?ca (Hr?egar), 310; (Be車wulf), 399; (Hygelac), 1976.--Comp. gimme-r?ce.
r?csian, r?xian, w. v. intrans., to rule, reign: inf. r?csian, 2212; pret. sg. r?xode, 144.
r?dan, st. v., to ride: subj. pres. t?t his byre r?de giong on galgan, 2446; pres. part. nom. pl. r?dend, 2458; inf. wicge r?dan, 234; mearum r?dan, 856; pret. sg. s?-genga ... se te on ancre rad, 1884; him t?-ge芍nes rad (rode to meet them), 1894; pret. pl. ymbe hl?w riodan (_rode round the grave-mound_), 3171.
ge-r?dan, w. acc., to ride over: pret. sg. se te n?s ge-rad (_who rode over the promontory_), 2899.
r?m, st. n., series, number: in comp. d?g-, un-r?m.
ge-r?m, st. n., series, number: in comp. d?gor-ge-rim.
ge-r?man, w. v., to count together, enumerate in all: pret. part. in comp. fore-ger?med.
a-r?san, st. v., to arise, rise: imper. sg. a-r?s, 1391; pret. sg. a-ras ta se r?ca, 399; so, 652, 1791, 3031; a-ras ta b? ronde (_arose by his shield_), 2539; hwanan si車 f?he a-ras (whence the feud arose), 2404.
rodor, st. m., ether, firmament, sky (from radius?, Bugge): gen. sg. rodores candel, 1573; nom. pl. roderas, 1377; dat. pl. under roderum, 310; gen. pl. rodera, 1556.
r?f, adj., fierce, of fierce, heroic, strength, strong: nom. sg., 2539; also with gen. m?genes r?f (strong in might), 2085; so, te芍h te he r?f s?e n?e-geweorca, 683; acc. sg. r?fne, 1794; on tone r?fan, 2691.--Comp.: beadu-, brego-, ellen-, heaeo-, hyge-, sige-r?f.
r?t, adj., glad, joyous: in comp. un-r?t.
r?wan, st. v., to row (with the arms), swim: pret. pl. re車n (for re車won), 512, 539.
r?m, st. m., space, room: nom. sg., 2691.
r?m, adj.: 1) roomy, spacious: nom. sg. t?hte him eall t? r?m, wongas and w?c-stede (fields and dwelling seemed to him all too broad, i.e. could not hide his shame at the unavenged death of his murdered son), 2462.--2) in moral sense, great, magnanimous, noble-hearted: acc. sg. turh r?mne sefan, 278.
r?m-heort, adj., big-hearted, noble-spirited: nom. sg., 1800, 2111.
ge-r?m-l?c, adj., commodious, comfortable: compar. ge-r?m-l?cor, 139.
r?n, st. f., secrecy, secret discussion, deliberation_ or _council: dat. sg. ge-s?t r?ce t? r?ne, 172.--Comp. beado-r?n.
r?n-st?f, st. m., rune-stave, runic letter: acc. pl. turh r?n-stafas, 1696.
r?n-wita, w. m., rune-wit, privy councillor, trusted adviser: nom. sg., 1326.
ge-rysne. See ge-risne.
ge-ryman, w. v.: 1) to make room for, prepare, provide room: pret. pl. t?t hie him ?eer flet eal ge-rymdon, 1087; pret. part. ta w?s Ge芍t-m?cgum ... benc gerymed, 492; so, 1976.--2) to allow, grant, admit: pret. part. ta me ge-rymed w?s (s?e) (as access was permitted me), 3089; ta him gerymed weare, t?t hie w?l-st?we wealdan m?ston, 2984.
S
ge-saca, w. m., opponent, antagonist, foe: acc. sg. ge-sacan, 1774.
sacan, st. v., to strive, contend: inf. ymb feorh sacan, 439.
ge-sacan, to attain, gain by contending (Grein): inf. gesacan sceal sawl-berendra ... gearwe st?we _(gain the place prepared_, i.e. the death-bed), 1005.
on-sacan: 1) (originally in a lawsuit), _to withdraw, take away, deprive of_: pres. subj. t?tte freoeuwebbe feores on-s?ce ... le車fne mannan, 1943.--2) to contest, dispute, withstand: inf. t?t he s?mannum on-sacan mihte (i.e. hord, bearn, and bryde), 2955.
sacu, st. f., strife, hostility, feud: nom. sg., 1858, 2473; acc. sg. s?ce, 154; s?cce, 1978, 1990, 2348, 2500, 2563; dat. sg. ?t (t?) s?cce, 954, 1619, 1666, 2613, 2660, 2682, 2687; gen. sg. secce, 601; gen. pl. s?cca, 2030.
ge-sacu, st. f., strife, enmity: nom. sg., 1738.
sadol, st. m., saddle: nom. sg., 1039.
sadol-beorht, adj., with bright saddles (?): acc. pl. sadol-beorht, 2176.
ge-saga. See secgan.
samne, somne, adv., together, united; in ?t-somne, together, united, 307, 402, 491, 544, 2848.
t?-somne (together), 3123; ta se wyrm ge-be芍h sn?de t?-somne (_when the dragon quickly coiled together_), 2569.
samod, somod: I. adv., simultaneously, at the same time: somod, 1212, 1615, 2175, 2988; samod, 2197; samod ?t-g?dere, 387, 730, 1064.--II. prep. w. dat., with, at the same time with: samod ?r-d?ge (_with the break of day_), 1312; somod ?r-d?ge, 2943.
sand, st. n., sand, sandy shore: dat. sg. on sande, 295, 1897, 3043(?); ?fter sande (along the shore), 1965; wie sande, 213.
sang, st. m., song, cry, noise: nom. sg. sang, 1064; swutol sang sc?pes, 90; acc. sg. sige-le芍sne sang (Grendel's cry of woe), 788; sarigne sang (Hr那eel's dirge for Herebeald), 2448.
sal, st. m., rope: dat. sg. sale, 1907; on sale (sole, MS.), 302.
sal. See s?l.
sar, st. n., wound, pain (physical or spiritual): nom. sg. sar, 976; si車 sar, 2469; acc. sg. sar, 788; sare, 2296; dat. (instr.) sg. sare, 1252, 2312, 2747.--Comp. l?c-sar.
sar, adj., sore, painful: instr. pl. sarum wordum, 2059.
sare, adv., sorely, heavily, ill, graviter: se te him [sa]re gesce?d (who injured him sorely), 2224.
sarig, adj., painful, woeful: acc. sg. sarigne sang, 2448.
sarig-fere, adj., sore-hearted, grieved: nom. sg. sarig-fere (W?glaf), 2864.
sarig-m?d, adj., sorrowful-minded, saddened: dat. pl. sarig-m?dum, 2943.
sar-l?c, adj., painful: nom. sg., 843; acc. sg. neut., 2110.
sawol, sawl, st. f., soul (the immortal principle as contrasted with l?f, the physical life): nom. sg. sawol, 2821; acc. sg. sawle, 184, 802; h?eene sawle, 853; gen. sg. sawele, 1743; sawle, 2423.
sawl-berend, pres. part., endowed with a soul, human being: gen. pl. sawl-berendra, 1005.
sawul-dre車r, st. n., (blood gushing from the seat of the soul), _soul-gore, heart's blood, life's blood_: instr. sg. sawul-dri車re, 2694.
sawul-le芍s, adj., soulless, lifeless: acc. sg. sawol-le芍sne, 1407; sawul-le芍sne, 3034.
s?ce, s?cce. See sacu.
s?d, adj., satiated, wearied: in comp. hilde-s?d.
s?l, st. n., habitable space, house_, _hall: dat. sg. sel, 167; s?l, 307, 2076, 2265.
s?ld, st. n., hall, king's hall_ or _palace: acc. sg. geond t?t s?ld (Heorot), 1281.
s?, st. m. and f., sea, ocean: nom. sg., 579, 1224; acc. sg. on s?dne s?, 507; ofer s?, 2381; ofer s? s?de, 2395; dat. sg. t? s?, 318; on s?, 544; dat. pl. be s?m tweonum, 859, 1298, 1686, 1957.
s?-bat, st. m., sea-boat: acc. sg., 634, 896.
s?-cyning, st. m., sea-king, king ruling the sea: gen. pl. s?-cyninga, 2383.
s?-de車r, st. n., sea-beast, sea-monster: nom. sg., 1511.
s?-draca, w. m., sea-dragon: acc. pl. s?-dracan, 1427.
ge-s?gan, w. v., to fell, slay: pret. part. h?fdon eal-fela eotena cynnes sweordum ge-s?ged (felled with the sword), 885.
s?ge. See on-s?ge.
s?-genga, w. m., sea-goer, i.e. sea-going ship: nom. sg., 1883, 1909.
s?-ge芍p, adj., spacious (broad enough for the sea): nom. sg. s?-ge芍p naca, 1897.
s?-grund, st. m., sea-bottom, ocean-bottom: dat. sg. s?-grunde, 564.
s?l, sal, s那l, st. f.: 1) favorable opportunity, good_ or _fit time: nom. sg. s?l, 623, 1666, 2059; s?l and m?l, 1009; acc. sg. s那le, 1136; gen. pl. s?la and m?la, 1612.--2) Fate(?): see Note on l. 51.--3) _happiness, joy_: dat. pl. on salum, 608; s?lum, 644, 1171, 1323. See s那l, adj.
ge-s?lan, w. v., to turn out favorably, succeed: pret. sg. him ge-s?lde t?t ...(he was fortunate enough to, etc.), 891; so, 574; efne swylce m?la, swylce hira man-dryhtne tearf ge-s?lde (_at such times as need disposed it for their lord_), 1251.
s?lan (see sal), w. v., to tie, bind: pret. sg. s?lde ... s?e-f?eme scip, 1918; pl. s?-wudu s?ldon, 226.
ge-s?lan, to bind together, weave, interweave: pret. part. earm-be芍ga fela searwum ge-s?led (many curiously interwoven armlets, i.e. made of metal wire: see Guide to Scandinavian Antiquities, p. 48), 2765.
on-s?lan, with acc., to unbind, unloose, open: on-s?l meoto, sige-hr那e secgum (disclose thy views to the men, thy victor's courage_; or, thy presage of victory_?), 489.
s?-lac, st. n., sea-gift, sea-booty: instr. sg. s?-lace, 1625; acc. pl. tas s?-lac, 1653.
s?-lad, st. f., sea-way, sea-journey: dat. sg. s?-lade, 1140, 1158.
s?-l?eend, pres. part., seafarer: nom. pl. s?-l?eend, 411, 1819, 2807; s?-l?eende, 377.
s?-man, m., sea-man, sea-warrior: dat. pl. s?-mannum, 2955; gen. pl. s?-manna, 329 (both times said of the Ge芍tas).
s?mra, weak adj. compar., the worse, the weaker: nom. sg. s?mra, 2881; dat. sg. s?mran, 954.
s?-m那ee, adj., sea-weary, exhausted by sea-travel: nom. pl. s?-m那ee, 325.
s?-n?s, st. m., sea-promontory, cape, naze: acc. pl. s?-n?ssas, 223, 571.
s?ne, adj., careless, slow: compar. sg. nom. he on holme w?s sundes t那 s?nra, te hyne swylt fornam (_was the slower in swimming in the sea, whom death took away_), 1437.
s?-rinc, st. m., sea-warrior_ or _hero: nom. sg., 691.
s?-s?e, st. m., sea-way, path, journey: dat. sg. ?fter s?-s?ee, 1150.
s?-wang, st. m., sea-shore_ or _beach: acc. sg. s?-wong, 1965.
s?-weal, st. m., _(sea-wall), seashore_: dat. sg. s?-wealle, 1925.
s?-wudu, st. m., _(sea-wood), vessel, ship_: acc. sg. s?-wudu, 226.
s?-wylm, st. m., sea-surf, billow: acc. pl. ofer s?-wylmas, 393.
scacan, sceacan, st. v., properly, to shake one's self_; hence, to go, glide, pass along_ or away: pres. sg. tonne m?n sceacee l?f of l?ce, 2743; inf. ta com beorht [sunne] scacan [ofer grundas], (_the bright sun came gliding over the fields_), 1804; pret. sg. dugue ellor sc?c _(the chiefs are gone elsewhither_, i.e. have died), 2255; tonne str?la storm ... sc?c ofer scild-weall (_when the storm of arrows leapt over the wall of shields_), 3119; pret. part. w?s hira bl?d scacen (_their bravest men had passed away_), 1125; ta w?s winter scacen (the winter was past), 1137; so, sceacen, 2307, 2728.
scadu, sceadu, st. f., shadow, concealing veil of night: acc. sg. under sceadu bregdan (i.e. kill), 708.
scadu-genga, w. m., shadow-goer, twilight-stalker (of Grendel): nom. sg. sceadu-genga, 704.
scadu-helm, st. m., shadow-helm, veil of darkness: gen. pl. scadu-helma ge-sceapu (shapes of the shadow, evil spirits wandering by night), 651.
scalu, st. f., retinue, band (part of an armed force); in comp. hand-scalu: mid his hand-scale (hond-scole), 1318, 1964.
scamian, w. v., to be ashamed: pres. part. nom. pl. scamiende, 2851; n? he t?re feoh-gyfte ... scamigan torfte (_needed not be ashamed of his treasure-giving_), 1027.
scawa (see sce芍wlan), w. m., observer, visitor: nom. pl. scawan, 1896.
ge-scad, st. n., difference, distinction: acc. sg. ?g-hw?eres gescad, worda and worca (difference between, of, both words and deeds), 288.
ge-scadan, st. v., to decide, adjudge: pret. sg. rodera r?dend hit on ryht gesc那d (decided it in accordance with right), 1556.
scanan? See sc?nan, pret. pl. scionon, 303; the imaginary scanan having been abandoned.
ge-sc?p-hw?le, st. f., _fated hour, hour of death (appointed rest?)_: dat. sg. t? gesc?p-hw?le (at the fated hour), 26.
sceeean, w. v., to scathe, injure: inf. w. dat. pers., 1034; aldre sceeean (hurt her life), 1525; t?t on land Dena laera n?nig mid scipherge sceeean ne meahte (injure through robber incursions), 243; pret. sg. t?r him n?nig w?ter wihte ne sceeede, 1515.
ge-sceeean, the same: inf. t?t him ... ne mihte eorres inwit-feng aldre gesceeean, 1448.
scenc, st. m., vessel, can: in comp. medu-scenc.
scencan, w. v., to hand drink, pour out: pret. sg. scencte sc?r wered, 496 (cf. skinker = cup-bearer).
scenne, w. f.?, sword-guard?: dat. pl. on t?m scennum sc?ran goldes, 1695.
sceran, st. v., to shear off, cleave, hew to pieces: pres. sg. tonne heoru bunden ... sw?n ofer helme andweard sciree (_hews off the boar-head on the helm_), 1288.
ge-sceran, to divide, hew in two: pret. sg. helm oft ge-sc?r (_often clove the helm in two_), 1527; so, gescer, 2974.
scerwen, st. f.?, in comp. ealu-scerwen (ale-scare_ or _panic?), 770.
sc那t. See sce車tan.
sceadu. See scadu.
sceaea, w. m.: 1) scather, foe: gen. pl. sceaeena, 4.--2) _fighter, warrior_: nom. pl. scaean, 1804.--Comp.: attor-, dol-, fe車nd-, g?e-, hearm-, le車d-, man-, sin-, te車d-, uht-sceaea.
sceaean, st. v. w. dat., to scathe, injure, crush: pret. sg. se te oft manegum sc?d (which has oft oppressed many), 1888.
ge-sceaean, w. dat., the same: pret. sg. swa him ?r gesc?d hild ?t Heorote, 1588; se te him sare ge-sce?d (who injured him sorely), 2224; n? ty ?r in gesc?d halan l?ce, 1503; bill ?r gesc?d eald-hlafordes tam tara maema mund-bora w?s (_the weapon of the ancient chieftain had before laid low the dragon, the guardian of the treasure_), 2778 (or, sheathed in brass?, if ?r and gesc?d form compound).
sceaeen-m?l, st. n., deadly weapon, hostile sword: nom. sg., 1940.
sceaft, st. m., shaft, spear, missile: nom. sg. sceft, 3119.--Comp.: here-, w?l-sceaft.
ge-sceaft, st. f.: 1) creation, earth, earthly existence: acc. sg. tas l?nan ge-sceaft, 1623.--2) fate, destiny: in comp. fore-, l?f-, m?l-gesceaft.
scealc, st. m., servant, military retainer: nom. sg., 919; (of Be車wulf), 940.--Comp be車r-scealc.
ge-sceap, st. n.: 1) shape, creature: nom. pl. scadu-helma ge-sceapu, 651.--2) fate, providence: acc. sg. he芍h ge-sceap (heavy fate), 3085.
sceapan, sceppan, scyppan, st. v., _to shape, create, order, arrange, establish_: pres. part. scyppend (the Creator), 106; pret. sg. sc?p him Heort naman (shaped, gave, it the name Heorot), 78; pres. part. w?s si車 wr?ht scepen heard wie H?gas, syeean Hygelac cwom (_the contest with the H?gas became sharp after H. had come_), 2915.
ge-sceapan, to shape, create: pret. sg. l?f ge-sce?p cynna gehwylcum, 97.
scear, st. m., massacre: in comp. g?e-, inwit-scear, 2429, etc.
scearp, adj., sharp, able, brave: nom. sg. scearp scyld-w?ga, 288.--Comp.: beadu-, heaeo-scearp.
scearu, st. f., division, body, troop_: in comp. folc-scearu; that is decided_ or determined, in g?e-scearu (overthrow?), 1214.
sceat, st. m., money_; also _unit of value in appraising (cf. Rieger in Zacher's Zeits. 3, 415): acc. pl. sceattas, 1687. When numbers are given, sceat appears to be left out, cf. 2196, 2995 (see t?send).--Comp. gif-sceat.
sce芍t, st. m., region, field: acc. pl. gefr?twade foldan sce芍tas leomum and le芍fum, 96;--top, surface, part: gen. pl. eorean sce芍ta, 753.
sce芍were, st. m., observer, spy: nom. pl. sce芍weras, 253.
sce芍wian, w. v. w. acc., to see, look at, observe: inf. sce芍wian, 841, 1414, 2403, 2745, 3009, 3033; sce芍wigan, 1392; pres. sg. II. t?t ge gen?ge ne芍n sce芍wiae be芍gas and brad gold, 3105; subj. pres. t?t ic ... sce芍wige swegle searo-gimmas, 2749; pret. sg. sce芍wode, 1688, 2286, 2794; sg. for pl., 844; pret. pl. sce芍wedon, 132, 204, 984, 1441.
ge-sce芍wian, to see, behold, observe: pret. part. ge-sce芍wod, 3076, 3085.
sceorp, st. n., garment: in comp. hilde-sceorp.
sce車tan, st. v., to shoot, hurl missiles: pres. sg. se te of flan-bogan fyrenum sce車tee, 1745; pres. part. nom. pl. sce車tend (_the warriors, bowmen_), 704, 1155; dat. pl. for sce車tendum (MS. scotenum), 1027.
ge-sce車tan, w. acc., to shoot off, hurry: pret. sg. hord eft gesce芍t (the dragon darted again back to the treasure), 2320.
of-sce車tan, to kill by shooting: pret. sg. his m?g of-sc那t ... bl?digan gare _(killed his brother with bloody dart_), 2440.
scild, scyld, st. m., shield: nom. sg. scyld, 2571; acc. sg. scyld, 437, 2076; acc. pl. scyldas, 325, 333, 2851.
scildan, scyldan, w. v., to shield, protect: pret. subj. nymee mec god scylde (if God had not shielded me), 1659.
scild-freca, w. m., shield-warrior (warrior armed with a shield): nom. sg. scyld-freca, 1034.
scild-weall, st. m., wall of shields: acc. sg. scild-weall, 3119.
scild-w?ga, w. m., shield-warrior: nom. sg. scyld-w?ga, 288.
scinna, w. m., apparition, evil spirit: dat. pl. scynnum, 940.
scip, st. n., vessel, ship: nom. sg., 302; acc. sg., 1918; dat. sg. t? scipe, 1896; gen. sg. scipes, 35, 897; dat pl. t? scypum (scypon, MS.), 1155.
scip-here, st. m., (exercitus navalis) armada, fleet: dat. sg. mid scip-herge, 243.
ge-sc?fe (for ge-scyfe), adj., advancing (of the dragon's movement), 2571; = G. schief?
sc?nan, st. v., to shine, flash: pres. sg. sunne ... s?ean sc?nee, 607; so, 1572; inf. geseah blacne le車man beorhte sc?nan, 1518; pret. sg. (g?e-byrne, woruld--candel) scan, 321, 1966; on him byrne scan, 405; pret. pl. gold-fag scinon web ?fter wagum, 995; scionon, 303.
sc?r, adj., sheer, pure, shining: nom. sg. hring-?ren sc?r, 322; sc?r metod, 980; acc. sg. n. sc?r wered, 496; gen. sg. sc?ran goldes, 1695.
sc?r-ham, adj., bright-armored, clad in bright mail: nom. pl. sc?r-hame, 1896.
scoten. See sce車ten.
ge-sc?d, pret. part., shod (calceatus), covered: in comp. ?r-ge-sc?d(?). See ge-sceaean, and Note.
sc?p, st. m., singer, shaper, poet: nom. sg., 496, 1067; gen. sg. sc?pes, 90.
scr?f, st. n., hole in the earth, cavern: in comp. eore-scr?f.
scr?ean, st. v., to stride, go: pres. pl. scr?eae, 163; inf. scr?ean, 651, 704; scr?ean t?, 2570.
scr?fan, st. v., to prescribe, impose (punishment): inf. h? him (Grendel) sc?r metod scr?fan wille, 980.
for-scr?fan, w. dat. pers., to proscribe, condemn: pret. part. sieean him scyppend for-scrifen h?fde, 106.
ge-scr?fan, to permit, prescribe: pret. sg. swa him Wyrd ne ge-scraf (_as Weird did not permit him_), 2575.
scr?d, st. m., clothing, covering; ornament: in comp. beadu-, byrdu-scr?d.
scucca, w. m., shadowy sprite, demon: dat. pl. scuccum, 940.
sculan, aux. v. w. inf.: 1) shall, must (obligation): pres. sg. I., III. sceal, 20, 24, 183, 251, 271, 287, 440, 978, 1005, 1173, 1387, 1535, etc.; scel, 455, 2805, 3011; II. scealt, 589, 2667; subj. pres. scyle, 2658; scile, 3178; pret. ind. sg. I., III. scolde, 10, 806, 820, 966, 1071, 1444, 1450, etc.; sceolde, 2342, 2409, 2443, 2590, 2964; II. sceoldest, 2057; pl. scoldon, 41, 833, 1306, 1638; subj. pret. scolde, 1329, 1478; sceolde, 2709.--2) w. inf. following it expresses futurity, = shall, will: pres. sg. I., III. sceal be車dan (shall offer), 384; so, 424, 438, 602, 637, 1061, 1707, 1856, 1863, 2070; sceall, 2499, 2509, etc.; II. scealt, 1708; pl. wit sculon, 684; subj. pret. scolde, 280, 692, 911; sceolde, 3069.--3) sculan sometimes forms a periphrastic phrase or circumlocution for a simple tense, usually with a slight feeling of obligation or necessity: pres. sg. he ge-wunian sceall (he inhabits; is said to inhabit?), 2276; pret. sg. se te w?ter-egesan wunian scolde, 1261; w?cnan scolde (was to awake), 85; se tone gomelan gr那tan sceolde (was to, should, approach), 2422; t?t se byrn-w?ga b?gan sceolde (the corseleted warrior had to bow, fell), 2919; pl. ta te beado-gr?man bywan sceoldon (_they that had to polish or deck the battle-masks_), 2258; so, 230, 705, 1068.--4) w. omitted inf., such as wesan, gangan: unc sceal worn fela maema ge-m?nra (i.e. wesan). 1784; so, 2660; sceal se hearda helm ... f?tum befeallen (i.e. wesan), 2256; ic him ?fter sceal (i.e. gangan), 2817; subj. tonne tu fore scyle (i.e. gangan), 1180. A verb or inf. expressed in an antecedent clause is not again expressed with a subsequent sceal: g?e a Wyrd swa hi車 scel (_Weird goeth ever as it shall_ [go]), 455; g?e-bill ge-swac swa hit n? sceolde (i.e. ge-sw?can), 2586.
sc?a, w. m., shadowy demon: in comp. de芍e-sc?a.
sc?fan, st. v.: 1) intrans., to move forward, hasten: pret. part. ta w?s morgen-le車ht scofen and scynded, 919.--2) w. acc., to shove, push: pret. pl. guman ?t scufon ... wudu bundenne (pushed the vessel from the land), 215; dracan scufun ... ofer weall-clif (_pushed the dragon over the wall-like cliff_), 3132. See w?d-scofen(?)
be-sc?fan, w. acc., to push, thrust down, in: inf. wa bie t?m te sceal ... sawle be-sc?fan in fyres f?em (_woe to him that shall thrust his soul into fire's embrace_), 184.
sc?r, st. m., shower, battle-shower: in comp. ?sern-sc?r.
sc?r-heard, adj., _fight-hardened? (file-hardened?_): nom. pl. sc?r-heard, 1034.
scyld, scyldan. See scild, scildan.
scyldig, adj., under obligations_ or _bound for; guilty of, w. gen. and instr.: ealdres (moreres) scyldig, 1339, 1684, 2062; synnum scyldig (guilty of evil deeds), 3072.
scyndan, w. v., to hasten: inf. scyndan, 2571; pret. part, scynded, 919
scynna. See scinna.
scyppend. See sceapan.
scyran, w. v., to arrange, decide: inf. t?t hit sceaeen-m?l scyran m?ste (that the sword must decide it), 1940. O.N. skora, to score, decide.
scyne, adj., sheen, well-formed, beautiful: nom. sg. m?ge scyne, 3017.
se, pron. dem. and article, the: m. nom., 79, 84, 86, 87, 90, 92, 102, etc.; fem, se車, 66, 146, etc.; neut. t?t;--relative: se (who), 1611, 2866; se te (he who), 2293; se車 te (she who), 1446; se te (for se車 te), 1345, 1888, 2686; cf. 1261, 1498; (Grendel's mother, as a wild, demonic creature, is conceived now as man, now as woman: woman, as having borne a son; man, as the incarnation of savage cunning and power); se for se車, 2422; dat. sg. tam (for tam te), 2780.
secce. See sacu.
secg, st. m., man, warrior, hero, spokesman (secgan?): nom. sg., 208, 872, 2228, 2407, etc.; (Be車wulf), 249, 948, 1312, 1570, 1760, etc.; (Wulfgar), 402; (H?nfere), 981; (W?glaf), 2864; acc. sg. sinnigne secg (Grendel's mother, cf. se), 1380; dat. sg. secge, 2020; nom. pl. secgas, 213, 2531, 3129; dat. pl. secgum, 490; gen. pl. secga, 634, 843, 997, 1673.
secg, st. f., sword (sedge?): acc. sg. secge, 685.
secgan, w. v., to say, speak: 1) w. acc.: pres. sg. gode ic tanc secge, 1998; so, 2796; pres. part. swa se secg hwata secgende w?s laera spella (partitive gen.), 3029; inf. secgan, 582, 876, 881, 1050; pret. sg. s?gde him t?s le芍nes tanc, 1810; pret. sg. II. hw?t tu worn fela ... s?gdest from his s?ee, 532.--2) without acc inf. swa we s?el?ce secgan hyrdon, 273; pret. sg. s?gde, 2633, 2900--3) w. depend. clause: pres. sg. ic secge, 591; pl. III. secgae, 411; inf. secgan, 51, 391, 943, 1347, 1701, 1819, 2865, 3027; gerund. t? secganne, 473, 1725; pret. sg. s?gde, 90, 1176; pl. s?gdon, 377, 2188; s?dan, 1946.
a-secgan (edicere), to say out, deliver: inf. wille ic a-secgan suna Healfdenes ... m?n ?rende, 344.
ge-secgan, to say, relate: imper. sg. II. ge-saga, 388; t?t ic his ?rest te eft ge-s?gde (that I should, after, tell thee its origin), 2158; pret. part. ges?gd, 141; ges?d, 1697.
sefa, w. m., heart, mind, soul, spirit: nom. sg., 49, 490, 595, 2044, 2181, 2420, 2601, 2633; acc. sg. sefan, 278, 1727, 1843; dat. sg. sefan, 473, 1343, 1738.--Comp. m?d-sefa.
ge-segen, st. f., legend, tale: in comp. eald-ge-segen.
segl, st. n., sail: nom. sg., 1907.
segl-rad, st. f., sail-road, i.e. sea: dat. sg. on segl-rade, 1430.
segn, st. n., banner, vexillum: nom. sg., 2768, 2959; acc. sg. segen, 47, 1022; segn, 2777; dat. sg. under segne, 1205.--Comp. he芍fod-segn.
sel, st. n., hall, palace. See s?l.
seld, st. n., dwelling, house: in comp. medu-seld.
ge-selda, w. m., contubernalis, companion: acc. sg. geseldan, 1985.
seldan, adv., seldom: oft [n?] seldan, 2030.
seld-guma, w. m., _house-man, home-stayer(?); common man?, house-carl?_: nom. sg., 249.
sele, st. m. and n., _building consisting of one apartment; apartment, room_: nom. sg., 81, 411; acc. sg. sele, 827, 2353; dat. sg. t? sele, 323, 1641; in (on, t?) sele tam he芍n, 714, 920, 1017, 1985; on sele (_in the den of the dragon_), 3129.--Comp.: be芍h-, be車r-, dryht-, eore-, gest-, gold-, grund-, g?e-, he芍h-, hring-, hr?f-, nie-, win-sele.
sele-dre芍m, st. m., hall-glee, joy in the hall: acc. sg. tara te tis l?f ofgeaf, gesawon sele-dre芍m (referring to the joy of heaven?), 2253.
sele-ful, st. n., hall-goblet: acc. sg., 620.
sele-gyst, st. m., hall-guest, stranger in hall_ or _house: acc. sg. tone sele-gyst, 1546.
sele-r?dend, pres. part., hall-ruler, possessor of the hall: nom. pl., 51; acc. le車de m?ne sele-r?dende, 1347.
sele-rest, st. f., bed in the hall: acc. sg. sele-reste, 691.
sele-tegn, st. m., retainer, hall-thane, chamberlain: nom. sg., 1795.
sele-weard, st. m., hall-ward, guardian of the hall: acc. sg., 668.
self, sylf, pron., self: nom. sg. strong form, self, 1314, 1925 (? selfa); tu self, 595; tu te self, 954; self cyning (_the king himself, the king too_), 921, 1011; sylf, 1965; in weak form, selfa, 1469; he selfa, 29, 1734; t?m te him selfa de芍h (that can rely upon, trust to, himself), 1840; seolfa, 3068; he sylfa, 505; god sylfa, 3055; acc. sg. m. selfne, 1606; hine selfne (himself), 962; hyne selfne (himself, reflex.), 2876; wie sylfne (beside), 1978; gen. sg. m. selfes, 701, 896; his selfes, 1148; on s?nne sylfes d?m (at his own will), 2148; sylfes, 2224, 2361, 2640, 2711, 2777, 3014; his sylfes, 2014, 2326; fem. hire selfre, 1116; nom. pl. selfe, 419; S?e-Dene sylfe, 1997.
ge-sella, w. m., house-companion, comrade: in comp. hand-gesella.
sellan, syllan, w. v.: 1) w. acc. of thing, dat. of pers., _to give, deliver; permit, grant, present_: pres. sg. III. selee him on 那ele eorean wynne, 1731; inf. syllan, 2161, 2730; pret. sg. sealde, 72, 673, 1272, 1694, 1752, 2025, 2156, 2183, 2491, 2995; nefne god sylfa sealde tam te he wolde hord openian (_unless God himself gave to whom he would to open the hoard_), 3056; pret. sg. II. sealdest, 1483.--2) to give, give up (only w. acc. of thing): ?r he feorh selee (he prefers to give up his life), 1371; nallas on gylp selee f?tte be芍gas (giveth out gold-wrought rings, etc.), 1750; pret. sg. sinc-fato sealde, 623; pl. byrelas sealdon w?n of wunder-fatum, 1162.
ge-sellan, w. acc. and dat. of pers., to give, deliver; grant, present: inf. ge-sellan, 1030; pret. sg. ge-sealde, 616, 1053, 1867, 1902, 2143, etc.
sel-l?c, syl-l?c (from seld-l?c), adj., strange, wondrous: nom. sg. gl?f ... syll?c, 2087; acc. sg. n. syll?c spell, 2110; acc. pl. sell?ce s?-dracan, 1427. Compar. acc. sg. syll?cran wiht (the dragon), 3039.
semninga, adv., straightway, at once 645, 1641, 1768.
sendan, w. v. w. acc. of thing and dat. of pers., to send: pret. sg. tone god sende folce t? fr?fre (whom God sent as a comfort to the people), 13; so, 471, 1843.
for-sendan, to send away, drive off pret. part. he weare on fe車nda geweald ... sn?de for-sended, 905.
on-sendan, to send forth, away, w. acc. of thing and dat. of pers.: imper. sg. on-send, 452, 1484; pret. sg. on-sende, 382; pl. te hine ... fore on-sendon ?nne ofer yee (who sent him forth alone over the sea), 45; pret. part. bealo-cwealm hafae fela feorh-cynna feorr on-sended, 2267.
sendan (cf. Gl. Aldhelm, sanda = ferculorum, epularum, in Haupt IX. 444), w. v., to feast, banquet: pres. sg. III. sendee, 601.--Leo.
serce, syrce, w. f., sark, shirt of mail: nom. sg. syrce, 1112; nom. pl. syrcan, 226; acc. pl. gr?ge syrcan, 334.--Comp.: beadu-, heoro-serce; here-, leoeo-, l?c-syrce.
sess, st. m., seat, place for sitting: dat. sg. sesse, 2718; ta he b? sesse ge車ng (by the seat, i.e. before the dragon's lair), 2757.
setl, st. n., seat, settle: acc. sg., 2014; dat. sg. setle, 1233, 1783, 2020; gen. sg. setles, 1787; dat. pl. setlum, 1290.--Comp.: he芍h-, hilde-, meodu-setl.
settan, w. v., to set: pret. sg. setton s?-m那ee s?de scyldas ... wie t?s recedes weall (_the sea-wearied ones set their broad shields against the wall of the hall_), 325; so, 1243.
a-settan, to set, place, appoint: pret. pl. hie him a-setton segen [gyl]-denne he芍h ofer he芍fod, 47; pret. part. h?fde kyninga wuldor Grendle t?-ge芍nes ... sele-weard a-seted, 668.
be-settan, to set with, surround: pret. sg. (helm) besette sw?n-l?cum (set the helm with swine-bodies), 1454.
ge-settan: 1) to set, set down: pret. part. swa w?s ...turh r?n-stafas rihte ge-mearcod, ge-seted and ge-s?d (_thus was ... in rune-staves rightly marked, set down and said_), 1697.--2) to set, ordain, create: pret. sg. ge-sette ... sunnan and m?nan le車man t? le車hte land-b?endum, 94.--3) = componere, to lay aside, smooth over, appease: pret. sg. t?t he mid ty w?fe w?l-f?hea ... d?l ... ge-sette, 2030.
s那can, w. v., to follow after, hence: 1) to seek, strive for, w. acc.: pret. sg. sinc-f?t s?hte _(sought the costly cup_), 2301; ne s?hte searo-n?eas, 2739; so, 3068. Without acc.: tonne his myne s?hte (_than his wish demanded_), 2573; hord-weard s?hte georne ?fter grunde (_the hoard-warden sought eagerly along the ground_), 2294.--2) _to look for, come_ or go some whither, attain something, w. acc.: pres. sg. III. se te ... biorgas s那cee, 2273; subj. te芍h te h?e-stapa holt-wudu s那ce, 1370; imper. s那c gif tu dyrre (look for her_, i.e. Grendel's mother, if thou dare_), 1380; inf. s那cean, 200, 268, 646, 1598, 1870, 1990, 2514(?), 3103, etc.; s那can, 665, 1451; drihten s那cean (seek, go to, the Lord), 187; s那cean wyn-le芍s w?c (Grendel was to seek a joyless place, i.e. Hell), 822; so, s那can de車fla gedr?g, 757; sawle s那can (seek the life, kill), 802; so, s那cean sawle hord, 2423; gerund. s?cce t? s那ceanne, 2563; pret. sg. I., III. s?hte, 139, 208, 376, 417, 2224; II. s?htest, 458; pl. s?hton, 339.--3) to seek, attack: te ?s s那ceae t? Swe車na le車de, 3002; pret. pl. hine wr?c-m?cgas ofer s? s?htan, 2381.
ge-s那can: 1) to seek, w. acc.: inf. gif he ges那cean dear w?g ofer w?pen, 685.--2) to look for, come_ or _go to attain, w. acc.: inf. ge-s那cean, 693; gerund, t? ge-s那canne, 1923; pret. sg. ge-s?hte, 463, 520, 718, 1952; pret. part. nom. pl. feor-cyeee be車e s那lran ge-s?hte tam te hine selfa de芍h, 1840.--3) to seek with hostile intent, to attack: pres. sg. ge-s那cee 2516; pret. sg. ge-s?hte, 2347; pl. ge-s?hton, 2927; ge-s?htan, 2205.
ofer-s那can, w. acc., to surpass, outdo (in an attack): pres. sg. w?s si車 hond t? strong, se te m那ca gehwane ... swenge ofer-s?hte, tonne he t? s?cce b?r w?pen wundrum heard (_too strong was the hand, that surpassed every sword in stroke, when he_ [Be車wulf] bore the wondrous weapon to battle, i.e. the hand was too strong for any sword; its strength made it useless in battle), 2687.
s那l, st. f. See s?l.
s那l, s?l, adj., good, excellent, fit, only in compar.: nom. sg. m. s那lra, 861, 2194; t?m t?r s那lra w?s (to the one that was the better, i.e. Hygelac), 2200; de芍e bie s那lla tonne edw?t-l?f, 2891; neut. s那lre, 1385; acc. sg. m. s那lran te (a better than thee), 1851; s那lran, 1198; neut. t?t s那lre, 1760; dat. sg. m. s那lran sweord-frecan, 1469; nom. pl. fem. s那lran, 1840. Superl., strong form: nom. sg. neut. s那lest, 173, 1060; h?sa s那lest, 146, 285, 936; ?fost is s那lest, 256; bolda s那lest, 2327; acc. sg. neut. hr?gla s那lest, 454; h?sa s那lest, 659; billa s那lest, 1145;--weak form: nom. sg. m. reced s那lesta, 412; acc. sg. m. tone s那lestan, 1407, 2383; (t?s, MS.), 1957; dat. sg. m. t?m s那lestan, 1686; nom. pl. s那lestan, 416; acc. pl. ta s那lestan, 3123.
s那l, compar. adv., better, fitter, more excellent, 1013, 2531; ne bye him wihte t那 s那l (he shall be nought the better for it), 2278; so, 2688.
sealma (Frisian selma, in bed-selma), w. m., bed-chamber, sleeping-place: acc. sg. on sealman, 2461.
sealt, adj., salty: acc. sg. neut. ofer sealt w?ter (the sea), 1990.
searo (G. sarwa, pl.), st. n.: 1) armor, accoutrements, war-gear: nom. pl. s?-manna searo, 329; dat. pl. secg on searwum (_a man, warrior, in panoply_), 249, 2701; in (on) searwum, 323, 1558; 2531, 2569; instr. pl. searwum, 1814.--2) insidiae, ambuscade, waylaying, deception, battle: ta ic of searwum cwom, fah from fe車ndum, 419.--3) cunning, art, skill: instr. pl. sadol searwum fah (saddle cunningly ornamented), 1039; earmbe芍ga fela, searwum ge-s?led (many cunningly-linked armlets), 2765.--Comp. fyrd-, g?e-, inwit-searo.
searo-bend, st. f., band, bond, of curious workmanship: instr. pl. searo-bendum f?st, 2087.
searo-fah, adj., cunningly inlaid, ornamented, with gold: nom. sg. here-byrne hondum ge-broden, s?d and searo-fah, 1445.
searo-ge-tr?c, st. n., heap of treasure-objects: acc. sg., 3103.
searo-gim, st. m., cunningly set gem, rich jewel: acc. pl. searo-gimmas, 2750; gen. pl. searo-gimma, 1158.
searo-grim, adj., cunning and fierce: nom. sg., 595.
searo-h?bbend, pres. part. as subst., _arms-bearing, warrior with his trappings_: gen. pl. searo-h?bbendra, 237.
searo-net, st. n., armor-net, shirt of mail, corselet: nom. sg., 406.
searo-n?e, st. m.: 1) cunning hostility, plot, wiles: acc. pl. searo-n?eas, 1201, 2739.--2) also, only hostility, feud, contest: acc. pl. searo-n?eas, 3068; gen. pl. searo-n?ea, 582.
searo-tanc, st. m., ingenuity: instr. pl. searo-toncum, 776.
searo-wundor, st. n., rare wonder: acc. sg., 921.
seax, st. n., shortsword, hip-knife; dagger: instr. sg. seaxe, 1546.--Comp. w?l-seax.
seax-ben, st. f., dagger-wound: instr. pl. siex-bennum, 2905.
seofon, num., seven, 517; seofan, 2196; decl. acc. syfone, 3123.
seomian, w. v.: 1) intrans., to be tied; lie at rest: inf. siomian, 2768; pret. sg. seomode, 302.--2) w. acc., to put in bonds, entrap, catch: pret. sg. duguee and geogoee seomade (cf. 2086-2092), 161.
seonu, st. f., sinew: nom. pl. seonowe, 818.
se車c, adj., feeble, weak; fatally ill: nom. sg. feorh-bennum se車c (of Be車wulf, sick unto death), 2741; siex-bennum se車c (of the dead dragon), 2905; nom. pl. m?des se車ce (sick of soul), 1604.--Comp.: ellen-, feorh-, heaeo-se車c.
se車ean, st. v. w. acc., to seethe, boil_; figuratively, be excited over, brood_: pret. sg. ic t?s m?d-ceare sorh-wylmum se芍e (_I pined in heart-grief for that_), 1994; so, 190.
se車loe, st. m.?, bight, bay (cf. Dietrich in Haupt XI. 416): gen. pl. si車leea bi-gong (the realm of bights = the [surface of the] sea?), 2368.
se車n, syn, st. f., aspect, sight: in comp. wlite-, wundor-se車n, an-syn.
se車n, st. v., to see: a) w. acc.: inf. searo-wunder se車n, 921; so, 387, 1181, 1276, 3103; t?r m?g nihta ge-hw?m n?e-wundor se車n (_there may every night be seen a repulsive marvel_), 1366; pret. sg. ne seah ic ... heal-sittendra medudre芍m maran, 2015.--b) w. acc. and predicate adj.: ne seah ic elte車dige tus manige men m?digl?cran, 336.--c) w. prep. or adv.: pret. sg. seah on enta ge-weorc, 2718; seah on un-le車fe, 2864; pl. folc t? s?gon (looked on), 1423.
ge-se車n, to see, behold: a) w. acc.: pres. sg. III. se te be芍h ge-syhe, 2042; inf. ge-se車n, 396, 571, 649, 962, 1079, etc.; pret. sg. geseah, 247, 927, 1558, 1614; pl. ge-sawon, 1606, 2253.--b) w. acc. and predicate adj., pres. sg. III. ge-syhe ... on his suna b?re win-sele w那stne (_sees in his son's house the wine-hall empty_; or, hall of friends?), 2456.--c) w. inf.: pret. sg. ge-seah ... beran ofer bolcan beorhte randas (_saw shining shields borne over the gang-plank_), 229; pret. pl. m?re maeeum-sweord monige ge-sawon beforan beorn beran, 1024.--d) w. acc. and inf.: pret. sg. ge-seah, 729, 1517, 1586, 1663, 2543, 2605, etc.; pl. ge-sawon, 221, 1348, 1426; ge-s那gan, 3039; ge-s那gon, 3129.--e) w. depend, clause: inf. m?g tonne ... gese車n sunu Hr那eles, t?t ic (may the son of H. see that I...), 1486; pret. pl. ge-sawon, 1592.
geond-se車n, to see, look through, over, w. acc.: pret. sg. (ic) t?t eall geond-seh, 3088.
ofer-se車n, to see clearly, plainly: pret. pl. ofer-sawon, 419.
on-se車n, to look on, at, w. acc.: pret. pl. on-sawon, 1651.
se車wian, w. v., to sew, put together, link: pret. part. searo-net se車wed smiees or-tancum (the corselet woven by the smith's craft), 406.
sib, st. f., peace, friendship, relationship: nom. sg., 1165, 1858; sibb, 2601; acc. sibbe, 950, 2432, 2923; instr. sg. sibbe (in peace?), 154.--Comp.: dryht-, frieo-sib.
sib-?eeling, st. m., nobilis consanguineus, kindred prince_ or _nobleman: nom. pl. -?eelingas, 2709.
sibbe-gedryht, st. f., body of allied_ or _related warriors: acc. sg. sibbe-gedriht (the Danes), 387; (the Ge芍tas), 730.
sieean, syeean: 1) adv.: a) since, after, from now on, further, 142, 149, 283, 567, 1903, 2052, 2065, 2176, 2703, 2807, 2921; seoeean, 1876.--b) then, thereupon, after, 470, 686, 1454, 1557, 1690, 2208; seoeean, 1938; ?r ne sieean (neither before nor after), 719.
2) Conj.: a) w. ind. pres., as soon as, when, 413, 605, 1785, 2889, 2912.--b) w. ind. pret., when, whilst, 835, 851, 1205, 1207, 1421, 1590, 2357, 2961, 2971, 3128; seoeean, 1776;--since, 649, 657, 983, 1199, 1254, 1309, 2202;--after, either with pluperf.: sieean him scyppend forscrifen h?fde (after the Creator had proscribed him), 106; so, 1473; or with pret. = pluperf.: syeean niht becom (after night had come on), 115; so, 6, 132, 723, 887, 902, 1078, 1149, 1236, 1262, 1282, 1979, 2013, 2125; or pret. and pluperf. together, 2104-2105.
siex. See seax.
sige-dryhten, st. m., lord of victory, victorious lord: nom. sg. sige-drihten, 391.
sige-e芍dig, adj., blest with victory, victorious: acc. sg. neut. sige-e芍dig bil, 1558.
sige-folc, st. n., victorious people, troop: gen. pl. sige-folca, 645.
sige-hr那e, st. f., confidence of victory(?): acc. sg., 490. See Note.
sige-hr那eig, adj., victorious: nom. sg., 94, 1598, 2757.
sige-hw?l, st. f., hour_ or _day of victory: gen. sg. sige-hw?le, 2711.
sige-le芍s, adj., devoid of victory, defeated: acc. sg. sige-le芍sne sang, 788.
sige-r?f, adj., victorious: nom. sg., 620.
sige-te車d, st. f., victorious warrior troop: dat. sg. on sige-te車de, 2205.
sige-w?pen, st. n., victor-weapon, sword: dat. pl. sige-w?pnum, 805.
sigl, st. n.: 1) sun: nom. sg. sigel, 1967.--2) sun-shaped ornament: acc. pl. siglu, 3165; sigle (bracteates of a necklace), 1201; gen. pl. sigla, 1158.--Comp. maeeum-sigl.
sigor, st. m., victory: gen. sg. sigores, 1022; gen. pl. sigora, 2876, 3056.--Comp.: hr那e-, w?g-sigor.
sigor-e芍dig, adj., victorious: nom. sg. sigor-e芍dig secg (of Be車wulf), 1312, 2353.
sin. See syn.
sinc, st. n., treasure, jewel, property: nom. sg., 2765; acc. sg. sinc, 81, 1205, 1486, 2384, 2432; instr. sg. since, 1039, 1451, 1616, 1883, 2218, 2747; gen. sg. sinces, 608, 1171, 1923, 2072; gen. pl. sinca, 2429.
sinc-fah, adj., treasure-decked: acc. sg. neut. weak form, sinc-fage sel, 167.
sinc-f?t, st. n., costly vessel_: acc. sg., 2232, 2301;--a costly object_: acc. sg., 1201 (i.e. mene); acc. pl. sinc-fato, 623.
sinc-ge-stre車n, st. n., precious treasure, jewel of value : instr. pl. -gestre車num, 1093; gen. pl. -gestre車na, 1227.
sinc-gifa, w. m., jewel-giver, treasure-giver = prince, ruler: acc. sg. sinc-gyfan, 1013; dat. sg. sinc-gifan (of Be車wulf), 2312; (of ?schere), 1343.
sinc-maeeum, st. m., treasure: nom. sg., 2194.
sinc-tego, f., acceptance, taking, of jewels: nom. sg., 2885.
sin-dolh, st. n., perpetual_, i.e. incurable, _wound: nom. sg. syn-dolh, 818.
sin-fre芍, w. m., wedded lord, husband: nom. sg., 1935.
sin-gal, adj., continual, lasting: acc. sg. fem, sin-gale s?ce, 154.
sin-gales, adv. gen. sg., continually, ever, 1778; syngales, 1136.
singala, adv. gen. pl., the same, 190.
singan, st. v., to sound, ring, sing: pret. sg. hring-?ren sc?r song in searwum (the ringed iron rang in the armor), 323; horn stundum song f?s-l?c f[yrd]-le車e (at times the horn rang forth a ready battle-song), 1424; sc?p hw?lum sang (the singer sang at whiles), 496.
a-singan, to sing out, sing to an end: pret. part. le車e w?s a-sungen, 1160.
sin-here, st. m., (army without end?), strong army, host: instr. sg. sin-herge, 2937.
sin-niht, st. f., perpetual night, night after night: acc. pl. sin-nihte (night after night), 161.
sin-sceaea, w. m., irreconcilable foe: nom. sg. syn-scaea, 708; acc. sg. syn-scaean, 802.
sin-sn?d, st. f., (continuous biting) bite after bite: dat. pl. syn-sn?dum swealh (swallowed bite after bite, in great bites), 744.
sittan, st. v.: 1) to sit: pres. sg. W?glaf sitee ofer Bi車wulfe, 2907; imper. sg. site nu t? symle, 489; inf. t?r sw?e-ferhee sittan eodon (whither the strong-minded went and sat), 493; eode ... t? hire fre芍n sittan (went to sit by her lord), 642; pret. sg. on wicge s?t (_sat on the horse_), 286; ?t f?tum s?t (sat at the feet), 500, 1167; t?r Hr?egar s?t (where H. sat), 356; so, 1191, 2895; he gew那rgad s?t ... fre芍n eaxlum ne芍h, 2854; pret. pl. s?ton, 1165; gistas s那tan (MS. s那can) ... and on mere staredon (the strangers sat and stared on the sea), 1603.--2) _to be in a certain state_ or condition (quasi copula): pret. sg. m?re te車den ... unbl?ee s?t, 130.--Comp.: flet-, heal-sittend.
be-sittan, obsidere, to surround, besiege, w. acc.: bes?t ta sin-herge sweorda lafe wundum w那rge (_then besieged he with a host the leavings of the sword, wound-weary_), 2937.
for-sittan, obstrui, to pass away, fail: pres. sg. e芍gena bearhtm for-sitee (the light of the eyes passeth away), 1768.
ge-sittan: 1) to sit, sit together: pret. sg. monig-oft ge-s?t r?ce to r?ne (very often sat the king deliberating with his council (see r?ce), 171; wie earm ge-s?t (supported himself upon his arm, sat on his arm?), 750; f那ea eal ge-s?t (the whole troop sat down), 1425; ge-s?t ta wie sylfne (sat there beside, near to, him, i.e. Hygelac), 1978;
ge-s?t ta on n?sse, 2418; so, 2718; pret. part. (syeean) ... we t? symble ge-seten h?fdon, 2105.--2) w. acc., to seat one's self upon_ or in something, to board_: pret. sg. ta ic ... s?-bat ge-s?t, 634.
of-sittan, w. acc., to sit over_ or _upon: pret. sg. of-s?t ta tone sele-gyst, 1546.
ofer-sittan, w. acc., to dispense with, refrain from (cf. ofer, 2 [c]): pres. sg. I. t?t ic wie tone g?e-flogan gylp ofer-sitte, 2529; inf. secge ofer-sittan, 685.
on-sittan (O.H.G. int-sizzan, to start from one's seat, to be startled), w. acc., to fear: inf. ta f?hee, atole ecg-tr?ce e車wer le車de s?wee onsittan to dread the hostility, the fierce contest, of your people, 598.
ymb-sittan, to sit around, w. acc.: pret. pl. (t?t hie) ... symbel ymb-s?ton (sat round the feast), 564. See ymb-sittend.
s?d, adj.: 1) wide, broad, spacious, large: nom. sg. (here-byrne, gl?f) s?d, 1445, 2087; acc. sg. m. s?dne scyld, 437; on s?dne s?, 507; fem. byrnan s?de (of a corselet extending over the legs), 1292; ofer s? s?de, 2395; neut. s?de r?ce, 1734, 2200; instr. sg. s?dan herge, 2348; acc. pl. s?de s?-n?ssas, 223; s?de scyldas, 325; gen. pl. s?dra sorga (_of great sorrows_), 149.--2) in moral sense, great, noble: acc. sg. turh s?dne sefan, 1727.
side, adv., far and wide, afar, 1224.
s?d-f?eme, adj., broad-bosomed: acc. sg. s?d-f?eme scip, 1918.
s?d-f?emed, quasi pret. part., the same: nom. sg. s?d-f?emed scip, 302.
s?d-rand, st. m., broad shield: nom. sg., 1290.
s?e (G. setu-s), adj., late: superl. nom. sg. s?east sige-hw?le (_the last hour, day, of victory_), 2711; dat. sg. ?t s?eestan (_in the end, at last_), 3014.
s?e, adv. compar., later: ?r and s?e (_sooner and later, early and late_), 2501.
s?e (G. sint-s), st. m.: l) road, way, journey, expedition_; esp., road to battle_: nom. sg., 501, 3059, 3090; n?s t?t 那ee s?e (_that was no easy road, task_), 2587; so, t?t w?s ge車cor s?e, 766; acc. sg. s?e, 353, 512, 909, 1279, 1430, 1967; instr. dat. s?ee, 532, 1952, 1994; gen. sg. s?ees, 579, 1476, 1795, 1909. Also, return: nom. sg., 1972.--2) _undertaking, enterprise_; esp., battle-work: nom. sg. nis t?t e車wer s?e, 2533; ne bie swylc earges s?e (such is no coward's enterprise), 2542; acc. sg. s?e, 873. In pl.= adventures: nom. s?eas, 1987; acc. s?eas, 878; gen. s?ea, 318.--3) time (as iterative): nom. sg. n?s t?t forma s?e (_that was not the first time_), 717, 1464; so, 1528, 2626; acc. sg. oftor micle tonne on ?nne s?e, 1580; instr. sg. (forman, ?ere, triddan) s?ee, 741, 1204, 2050, 2287, 2512, 2518, 2671, 2689, 3102.--Comp.: cear-, eft-, ellor-, gryre-, s?-, wil-, wr?c-s?e.
ge-s?e, st. m., comrade, follower: gen. sg. ge-s?ees, 1298; nom. pl. ge-s?eas, 29; acc. pl. ge-s?eas, 2041, 2519; dat. pl. ge-s?eum, 1314, 1925, 2633; gen. pl. ge-s?ea, 1935.--Comp.: eald-, wil-ges?e.
s?e-f?t, st. m., way, journey: acc. sg. tone s?e-f?t, 202; dat. sg. s?e-fate, 2640.
s?e-fram, -from, adj., ready for the journey: nom. pl. s?e-frome, 1814.
s?eian, w. v., to journey, march: inf., 721, 809; pret. sg. s?eode, 2120.
for-s?eian, iter fatale inire (Grein): pret. sg. h?fde ta for-s?eod sunu Ecg-te車wes under gynne grund _(would have found his death_, etc.), 1551.
s?e, sy. See wesan.
s?gan, st. v., to descend, sink, incline: pret. pl. sigon ?t-somne (descended together), 307; sigon ta t? sl?pe _(they sank to sleep_), 1252.
ge-s?gan, to sink, fall: inf. ge-s?gan ?t s?cce (fall in battle), 2660.
s?n, poss. pron., his: acc. sg. m. s?nne, 1961, 1985, 2284, 2790; dat. sg. s?num, 1508.
sl?p, st. m., sleep: nom. sg., 1743; dat. sg. t? sl?pe, 1252.
sl?pan, st. v., to sleep: pres. part. nom. sg. sl?pende, 2220; acc. sg. he gef那ng ... sl?pendne rinc (_seized a sleeping warrior]_, 742; acc. pl. sl?pende fr?t folces Denigea f?ftyne men _(devoured, sleeping, fifteen of the people of the Danes_), 1582.
sleac, adj., slack, lazy: nom. sg., 2188.
sleahan, sle芍n: 1) to strike, strike at: a) intrans.: pres. subj. sg. t?t he me onge芍n sle芍 (that he should strike at me), 682; pret. sg. yrringa sl?h (struck angrily), 1566; so, sl?h hilde-bille, 2680. b) trans.: pret. sg. t?t he tone n?e-g?st nioeor hw那ne sl?h _(that he struck the dragon somewhat lower_, etc.), 2700.--2) w. acc.: to slay, kill: pret. sg. t?s te he Abel sl?g (because he slew A.), 108; so, sl?g, 421, 2180; sl?h, 1582, 2356; pl. sl?gon, 2051; pret. part. ta w?s Fin sl?gen, 1153.
ge-sle芍n, w. acc.: 1) to fight a battle: pret. sg. ge-sl?h t?n f?der f?hee m?ste, 459.--2) to gain by fighting: syeean hie ta m?rea ge-sl?gon, 2997.
of-sle芍n, to ofslay, kill, w. acc.: pret. sg. of-sl?h, 574, 1666, 3061.
sl?ee (G. sleit-s), adj., savage, fierce, dangerous: acc. sg. turh sl?ene n?e, 184; gen. pl. sl?era ge-slyhta, 2399.
sl?een, adj., furious, savage, deadly nom. sg. sweord-bealo sl?een, 1148.
sl?tan, st. v., to slit, tear to pieces, w. acc.: pret. sg. slat (sl?pendne rinc), 742.
slyht, st. m., blow: in comp. and-slyht.
ge-slyht, st. n. (collective), battle, conflict: gen. pl. sl?era ge-slyhta, 2399.
smie, st. m., smith, armorer: nom. sg. w?pna smie, 1453; gen. sg. smiees, 406.--Comp. wundor-smie.
be-smieian, w. v., to surround with iron-work, bands, etc.: pret. part. he (the hall Heorot) t?s f?ste w?s innan and ?tan ?ren-bendum searo-toncum besmieod (i.e. the beams out of which the hall was built were held together skilfully, within and without, by iron clamps), 776.
snell, adj., fresh, vigorous, lively; of martial temper: nom. sg. se snella, 2972.
snell?c, adj., the same: nom. sg., 691.
snotor, snottor, adj., clever, wise, intelligent: nom. sg. snotor, 190, 827, 909, 1385; in weak form, (se) snottra, 1314, 1476, 1787; snotra, 2157, 3121; nom. pl. snotere, 202, 416; snottre, 1592.--Comp. fore-snotor.
snotor-l?ce, adv., intelligently, wisely: compar. snotor-l?cor, 1483.
sn?de, adv., hastily, quickly, soon, 905, 1870, 1972, 2326, 2569, 2753.
be-snyeian, w. v., to rob, deprive of: pret. sg. t?tte Ongenti車 ealdre be-snyeede H?ecyn, 2925.
snyrian, w. v., to hasten, hurry: pret. pl. snyredon ?t-somne (_hurried forward together_), 402.
snyttru, f., intelligence, wisdom: acc. sg. snyttru, 1727; dat. pl. mid m?des snyttrum, 1707; te we ealle ?r ne meahton snyttrum be-syrwan (_a deed which all of us together could not accomplish before with all our wisdom_), 943. Adv., wisely, 873.
somne. See samne.
sorgian, w. v.: 1) to be grieved, sorrow: imper. sg. II. ne sorga! 1385.--2) to care for, trouble one's self about: inf. n? tu ymb m?nes ne tearft l?ces feorme leng sorgian (_thou needst not care longer about my life's [body's] sustenance_), 451.
sorh, st. f., grief, pain, sorrow: nom. sg., 1323; sorh is me t? secganne (pains me to say), 473; acc. sg. sorge, 119, 2464; dat. instr. sg. mid t?re sorge, 2469; sorge (in sorrow, grieved), 1150; gen. sg. worna fela ... sorge, 2005; dat. pl. sorgum, 2601; gen. pl. sorga, 149.--Comp.: hyge-, inwit-, tegn-sorh.
sorh-cearig, adj., curis sollicitus, heart-broken: nom. sg., 2456.
sorh-ful, adj., sorrowful, troublesome, difficult: nom. sg., 2120; acc. sg. sorh-fullne (sorh-fulne) s?e, 512, 1279, 1430.
sorh-le芍s, adj., free from sorrow_ or _grief: nom. sg., 1673.
sorh-leoe, st. n., dirge, song of sorrow: acc. sg., 2461.
sorh-wylm, st. m., wave of sorrow nom. pl. sorh-wylmas, 905.
s?cn, st. f., persecution, hostile pursuit_ or _attack (see s那can): dat, (instr.) t?re s?cne (by reason of Grendel's persecution), 1778.
s?e, st. n., sooth, truth:: acc. sg. s?e, 532, 701, 1050, 1701, 2865; dat. sg. t? s?ee (in truth), 51, 591, 2326.
s?e, adj., true, genuine: nom. sg, t?t is s?e metod, 1612; acc. sg. n. gyd awr?c s?e and sar-l?c, 2110.
s?ee, adv., truly, correctly, accurately, 524; s?ee gebunden (of alliterative verse: accurately put together), 872.
s?e-cyning, st. m., true king: nom. sg. sigora s?e-cyning (God), 3056.
s?e-f?st, adj., soothfast, established in truth, orthodox (here used of the Christian martyrs): gen. pl. s?e-f?stra d?m (_glory, realm, of the saints_), 2821.
s?e-l?ce, adv., in truth, truly, truthfully, 141, 273, 2900.
s?fte, adv., gently, softly: compar. ty s那ft (the more easily), 2750.--Comp. un-s?fte.
s?na, adv., soon, immediately, 121, 722, 744, 751, 1281, 1498, 1592, 1619, 1763, etc.
on-spannan, st. v., to un-span, unloose: pret. sg. his helm on-spe車n (loosed his helm), 2724.
spel, st. n., narrative, speech: acc. sg. spell, 2110; acc. pl. spel, 874; gen. pl. spella, 2899, 3030.--Comp. we芍-spel.
sp那d, st. f.: 1) luck, success: in comp. here-, w?g-sp那d.--2) _skill, facility_: acc. sg. on sp那d (skilfully), 874.
sp?wan, st. v., to spit, spew, w. instr.: inf. gl那dum sp?wan (_spit fire_), 2313
spor, st. n., spur: in comp. hand-spor.
sp?wan, st. v., to speed well, help, avail: pret. sg. him wiht ne spe車w (availed him naught), 2855; h? him ?t ?te spe車w (_how he sped in the eating_), 3027.
spr?c, st. f., speech, language: instr. sg. fr那cnan spr?ce (_through bold, challenging, discourse_), 1105.--Comp.: ?fen-, gylp-spr?c.
sprecan, st. v., to speak: inf. ic sceal fore sprecan gen ymbe Grendel _(I shall go on speaking about G._), 2070; w. acc. se te wyle s?e sprecan (he who will speak the truth), 2865; imper. t? Ge芍tum sprec (spr?c, MS.), 1172; pret. sg. III. spr?c, 1169, 1699, 2511, 2725; word ?fter spr?c, 341; n? ymbe ta f?hee spr?c, 2619; II. hw?t tu worn fela ... ymb Brecan spr?ce (how much thou hast spoken of Breca!), 531; pl. hw?t wit ge車 spr?con (what we two spoke of before), 1477; gomele ymb g?dne on-geador spr?con, t?t big ... _(the graybeards spoke together about the valiant one, that they ..._), 1596; swa wit fureum spr?con (_as we two spoke, engaged, before_), 1708; pret. part. ta w?s ... trye-word sprecen, 644.
ge-sprecan, w. acc., to speak: pret. sg. ge-spr?c, 676, 1399, 1467, 3095.
spre車t, st. m., pole; spear, pike: in comp. eofor-spre車t.
springan, st. v., to jump, leap; flash: pret. sg. hra w?de sprong _(the body bounded far_), 1589; swat ?drum sprong fore under fexe (_the blood burst out in streams from under his hair_), 2967; pl. w?de sprungon hilde-le車man (flashed afar), 2583. Also figuratively: bl?d w?de sprang (his repute spread afar), 18.
ge-springan, to spring forth: pret. sg. swa t?t bl?d ge-sprang (_as the blood burst forth_), 1668. Figuratively, to arise, originate: pret. sg. Sigemunde gesprong ?fter de芍e-d?ge d?m un-lytel, 885.
on-springan, to burst in two, spring asunder: pret. pl. seonowe onsprungon, burston banlocan 818.
standan, st. v.: 1) absolutely or with prep., to stand: pres. III. pl. e車red-geatwe te ge t?r on standae (_the warlike accoutrements wherein ye there stand_), 2867; inf. ge-seah ... orcas stondan (_saw vessels standing_), 2761; pret. sg. ?t hyee st?d hringed-stefna (_in the harbor stood the curved-prowed?, metal-covered?, ship_), 32; st?d on stapole (_stood near the [middle] column_), 927; so, 1914, 2546; t?t him on aldre st?d here-str?l hearda (that the sharp war-arrow stood in his vitals), 1435; so, 2680; pl. garas st?don ... samod ?t-g?dere (_the spears stood together_), 328; him big st?dan bunan and orcas (_by him stood cans and pots_), 3048. Also of still water: pres. sg. III. nis t?t feor heonon ... t?t se mere standee, 1363.--2) with predicate adj., _to stand, continue in a certain state_: subj. pres. t?t tes sele stande ... rinca ge-hwylcum ?del and unnyt (that this hall stands empty and useless for every warrior), 411; inf. hord-wynne fand eald uht-sceaea opene standan, 2272; pret. sg. ?e t?t ?del st?d h?sa s那lest, 145; so, 936; w?ter under st?d dre車rig and ge-dr那fed, 1418--3) to belong_ or _attach to; issue: pret. sg. Nore-Denum st?d atel?c egesa (great terror clung to, overcame, the North Danes), 784; tara anum st?d sadol searwum fah (_on one of the steeds lay an ingeniously-inlaid saddle_), 1038; byrne-le車ma eldum on andan (_burning light stood forth, a horror to men_), 2314; le車ht inne st?d (_a light stood in it_, i.e. the sword), 1571; him of e芍gum st?d ... le車ht unf?ger (_an uncanny light issued from his eyes_), 727; so, t?t [fram] tam gyste [gryre-] br?ga st?d, 2229.
a-standan, to stand up, arise: pret. sg. a-st?d, 760, 1557, 2093.
?t-standan, to stand at, near_, or _in: pret. sg. t?t hit (i.e. t?t swurd) on wealle ?t-st?d, 892.
for-standan, to stand against_ or _before, hence: 1) _to hinder, prevent_: pret. sg. (bre車st-net) wie ord and wie ecge in-gang for-st?d (the shirt of mail prevented point or edge from entering), 1550; subj. nefne him witig god wyrd for-st?de (_if the wise God had not warded off such a fate from them_, i.e. the men threatened by Grendel), 1057.--2) defend, w. dat. of person against whom: inf. t?t he ... mihte he芍eo-l?eendum hord for-standan, bearn and bryde (_that he might protect his treasure, his children, and his spouse from the sea-farers_), 2956.
ge-standan, intrans., to stand: pret. sg. ge-st?d, 358, 404, 2567; pl. nealles him on he芍pe hand-gesteallan ... ymbe gest?don (_not at all did his boon-companions stand serried around him_), 2597.
stapa, w. m., stepper, strider: in comp. h?e-, mearc-stapa.
stapan, st. v., to step, stride, go forward: pret. sg. eorl fureur st?p, 762; gum-f那ea stop lind-h?bbendra (_the troop of shield-warriors strode on_), 1402.
?t-stapan, to stride up_ or _to: pret. sg. fore ne芍r ?t-st?p (_strode up nearer_), 746.
ge-stapan, to walk, stride: pret. sg. he to fore gest?p dyrnan cr?fte, dracan he芍fde ne芍h (he, i.e. the man that robbed the dragon of the vessel, had through hidden craft come too near the dragon's head), 2290.
stapol, st. m., (=[Greek: b芍sis]), trunk of a tree_; hence, support, pillar, column_: dat. sg. st?d on stapole (stood by_ or near the wooden middle column of Heorot_), 927; instr. pl. ta stan-bogan stapulum f?ste (the arches of stone upheld by pillars), 2719. See Note.
starian, w. v., to stare, look intently at: pres. sg. I. t?t ic on tone hafelan ... e芍gum starige (that I see the head with my eyes), 1782; tara fr?twa ... te ic her on starie (_for the treasures ... that I here look upon_), 2797; III. tonne he on t?t sine starae, 1486; sg. for pl. tara te on swylc starae, 997; pret. sg. t?t (sin-fre芍) hire an d?ges e芍gum starede, 1936; pl. on mere staredon, 1604.
stan, st. m., 1) stone: in comp. eorclan-stan.--2) rock: acc. sg. under (ofer) harne stan, 888, 1416, 2554, 2745; dat. sg. stane, 2289, 2558.
stan-beorh, st. m., rocky elevation, stony mountain: acc. sg. stan-beorh ste芍pne, 2214.
stan-boga, w. m., stone arch, arch hewn out of the rock: dat. sg. stan-bogan, 2546; nom. pl. stan-bogan, 2719.
stan-clif, st. n., rocky cliff: acc. pl. stan-cleofu, 2541.
stan-fah, adj., stone-laid, paved with stones of different colors: nom. sg. str?t w?s stan-fah (the street was of different colored stones), 320.
stan-hlie, st. n., rocky slope: acc. pl. stan-hlieo, 1410.
st?f, st. m.: 1) staff: in comp. r?n-staf.--2) elementum: in comp. ar-, ende-, facen-st?f.
st?l, st. m., place, stead: dat. sg. t?t tu me a w?re fore-gewitenum on f?der st?le (_that thou, if I died, wouldst represent a father's place to me_), 1480.
st?lan, w. v., to place; allure_ or _instigate: inf. ta ic on morgne ge-fr?gn m?g ?eerne billes ecgum on bonan st?lan _(then I learned that on the morrow one brother instigated the other to murder with the sword's edge_; or, one avenged the other on the murderer?, cf. 2962 seqq.), 2486.
ge-st?lan, to place, impose, institute: pret. part. ge feor hafae f?hee ge-st?led (Grendel's mother has further begun hostilities against us), 1341.
stede, st. m., place, -stead: in comp. b?l-, burh-, folc-, he芍h-, meeel-, wang-, w?c-stede.
stefn, st. f., voice: nom. sg., 2553; instr. sg. niwan (ni車wan) stefne (properly nova voce) = denuo, anew, again, 2595, 1790.
stefn, st. m., prow of a ship: acc. sg., 213; see bunden-, hringed-, wunden-stefna.
on-stellan, w. v., constituere, to cause, bring about: pret. sg. se t?s or-leges ?r on-stealde, 2408.
steng, st. m., pole, pike: in comp w?l-steng.
ge-steppan, w. v., to stride, go: pret. sg. folce ge-stepte ofer s? s?de sunu ?htheres (O.'s son, i.e. E芍dgils, _went with warriors over the broad sea_), 2394.
stede (O.H.G. stati, M.H.G. st?te), adj., firm, steady: nom. sg. w?s st那de n?gla ge-hwylc style ge-l?cost (each nail-place was firm as steel), 986.
st那pan, w. v. w. acc., to exalt, honor: pret. sg. te芍h te hine mihtig god ... eafeeum st那pte, 1718.
ge-steald, st. n., possessions, property: in comp. in-gesteald, 1156.
ge-stealla, w. m., (contubernalis), companion, comrade: in comp. eaxl-, fyrd-, hand-, lind-, nyd-ge-stealla.
stearc-heort, adj., (fortis animo), stout-hearted, courageous: nom. sg. (of the dragon), 2289; (of Be車wulf), 2553.
ste芍p, adj., steep, projecting, towering: acc. sg. ste芍pne hr?f, 927; stan-beorh ste芍pne, 2214; wie ste芍pne rond, 2567; acc. pl. m. beorgas ste芍pe, 222; neut. ste芍p stan-hlieo, 1410.--Comp. heaeo-ste芍p.
stille, adj., still, quiet: nom. sg. w?d-floga wundum stille, 2831.
stille, adv., quietly, 301.
stincan, st. v., to smell; snuff: pret. sg. stonc ta ?fter stane (snuffed along the stone), 2289.
st?e, adj., hard, stiff: nom. sg. wunden-m?l (swurd) ... st?e and stylecg, 1534.
st?e-m?d, adj., stout-hearted, unflinching: nom. sg., 2567.
st?g, st. m., way, path: nom. sg., 320, 2214; acc. pl. st?ge nearwe, 1410--Comp. medu-st?g.
st?gan, st. v., to go, ascend: pret. sg. ta he t? holme [st]ag (_when he plunged forward into the sea_), 2363; pl. beornas ... on stefn stigon, 212; Wedera le車de on wang stigon, 225; subj. pret. ?r he on bed stige, 677.
a-st?gan, to ascend: pres. sg. tonon ye-geblond up a-st?gee won t? wolcnum, 1374; g?e-rinc a-stah (the fierce hero ascended, i.e. was laid on the pyre? or, the fierce smoke [r那c] ascended?), 1119; gamen eft a-stah (joy again went up, resounded), 1161; wudu-r那c a-stah sweart of swioeole, 3145; sw那g up a-stag, 783.
ge-st?gan, to ascend, go up: pret. sg. ta ic on holm ge-stah, 633.
storm, st. m., storm: nom. sg. str?la storm (storm of missiles), 3118; instr. sg. holm storme we車l (the sea billowed stormily), 1132.
st?l, st. m., chair, throne, seat: in comp. brego-, 那eel-, gif-, gum-st?l.
st?w, st. f., place, -stow: nom. sg. nis t?t he車ru st?w (_a haunted spot_), 1373; acc. sg. fr那cne st?we, 1379; grund-b?endra gearwe st?we _(the place prepared for men_, i.e. death-bed; see gesacan and ge-nydan), 1007: comp. w?l-stow.
strang, strong, adj., strong; valiant; mighty: nom. sg. w?s t?t ge-win t? strang (that sorrow was too great), 133; tu eart m?genes strang (_strong of body_), 1845; w?s si車 hond t? strong (the hand was too powerful), 2685; superl. w?gena strengest (strongest of warriors), 1544; m?genes strengest (strongest in might), 196; m?gene strengest, 790.
stradan? (cf. str?de = passus, gressus), to tread, (be)-_stride, stride over_ (Grein): subj. pres. se tone wong strade, 3074. See Note.
str?l, st. m., arrow, missile: instr. sg. biteran str?le, 1747; gen. pl. str?la storm, 3118.
str?t, st. f., street, highway: nom. sg., 320; acc. sg. str?te, 1635; fealwe str?te, 917.--Comp.: lagu-, mere-str?t.
strengel, st. m., (endowed with strength), ruler, chief: acc. sg. w?gena strengel, 3116.
strengo, st. f., strength, power, violence: acc. sg. m?genes strenge, 1271; dat. sg. strenge, 1534; strengo, 2541;--dat. pl. strengum = violently, powerfully [loosed from the strings?], 3118: in comp. hilde-, m?gen-, mere-strengo.
str那gan (O.S. str?wian), w. v., to strew, spread: pret. part, w?s t?m yldestan ... moreorbed str那d (_the death-bed was spread for the eldest one_), 2437.
stre芍m, st. m., stream, flood, sea: acc. sg. stre芍m, 2546; nom. pl. stre芍mas, 212; acc. pl. stre芍mas, 1262: comp. brim-, e芍gor-, firgen-, lagu-stre芍m.
ge-stre車n (cf. stre車n = robur, vis), st. n., property, possessions; hence, valuables, treasure, jewels: nom. pl. Heaeo-beardna ge-stre車n (the costly treasure of the Heathobeardas, i.e. the accoutrements belonging to the slain H.), 2038; acc. pl. ?eelinga, eorla ge-stre車n, 1921, 3168.--Comp.: ?r-, eald-, eorl-, he芍h-, hord-, long-, maem-, sinc-, te車d-ge-stre車n.
str?dan, st. v., to plunder, carry off: subj. pres. n?s ta on hlytme hwa t?t hord strude, 3127.
ge-strynan, w. v. w. acc., to acquire, gain: inf. t?s te (because) ic m?ste m?num le車dum ... swylc ge-strynan, 2799.
stund, st. f., time, space of time, while: adv. dat. pl. stundum (_at times_), 1424.
styrian, w. v. w. acc.: 1) to arrange, put in order, tell: inf. secg eft on-gan s?e Be車wulfes snyttrum styrian (_the poet then began to tell B.'s feat skilfully_, i.e. put in poetic form), 873.--2) to rouse, stir up: pres. sg. III. tonne wind styree lae ge-widru (_when the wind stirreth up the loathly weather_), 1375.--3) to move against, attack, disturb: subj. pres. t?t he ... hring-sele hondum styrede (_that he should attack the ring-hall with his hands_), 2841.
styrman, w. v., to rage, cry out: pret. sg. styrmde, 2553.
style, st. n., steel: dat. sg. style, 986.
styl-ecg, adj., steel-edged: nom. sg., 1534.
be-styman, w. v., to inundate, wet, flood: pret. part. (w?ron) eal benc-telu bl?de be-stymed, 486.
suhtor-ge-f?deran (collective), w. m. pl., _uncle and nephew, father's brother and brother's son_: nom. pl., 1165.
sum, pron.: 1) indef., one, a, any, a certain_; neut. _something: a) without part. gen.: nom. sg. sum, 1252; hilde-rinc sum, 3125; neut. ne sceal t?r dyrne sum wesan (naught there shall be hidden), 271; acc. sg. m. sumne, 1433; instr. sg. sume worde (by a word, expressly), 2157; nom. pl. sume, 400, 1114; acc. pl. sume, 2941. b) with part. gen.: nom. sg. gumena sum (one of men, a man), 1500, 2302; mere-hr?gla sum, 1906; t?t w?s wundra sum, 1608; acc. sg. gylp-worda sum, 676. c) with gen. of cardinals or notions of multitude: nom. sg. f?ftena sum (_one of fifteen, with fourteen companions_), 207; so, eahta sum, 3124; fe芍ra sum (_one of few, with a few_), 1413; acc. sg. manigra sumne (one of many, with many), 2092; manna cynnes sumne (one of the men), i.e. one of the watchmen in Heorot), 714; fe芍ra sumne (some few, one of few_; or, _one of the foes?), 3062.--2) with part. gen. sum sometimes = _this, that, the?afore-mentioned_: nom. sg. e車wer sum (a certain one, that one, of you, i.e. Be車wulf), 248; g?e-beorna sum (the afore-mentioned warrior, i.e. who had shown the way to Hr?egar's palace), 314; eorla sum (the said knight, i.e. Be車wulf), 1313; acc. sg. hord-?rna sum (a certain hoard-hall), 2280.
sund, st. m.: 1) swimming: acc. sg. ymb sund, 507; dat. sg. ?t sunde (_in swimming_), 517; on sunde (a-swimming), 1619; gen. sg. sundes, 1437.--2) sea, ocean, sound: nom. sg., 223; acc. sg. sund, 213, 512, 539, 1427, 1445.
ge-sund, adj., sound, healthy, unimpaired: acc. sg. m. ge-sundne, 1629, 1999; nom. pl. ge-sunde, 2076; acc. pl. w. gen. f?der alwalda ... e車wic ge-healde s?ea ge-sunde (_the almighty Father keep you safe and sound on your journey!_), 318.--Comp. an-sund.
sund-ge-bland, st. n., (the commingled sea), sea-surge, sea-wave: acc. sg., 1451.
sund-nyt, st. f., swimming-power_ or _employment, swimming: acc. sg. sund-nytte dre芍h (swam through the sea), 2361.
sundur, sundor, adv., asunder, in twain: sundur ged?lan (_to separate, sunder_), 2423.
sundor-nyt, st. f., special service (service in a special case): acc. sg. sundor-nytte, 668.
sund-wudu, st. m., (sea-wood), ship: nom. acc. sg. sund-wudu, 208, 1907.
sunne, w. f., sun: nom. sg., 607; gen. sg. sunnan, 94, 649.
sunu, st. m., son: nom. sg., 524, 591, 646, 981, 1090, 1486, etc.; acc. sg. sunu, 268, 948, 1116, 1176, 1809, 2014, 2120; dat. sg. suna, 344, 1227, 2026, 2161, 2730; gen. sg. suna, 2456, 2613, (1279); nom. pl. suna, 2381.
s?e, adv., south, southward, 859.
s?ean, adv., from the south, 607; sigel s?ean f?s (_the sun inclined from the south_), 1967.
swaerian, w. v., to sink to rest, grow calm: brimu swaeredon (_the waves became calm_), 570. See sweerian.
swaeu, st. f., trace, track, pathway: acc. sg. swaee, 2099.--Comp.: swat-, wald-swaeu.
swaeul, st. m.? n.?, smoke, mist (Dietrich in Haupt V. 215): dat. sg. on swaeule, 783. See sweoeol.
swancor, adj., slender, trim: acc. pl. tri車 wicg swancor, 2176.
swan-rad, st. f., swan-road, sea: acc. sg. ofer swan-rade, 200.
and-swarian, w. v., to answer: pret. sg. him se yldesta and-swarode, 258; so, 340.
swa: 1) demons, adv., so, in such a manner, thus: swa sceal man d?n, 1173, 1535; swa ta driht-guman dre芍mum lifdon, 99; t?t ge-?fndon swa (_that we thus accomplished_), 538; t?r hie meahton (i.e. feorh ealgian), 798; so, 20, 144, 189, 559, 763, 1104, 1472, 1770, 2058, 2145, 2178, 2991; swa manl?ce _(so like a man_), 1047; swa fela (so many), 164, 592; swa de車rl?ce d?d (so valiant a deed), 585; hine swa g?dne (him so good), 347; on swa geongum feore (in so youthful age), 1844; ge-d那e him swa ge-wealdene worolde d?las t?t ... (_makes parts of the world so subject to him that_...), 1733. In comparisons = ever, the (adv.): me t?n m?d-sefa l?cae leng swa wel (_thy mind pleases me ever so well, the longer the better_), 1855. As an asseverative = so: swa me Higelac s?e ... m?des bl?ee (so be Higelac gracious-minded to me!), 435; swa te芍h (nevertheless, however), 973, 1930, 2879; swa t那h, 2968; hw?ere swa te芍h (yet however), 2443.--2): a) conj., as, so as: ?e t?t his byre mihte eorlscipe efnan swa his ?rf?der (_until his son might do noble deeds, as his old father did_), 2623; eft swa ?r (again as before), 643;--with indic.: swa he selfa b?d (as he himself requested), 29; swa he oft dyde (as he often did), 444; g?e a Wyrd swa hi車 sceal, 455; swa guman gefrungon, 667; so, 273, 352, 401, 561, 1049, 1056, 1059, 1135, 1232, 1235, 1239, 1253, 1382, etc.;--with subj.: swa t?n sefa hwette _(as pleases thy mind_, i.e. any way thou pleasest), 490. b) as, as then, how, 1143; swa hie a w?ron ... nyd-gesteallan (as they were ever comrades in need), 882; swa hit di車pe ... be-nemdon te車dnas m?re (_as, [how?] the mighty princes had deeply cursed it_), 3070; swa he manna w?s w?gend weorefullost (_as he of men the worthiest warrior was_), 3099. c) just as, the moment when: swa t?t bl?d gesprang, 1668. d) so that: swa he ne mihte n? (_so that he might not..._), 1509; so, 2185, 2007.--3) = qui, quae, quod, German so: worhte wlite-beorhtne wang swa w?ter beb?gee (_wrought the beauteous plain which_ (acc.) water surrounds), 93.--4) swa ... swa = so ... as, 595, 687-8, 3170; efne swa ... swa (even so ... as), 1093-4, 1224, 1284; efne swa hwylc m?gea swa (such a woman as, whatsoever woman), 944; efne swa hwylcum manna swa (even so to each man as), 3058.
for-swafan, st. v., to carry away, sweep off: pret. sg. ealle Wyrd for-swe車f m?ne magas t? metod-sceafte, 2815.
for-swapan, st. v., to sweep off, force: pret. sg. hie Wyrd forswe車p on Grendles gryre, 477.
swat, st. m., (sweat), wound-blood: nom. sg., 2694, 2967; instr. sg. swate, 1287.--Comp. heaeo-, hilde-swat.
swat-fah, adj., blood-stained: nom. sg., 1112.
swatig, adj., gory: nom. sg., 1570.
swat-swaeu, st. f., blood-trace: nom. sg., 2947.
be-sw?lan, w. v., to scorch: pret. part. w?s se l那g-draca ... gl那dum besw?led, 3042.
sw?s, adj., intimate, special, dear: acc. sg. sw?sne 那eel, 520; nom. pl. sw?se ge-s?eas, 29; acc. pl. le車de sw?se, 1869; sw?se ge-s?eas, 2041; gen. pl. sw?sra ge-s?ea, 1935.
sw?s-l?ce, adv., pleasantly, in a friendly manner, 3090.
swebban, w. v., (to put to sleep), to kill: inf. ic hine sweorde swebban nelle, 680; pres. sg. III. (absolutely) swefee, 601.
a-swebban, to kill, slay: pret. part. nom. pl. sweordum a-swefede, 567.
sweerian, w. v., to lessen, diminish: inf. t?t t?t fyr ongan sweerian, 2703; pret. sieean Herem?des hild sweerode, 902.
swefan, st. v.: 1) to sleep: pres. sg. III. swefee, 1742; inf. swefan, 119, 730, 1673; pret. sg. sw?f, 1801; pl. sw?fon, 704; sw?fun, 1281.--2) to sleep the death-sleep, die: pres. sg. III. swefee, 1009, 2061, 2747; pl. swefae, 2257, 2458.
swegel, st. n., ether, clear sky: dat. sg. under swegle, 1079, 1198; gen. sg. under swegles begong, 861, 1774.
swegle, adj., bright, etherlike, clear: acc. pl. swegle searo-gimmas, 2750.
swegel-wered, quasi_ pret. part., _ether-clad: nom. sg. sunne swegl-wered, 607.
swelgan, st. v., to swallow: pret. sg. w. instr. syn-sn?dum swealh (swallowed in great bites), 744; object omitted, subj. pres. nymee l?ges f?em swulge on swaeule, 783.
for-swelgan, w. acc., to swallow, consume: pret. sg. for-swealg, 1123, 2081.
swellan, st. v., to swell: inf. ta si車 wund on-gan ... sw那lan and swellan, 2714.
sweltan, st. v., to die, perish: pret. sg. swealt, 1618, 2475; draca morere swealt (died a violent death), 893, 2783; wundor-de芍ee swealt, 3038; hioro-dryncum swealt, 2359.
swencan, w. v., to swink, oppress, strike: pret. sg. hine wundra t?s fela swencte (MS. swecte) on sunde, 1511.
ge-swencan, to oppress, strike, injure: pret. sg. syeean hine H?ecyn ... flane geswencte, 2439; pret. part. synnum ge-swenced, 976; h?estapa hundum ge-swenced, 1369.--Comp. lyft-ge-swenced.
sweng, st. m., blow, stroke_: dat. sg. swenge, 1521, 2967; swenge (with its stroke_), 2687; instr. pl. sweordes swengum, 2387.--Comp.: feorh-, hete-, heaeo-, heoro-sweng.
swerian, st. v., to swear: pret. w. acc. I. ne me sw?r fela aea on unriht (swore no false oaths), 2739; he me aeas sw?r, 472.
for-swerian, w. instr., _to forswear, renounce (protect with magic formul??)_: pret. part. he sige-w?pnum for-sworen h?fde, 805.
sw那g, st. m., sound, noise, uproar: nom. sg. sw那g, 783; hearpan sw那g, 89, 2459, 3024; sige-folca sw那g, 645; sang and sw那g, 1064; dat. sg. sw那ge, 1215.--Comp.: benc-, morgen-sw那g.
sw那lan, w. v., to burn (here of wounds): inf. sw那lan, 2714. See sw?lan.
sweart, adj., swart, black, dark: nom. sg. wudu-r那c sweart, 3146; dat. pl. sweartum nihtum, 167.
sweoeol (cf. O.H.G. suedan, suethan = cremare; M.H.G. swadem = vapor; and Dietrich in Haupt V., 215), st. m.? n.?, vapor, smoke, smoking flame: dat. sg. ofer swioeole (MS. swic eole), 3146. See swaeul.
sweofot, st. m., sleep: dat. sg. on sweofote, 1582, 2296.
sweoloe, st. m., heat, fire, flame: dat. sg. sweoloee, 1116. Cf. O.H.G. suilizo, suilizunga = ardor, cauma.
sweorcan, st. v., to trouble, darken. pres. sg. III. ne him inwit-sorh on sefan sweorcee (darkens his soul), 1738.
for-sweorcan, to grow dark_ or _dim: pres. sg. III. e芍gena bearhtm for-sitee and for-sworcee, 1768.
ge-sweorcan (intrans.), to darken: pret. sg. niht-helm ge-swearc, 1790.
sweord, swurd, swyrd, st. n., sword: nom. sg. sweord, 1287, 1290, 1570, 1606, 1616, 1697; swurd, 891; acc. sg. sweord, 437, 673, 1559, 1664, 1809, 2253, 2500, etc.; swurd, 539, 1902; swyrd, 2611, 2988; instr. sg. sweorde, 561, 574, 680, 2493, 2881; gen. sg. sweordes, 1107, 2194, 2387; acc. pl. sweord, 2639; nom. pl., 3049; instr. pl. sweordum, 567, 586, 885; gen. pl. sweorda, 1041, 2937, 2962.--Comp.: g?e-, maeeum-, w?g-sweord.
sweord, st. f., oath: in comp. ae-sweord _(sword-oath_?), 2065.
sweord-bealo, st. n., sword-bale, death by the sword: nom. sg., 1148.
sweord-freca, w. m., sword-warrior: dat. sg. sweord-frecan, 1469.
sweord-gifu, st. f., sword-gift, giving of swords: nom. sg. swyrd-gifu, 2885.
sweotol, swutol, adj.: 1) clear, bright: nom. sg. swutol sang sc?pes, 90.--2) plain, manifest: nom. sg. syndolh sweotol, 818; tacen sweotol, 834; instr. sg. sweotolan tacne, 141.
swe車f, swe車p. See swafan, swapan.
swie, st. n.? (O.N. swiei), burning pain: in comp. trye-swie(?).
swift, adj., swift: nom. sg. se swifta mearh, 2265.
swimman, swymman, st. v., to swim: inf. swymman, 1625.
ofer-swimman, w. acc., to swim over_ or _through: pret. sg. ofer-swam sioleea bigong (swam over the sea), 2368.
swincan, st. v., to struggle, labor, contend: pret. pl. git on w?teres ?ht seofon niht swuncon, 517.
ge-swing, st. n., surge, eddy: nom. sg. atol yea geswing, 849.
swingan, st. v., to swing one's self, fly: pres. sg. III. ne g?d hafoc geond s?l swingee, 2265.
sw?can, st. v.: 1) to deceive, leave in the lurch, abandon: pret. sg. n?fre hit (the sword) ?t hilde ne swac manna ?ngum, 1461.--2) _to escape_: subj. pret. b?tan his l?c swice, 967.
ge-sw?can, to deceive, leave in the lurch: pret. sg. g?e-bill ge-swac nacod ?t n?ee, 2585, 2682; w. dat. se車 ecg ge-swac te車dne ?t tearfe (_the sword failed the prince in need_), 1525.
sw?e, swye (Goth, swint-s), adj., strong, mighty: nom. sg. w?s t?t ge-win t? swye, 191.--Comp. nom. sg. si車 sw?ere hand (the right hand), 2099; harsh, 3086.
sw?ee, adv., strongly, very, much, 598, 998, 1093, 1744, 1927; swyee, 2171, 2188. Compar. sw?eor, more, rather, more strongly, 961, 1140, 1875, 2199--Comp. un-sw?ee.
ofer-sw?eian, w. v., to overcome, vanquish, w. acc. of person: pres. sg. III. oferswyeee, 279, 1769.
sw?e-ferhe, adj., (fortis animo), strong-minded, bold, brave: nom. sg. swye-ferhe, 827; gen. sg. sw?e-ferhees, 909; nom. pl. sw?e-ferhee, 493; dat. pl. sw?e-ferheum, 173.
sw?e-hycgend, pres. part. (strenue cogitans), _bold-minded, brave in spirit_: nom. sg. sw?e-hycgende, 920; nom. pl. sw?e-hycgende, 1017.
sw?e-m?d, adj., strong-minded: nom. sg., 1625.
on-sw?fan, st. v. w. acc., to swing, turn, at_ or _against, elevate: pret. sg. biorn (Be車wulf) bord-rand on-swaf wie tam gryre-gieste, 2560.
sw?gian, w. v., to be silent, keep silent: pret. sg. lyt sw?gode niwra spella (kept little of the new tidings silent), 2898; pl. sw?gedon ealle, 1700.
sw?gor, adj., silent, taciturn: nom, sg. weak, ta w?s sw?gra secg ... on gylp-spr?ce g?e-ge-weorca, 981.
sw?n, swyn, st. n., swine, boar (image on the helm): nom. sg. swyn, 1112; acc. sg. sw?n, 1287.
sw?n-l?c, st. n., swine-image_ or _body: instr. pl. sw?n-l?cum, 1454.
sw?gan, st. v., to whistle, roar: pres. part. sw?gende l那g, 3146.
swutol. See sweotol.
swylc, swilc (Goth, swa-leik-s), demons, adj. = talis, such, such a; relative = qualis, as, which: nom. sg. swylc, 178, 1941, 2542, 2709; swylc ... swylc=talis ... qualis, 1329; acc. sg. swylc, 2799; eall ... swylc (all ... which, as), 72; ?eer swylc (such another, i.e. hand), 1584; on swylc (on such things), 997; dat. sg. g?e-fremmendra swylcum (to such a battle-worker, i.e. Be車wulf), 299; gen. sg. swylces hw?t (some such), 881; acc. pl. swylce, 2870; call swylce ... swylce, 3166; swylce twegen (two such), 1348; ealle tearfe swylce (all needs that), 1798; swylce hie ... findan meahton sigla searo-gimma (_such as they might find of jewels and cunning gems_), 1157; efne swylce m?la swylce (_at just such times as_), 1250; gen. pl. swylcra searo-n?ea, 582; swylcra fela ... ?r-gestre車na, 2232.
swylce, adv., as, as also, likewise, similarly, 113, 293, 758, 831, 855, 908, 921, 1147, 1166, 1428, 1483, 2460, 2825; ge swylce (and likewise), 2259; swilce, 1153.
swylt, st. m., death: nom. sg., 1256, 1437.
swylt-d?g, st. m., death-day: dat. sg. ?r swylt-d?ge, 2799.
swynsian, w. v., to sound: pret. sg. hlyn swynsode, 612.
swyrd. See sweord.
swyel. See sw?e.
swyn. See sw?n.
syeean (seeian, Gen. 1525), w. v., to punish, avenge, w. acc.: inf. tonne hit sweordes ecg syeean scolde (_then the edge of the sword should avenge it_), 1107.
syeean. See sieean.
syfan-wintre, adj., seven-winters-old: nom. sg., 2429.
syhe. See se車n.
syl (O.H.G. swella), st. f., sill, bench-support: dat. sg. fram sylle, 776.
sylfa. See selfa.
syllan. See sellan.
syll?c. See sell?c.
symbol, syml, st. n., banquet, entertainment: acc. sg. symbel, 620, 1011; geaf me sinc and symbel (gave me treasure and feasting, i.e. made me his friend and table-companion), 2432; t?t hie ... symbel ymbs?ton (_that they might sit round their banquet_), 564; dat. sg. symle, 81, 489, 1009; symble, 119, 2105; gen. pl. symbla, 1233.
symble, symle, adv., continually, ever: symble, 2451; symle, 2498; symle w?s ty s?mra (he was ever the worse, the weaker, i.e. the dragon), 2881.
symbel-wyn, st. f., banqueting-pleasure, joy at feasting: acc. sg. symbel-wynne dre車h, 1783.
syn, st. f., sin, crime: nom. synn and sacu, 2473; dat. instr. pl. synnum, 976, 1256, 3072.
syn. See sin.
syn-bysig, adj., (culpa laborans), persecuted on account of guilt? (Rieger), guilt-haunted?: nom. sg. secg syn-[by]sig, 2228.
ge-syngian, w. v., to sin, commit a crime: pret. part. t?t w?s feohle芍s ge-feoht, fyrenum ge-syngad, 2442.
synnig, adj., sin-laden, sinful: acc. sg. m. sinnigne secg, 1380.--Comp.: fela-, un-synnig.
ge-synto, f., health: dat. pl. on gesyntum, 1870.
syrce. See serce.
syrwan, w. v. w. acc., to entrap, catch unawares: pret. sg. duguee and geogoee seomade and syrede, 161.
be-syrwan: 1) to compass_ or _accomplish by finesse; effect: inf. d?d te we ealle ?r ne meahton snyttrum be-syrwan (_a deed that all of us could not accomplish before with all our wisdom_), 943.--2) _to entrap by guile and destroy_: inf. mynte se manscaea manna cynnes sumne be-syrwan (_the fell foe thought to entrap some one (all?_, see sum) of the men), 714.
syn, f., seeing, sight, scene: comp, an-syn.
ge-syne, adj., visible, to be seen: nom. sg. 1256, 1404, 2948, 3059, 3160.--Comp.: 那e-ge-syne, ye-ge-s那ne.
T
taligean, w. v.: 1) to count, reckon, number; esteem, think: pres. sg. I. n? ic me ... hnagran g?e-geweorca tonne Grendel hine (_count myself no worse than G. in battle-works_), 678; w那n ic talige ...t?t (_I count on the hope ... that_), 1846; telge, 2068; sg. III. t?t r?d talae t?t (_counts it gain that_), 2028.--2) to tell, relate: s?e ic talige (I tell facts), 532; swa tu self talast (as thou thyself sayst), 595.
tacen, st. n., token, sign, evidence: nom. sg. tacen sweotol, 834; dat. instr. sg. sweotolan tacne, 141; t?res t? tacne, 1655.--Comp. luf-tacen.
tan, st. m., twig: in comp. ater-tan. [emended to ater-te芍rum in text--KTH]
ge-t?can, w. v., to show, point out: pret. sg. him ta hilde-de車r hof m?digra torht ge-t?hte (_the warrior pointed out to them the bright dwelling of the bold ones_, i.e. Danes), 313. Hence, to indicate, assign: pret. s?na me se m?ra mago Healfdenes ... wie his sylfes sunu setl get?hte (assigned me a seat by his own son), 2014.
t?le, adj., blameworthy: in comp. un-t?le.
ge-t?se, adj., quiet, still: nom. sg. gif him w?re ... niht ge-t?se (whether he had a pleasant, quiet, night), 1321.
tela, adv., fittingly, well, 949, 1219, 1226, 1821, 2209, 2738.
telge. See talian.
tellan, w. v., to tell, consider, deem: pret. sg. ne his l?f-dagas le車da ?nigum nytte tealde (nor did he count his life useful to any man), 795; t?t ic me ?nigne under swegles begong ge-sacan ne tealde (_I believed not that I had any foe under heaven_), 1774; cw?e he tone g?e-wine g?dne tealde (said he counted the war-friend good), 1811; he ?sic gar-w?gend g?de tealde (deemed us good spear-warriors), 2642; pl. swa (so that) hine Ge芍ta beam g?dne ne tealdon, 2185.--2) to ascribe, count against, impose: pret. sg. (Tryeo) him w?lbende weotode tealde hand-gewrieene, 1937.
ge-tenge, adj., attached to, lying on: w. dat. gold ... grunde ge-tenge, 2759.
te芍r, st. m., tear: nom. pl. te芍ras, 1873.
teoh, st. f., troop, band: dat. sg. earmre teohhe, 2939.
(ge?)-teohhian, w. v., to fix, determine, assign: pret. sg. ic for l?ssan le芍n teohhode ... hnahran rince, 952; pres. part. w?s ?eer in ?r geteohhod (assigned)... m?rum Ge芍te, 1301.
te車n, st. v., to draw, lead: inf. h那ht ... eahta mearas ... on flet te車n (bade eight horses be led into the hall), 1037; pret. sg. me t? grunde te芍h fah fe車nd-sceaea (the many-hued fiend-foe drew me to the bottom), 553; eft-s?eas te芍h (withdrew, returned), 1333; sg. for pl. ?g-hwylcum ...tara te mid Be車wulfe brim-lade te芍h (_to each of those that crossed the sea with B._) 1052; pret. part. ta w?s ... heard ecg togen (_then was the hard edge drawn_), 1289; weare ... on n?s togen (_was drawn to the promontory_), 1440.
a-te車n, to wander, go, intrans.: pret. sg. t? Heorute a-te芍h (_drew to Heorot_), 767.
ge-te車n: 1) to draw: pret. sg. gomel swyrd ge-te芍h, 2611; w. instr. and acc. hyre seaxe ge-te芍h, brad br?n-ecg, 1546.--2) to grant, give, lend: imp. n? tu him wearne gete車h t?nra gegn-cwida gl?dnian (_refuse not to gladden them with thy answer_), 366; pret. sg. and ta Be車wulfe bega gehw?eres eodor Ingwina onweald ge-te芍h (_and the prince of the Ingwins gave B. power over both_), 1045; so, he him 那st gete芍h (_gave possession of_), 2166.
of-te車n, to deprive, withdraw, w. gen. of thing and dat. pers.: pret. sg. Scyld Sc那fing ... monegum m?geum meodo-setla of-te芍h, 5; w. acc. of thing, hond ... feorh-sweng ne of-te芍h, 2490; w. dat. hond (hord, MS.) swenge ne of-te芍h, 1521.
turh-te車n, to effect: inf. gif he torn-gem?t turh-te車n mihte, 1141.
te車n (cf. te車h, materia, O.H.G. ziuc), w. v. w. acc., to make, work: pret. sg. te車de, 1453;--to furnish out, deck: pret. pl. nalas hi hine l?ssan lacum te車dan (provided him with no less gifts), 43.
ge-te車n, to provide, do, bring on: pres. sg. unc sceal weorean ... swa unc Wyrd ge-te車e, 2527; pret. sg. te him ... sare ge-te車de (_who had done him this harm_), 2296.
ge-te車na, w. m., injurer, harmer: in comp. lae-ge-te車na.
til, adj., good, apt, fit: nom. sg. m. Halga til, 61; tegn ungemete till (of W?glaf), 2722; fem. w?s se車 te車d tilu, 1251; neut. ne w?s t?t ge-wrixle til, 1305.
tilian, w. v. w. gen., to gain, win: inf. gif ic ... ?wihte m?g t?nre m?d-lufan maran tilian (if I ... gain), 1824.
timbrian, w. v., to build: pret. part. acc. sg. s?l timbred (_the well-built hall_), 307.
be-timbrian, (construere), to finish building, complete: pret. pl. betimbredon on tyn dagum beadu-r?fes b那cn, 3161.
t?d, st. f., _-tide, time_: acc. sg. twelf wintra t?d, 147; lange t?d, 1916; in ta t?de, 2228.--Comp.: an-, morgen-t?d.
ge-t?eian (from tigeian), w. v., to grant: pret. part. impers. w?s ... b那ne (gen.) ge-t?ead fe芍sceaftum men, 2285.
t?r, st. m., glory, repute in war. gen. sg. t?res, 1655.
t?r-e芍dig, adj., glorious, famous: dat. sg. t?r-e芍digum menn (of Be車wulf), 2190.
t?r-f?st, adj., famous, rich in glory. nom. sg. (of Hr?egar), 923.
t?r-le芍s, adj., without glory, infamous: gen. sg. (of Grendel), 844.
toga, w. m., leader: in comp. folc-toga.
torht, adj., bright, brilliant: acc. sg. neut. hof ... torht, 313.--Comp.: wuldor-torht, heaeo-torht (loud in battle).
torn, st. n.: 1) wrath, insult, distress: acc. sg. torn, 147, 834; gen. pl. torna, 2190.--2) anger: instr. sg. torne ge-bolgen, 2402.--Comp. l?ge-torn.
torn, adj., bitter, cruel: nom. sg, hre車wa tornost, 2130.
torn-ge-m?t, st. n., (wrathful meeting), angry engagement, battle: acc. sg., 1141.
t?, I. prep. w. dat. indicating direction or tending to, hence: 1) local = whither after verbs of motion, to, up to, at: com t? recede (_to the hall_), 721; eode t? sele, 920; eode t? hire fre芍n sittan, 642; g?e eft ... t? medo (goeth again to mead), 605; wand t? wolcnum (_wound to the welkin_), 1120; sigon t? sl?pe (sank to sleep), 1252; 28, 158, 234, 438, 553, 926, 1010, 1014, 1155, 1159, 1233, etc.; l?e-w?ge b?r h?lum t? handa (bore the ale-cup to the hands of the men? at hand?), 1984; ?e t?t niht becom ?eer t? yldum, 2118; him t? bearme cwom maeeum-f?t m?re (_came to his hands, into his possession_), 2405; s?lde t? sande s?d-f?eme scip (fastened the broad-bosomed ship to the shore), 1918; tat se harm-scaea t? Heorute a-te芍h (went forth to Heorot), 767. After verb sittan: site nu t? symble (sit now to the meal), 489; sieean ... we t? symble geseten h?fdon, 2105; t? ham (home, at home), 124, 374, 2993. With verbs of speaking: maeelode t? his wine-drihtne (spake to his friendly lord), 360; t? Ge芍tum sprec, 1172; so, h那ht t?t heaeo-weorc t? hagan bi車dan (_bade the battle-work be told at the hedge_), 2893.--2) with verbs of bringing and taking (cf. under on, I., d): hraee w?s t? b?re Be車wulf fetod (_B. was hastily brought from a room_), 1311; sieean Hama ?t-w?g t? t?re byrhtan byrig Br?singa mene (_since H. carried the Brosing-necklace off from the bright city_), 1200; we芍n ahsode. f?heo to Frysum (_suffered woe, feud as to, from, the Frisians_), 1208.--3) =end of motion, hence: a) _to, for, as, in_: tone god sende folce t? fr?fre (for, as, a help to the folk), 14; gesette ... sunnan and m?nan le車man to le車hte (as a light), 95; ge-s?t ... t? rune (sat in counsel), 172; weare he Heaeo-lafe t? hand-bonan, 460; bringe ... t? helpe (bring to, for, help), 1831; Jofore forgeaf angan d?htor ... hyldo t? wedde (as a pledge of his favor), 2999; so, 508(?), 666, 907, 972, 1022, 1187, 1263, 1331, 1708, 1712, 2080, etc.; secgan t? s?ee (to say in sooth), 51; so, 591, 2326. b) with verbs of thinking, hoping, etc., on, for, at, against: he t? gyrn-wr?ce sw?eor t?hte tonne t? s?-lade (_thought more on vengeance than on the sea-voyage_), 1139; s?cce ne w那nee t? Gar-Denum (_nor weeneth of conflict with the Spear-Danes_), 602; tonne w那ne ic t? te wyrsan getinges (_then I expect for thee a worse result_), 525; ne ic to Swe車te車de sibbe oeee tre車we wihte ne w那ne (nor expect at all of, from, the Swedes ...), 2923; wiste t?m ahl?can t? t?m he芍h-sele hilde ge-tinged (_battle prepared for the monster in the high hall_), 648; wel bie t?m te mot t? f?der f?emum freoeo wilnian (well for him that can find peace in the Father's arms), 188; tara te he ge-worhte t? West-Denum (_of those that he wrought against the West-Danes_), 1579.--4) with the gerund, inf.: t? gefremmanne (to do), 174; t? ge-cyeanne (to make known), 257; t? secganne (to say), 473; to befle車nne (to avoid, escape), 1004; so, 1420, 1725, 1732, 1806, 1852, 1923, 1942, etc. With inf.: t? f那ran, 316; t? friclan, 2557.--5) temporal: gewat him t? gesc?p-hw?le (_went at(?) the hour of fate_; or, _to his fated rest?_), 26; t? w?dan feore (ever, in their lives), 934; awa t? aldre (for life, forever), 956; so, t? aldre, 2006, 2499; t? life (_during life, ever_), 2433.--6) with particles: w?d under wolcnum t? t?s te ... (went under the welkin to the point where ...), 715; so, elne ge-eodon t? t?s te, 1968; so, 2411; he him t?s le芍n for-geald ... t? t?s te he on reste geseah Grendel licgan (_he paid him for that to the point that he saw G. lying dead_), 1586; w?s t?t bl?d t? t?s hat (_the blood was hot to that degree_), 1617; n?s ta long t? ton t?t ('twas not long till), 2592, 2846; w?s him se man t? ton le車f t?t (the man was dear to him to that degree), 1877; t? hwan sieean weare hond-r?s h?leea (_up to what point, how, the hand-contest turned out_), 2072; t? middes (in the midst), 3142.
II. Adverbial modifier, quasi preposition [better explained in many cases as prep. postponed]: l) to, towards, up to, at: ge車ng s?na t?, 1786; so, 2649; f那he ?eer t?, 1756; s?-lac ... te tu her t? l?cast (_upon which thou here lookest_), 1655; folc t? s?gon (the folk looked on), 1423; t?t h? him t? mihton gegnum gangan (might proceed thereto), 313; se te him bealwa t? b?te gelyfde (who believed in help out of evils from him, i.e. Be車wulf), 910; him t? anwaldan are ge-lyfde (_trusted for himself to the Almighty's help_), 1273; te ?s s那ceae t? Swe車na le車de (_that the Swedes will come against us_), 3002.--2) before adj. and adv., too: t? strang (too mighty), 133; t? f?st, 137; t? swye, 191; so, 789, 970, 1337, 1743, 1749, etc.; t? fela micles (far too much), 695; he t? fore ge-st?p (_he had gone too far_), 2290.
t?e (G. tuntu-s), st. m., tooth: in comp. bl?dig-t?e (adj.).
tredan, st. v. w. acc., to tread: inf. s?-wong tredan, 1965; el-land tredan, 3020; pret. sg. wr?c-lastas tr?d, 1353; medo-wongas tr?d, 1644; gr?s-moldan tr?d, 1882.
treddian, tryddian (see trod), w. v., to stride, tread, go: pret. sg. treddode, 726; tryddode getrume micle (strode about with a strong troop), 923.
trem, st. n., piece, part: acc. sg. ne ... f?tes trem (_not a foot's breadth_), 2526.
tre車w, st. f., fidelity, good faith: acc. sg. tre車we, 1073; sibbe oeee tre車we, 2923.
tre車w, st. n., tree: in comp. galg-tre車w.
tre車wian. See tr?wian.
tre車w-loga, w. m., troth-breaker, pledge-breaker: nom. pl. tre車w-logan, 2848.
trodu, st. f., track, step: acc. sg. or pl. trode, 844.
ge-trum, st. n., troop, band: instr. sg. ge-trume micle, 923.
trum, adj., strong, endowed with: nom. sg. heorot hornum trum, 1370.
ge-tr?wan, w. v. w. acc., to confirm, pledge solemnly: pret. sg. ta hie getr?wedon on twa healfe f?ste frioeu-w?re, 1096.
tr?wian, tre車wan, w. v., to trust in, rely on, believe in: 1) w. dat.: pret. sg. s?ee ne tr?wode le車fes mannes (_I trusted not in the dear man's enterprise_), 1994; bearne ne tr?wode t?t he ... (_she trusted not the child that_ ...), 2371; gehwylc hiora his ferhee tre車wde t?t he ... (_each trusted his heart that_ ...), 1167.--2) w. gen.: pret. sg. Ge芍ta le車d georne tr?wode m?dgan m?gnes, 670; wieres ne tr?wode, 2954.
ge-tr?wian, to rely on, trust in, w. dat.: pret. sg. strenge ge-tr?wode, mund-gripe m?genes, 1534;--w. gen. pret. sg. beorges ge-tr?wode, w?ges and wealles, 2323; strenge ge-tr?wode anes mannes, 2541.
tryddian. See treddian.
trywe, adj., true, faithful: nom. sg. ta gyt w?s ... ?ghwylc ?erum trywe, 1166.
ge-trywe, adj., faithful: nom. sg. her is ?ghwylc eorl ?erum ge-trywe, 1229.
turf, st. f., sod, soil, seat: in comp. 那eel-turf.
tux, st. m., tooth, tusk: in comp. hilde-tux.
ge-tw?fan, w. v. w. acc. of person and gen. thing, _to separate, divide, deprive of, hinder_: pres. sg. III. t?t tec adl oeee ecg eafoees ge-tw?fee (robs of strength), 1764; inf. god e芍ee m?g tone dol-scaean d?da ge-tw?fan (God may easily restrain the fierce foe from his deeds), 479; pret. sg. sumne Ge芍ta le車d ... feores getw?fde (cut him off from life), 1434; n? t?r w?g-flotan wind ofer yeum s?ees ge-tw?fde (_the wind hindered not the wave-floater in her course over the water_), 1909; pret. part. ?t rihte w?s g?e ge-tw?fed (almost had the struggle been ended), 1659.
ge-tw?man, w. v. acc. pers. and gen. thing, _to hinder, render incapable of, restrain_: inf. ic hine ne mihte ... ganges getw?man, 969.
twegen, m. f. n. twa, num., twain, two: nom. m. twegen, 1164; acc. m. twegen, 1348; dat. tw?m, 1192 gen. twega, 2533; acc. f. twa, 1096, 1195.
twelf, num., twelve, gen. twelfa, 3172.
tweone (Frisian twine), num. = bini, two: dat. pl. be s?m tweonum, 859, 1298; 1686.
twidig, adj., in comp. lang-twidig (long-assured), 1709.
tyder, st. m., race, descendant: in comp. un-tyder, 111.
tydre (Frisian teddre), adj., weak, unwarlike, cowardly: nom. pl. tydre, 2848.
tyn, num., ten: uninflect. dat. on tyn dagum, 3161; inflect. nom. tyne, 2848.
tyrwian, w. v., to tar: pret. part. tyrwed in comp.: niw-tyrwed.
on-tyhtan, w. v., to urge on, incite, entice: pret. sg. on-tyhte, 3087.
T
tafian, w. v. w. acc., to submit to, endure: inf. t?t se te車d-cyning tafian sceolde Eofores anne d?m, 2964.
tanc, st. m.: 1) thought: in comp. fore-, hete-, or-, searo-tanc; inwit-tanc (adj.).--2) thanks (w. gen. of thing): nom. sg., 929, 1779; acc. sg. tanc, 1998, 2795.--3) content, favor, pleasure: dat. sg. ta te gif-sceattas Ge芍ta fyredon tyder t? tance (_those that tribute for the Geatas carried thither for favor_). 379.
ge-tanc, st. m., thought: instr. pl. te車strum ge-toncum, 2333.--Comp. m?d-ge-tanc.
tanc-hycgende, pres. part., thoughtful, 2236.
tancian, w. v., to thank: pret. sg. gode tancode ... t?s te hire se willa ge-lamp (thanked God that her wish was granted), 626; so, 1398; pl. tancedon, 627(?).
tanon, tonon, tonan, adv., thence: 1) local: tanon eft gewat (_he went thence back_), 123; tanon up ... stigon (went up thence), 224; so, tanon, 463, 692, 764, 845, 854, 1293; tanan, 1881; tonon, 520, 1374, 2409; tonan, 820, 2360, 2957.--2) personal: tanon untydras ealle on-w?con (from him, i.e. Cain, etc.), 111; so, tanan, 1266; tonon, 1961; uns?fte tonon feorh ?e-ferede (i.e. from Grendel's mother), 2141.
ta, adv.: l) there, then, 3, 26, 28, 34, 47, 53, etc. With t?r: ta t?r, 331. With nu: nu ta (now then), 658.--2) conjunction, when, as, since, w. indic., 461, 539, 633, etc.;--because, whilst, during, since, 402, 465, 724, 2551, etc.
t?t, I. demons, pron. acc. neut. of se: demons, nom. t?t (that), 735, 766, etc.; instr. sg. ty, 1798, 2029; t?t ic ty w?pne ge-br?d (_that I brandished as(?) a weapon; that I brandished the weapon?_), 1665; ty weorera (the more honored), 1903; ty s那ft (the more easily), 2750; ty l?s hym yee trym wudu wynsuman for-wrecan meahte (_lest the force of the waves the winsome boat might carry away_), 1919; n? ty ?r (not sooner), 755, 1503, 2082, 2374, 2467; n? ty leng (no longer, none the longer), 975. ty =adv., therefore, hence, 1274, 2068; t那 ... t那 = _on this account; for this reason ... that, because_, 2639-2642; wiste t那 geornor (knew but too well), 822; he ... w?s sundes t那 s?nra te hine swylt fornam (_he was the slower in swimming as [whom?] death carried him off_), 1437; n?s him wihte t那 s那l (it was none the better for him), 2688; so, 2278. Gen. sg. t?s = adv., for this reason, therefore, 7, 16, 114, 350, 589, 901, 1993, 2027, 2033, etc. t?s te, especially after verbs of thanking, = because, 108, 228, 627, 1780, 2798;--also = secundum quod: t?s te hie gewisl?cost ge-witan meahton, 1351;--therefore, accordingly, 1342, 3001; t? t?s (to that point; to that degree), 715, 1586, 1617, 1968, 2411; t?s georne (so firmly), 969; ac he t?s f?ste w?s ... besmieod (_it was too firmly set_), 774; n? t?s fr?d leofae gumena bearna t?t tone grund wite (none liveth among men so wise that he should know its bottom), 1368; he t?s (t?m, MS.) m?dig w?s (had the courage for it), 1509.
II. conj. (relative), that, so that, 15, 62, 84, 221, 347, 358, 392, 571, etc.; ?e t?t (up to that, until); see ?e.
t?tte (from t?t te, see te), that, 151, 859, 1257, 2925, etc.; t?t te (that), 1847.
t?r: 1) demons. adv., _there (where)_, 32, 36, 89, 400, 757, etc.; moreor-bealo maga, t?r he車 ?r m?ste he車ld worolde wynne (_the death-bale of kinsmen where before she had most worldly joy_), 1080. With ta: ta t?r, 331; t?r on innan (therein), 71. Almost like Eng. expletive there, 271, 550, 978, etc.;--then, at that time_, 440;--_thither: t?r sw?e-ferhee sittan eodon (thither went the bold ones to sit, i.e. to the bench), 493, etc.--2) relative, where, 356, 420, 508, 513, 522, 694, 867, etc.; eode ... t?r se snottra bad (went where the wise one tarried), 1314; so, 1816;--if_, 763, 798, 1836, 2731, etc.;--_whither: ga t?r he wille, 1395.
te, I. relative particle, indecl., partly standing alone, partly associated with se, se車, t?t: Hunfere maeelode, te ?t f?tum s?t (_H., who sat at his feet, spake_), 500; so, 138, etc.; w?s t?t gewin t? swye te on ta le車de be-com (the misery that had come on the people was too great), 192, etc.; ic wille ... te ta and-sware ?dre ge-cyean te me se g?da a-gifan tencee (_I will straightway tell thee the answer that the good one shall give_), 355; ?e tone anne d?g te he ... (till that very day that he ...), 2401; he車 ta f?hee wr?c te tu ... Grendel cwealdest (_the fight in which thou slewest G._), 1335; mid t?re sorge te him si車 sar belamp (_with the sorrow wherewith the pain had visited him_), 2469; pl. tonne ta dydon te ... (than they did that ...), 45; so, 378, 1136; ta maemas te he me sealde (the treasures that he gave me), 2491; so, ginf?stan gife te him god sealde (the great gifts that God had given him), 2183. After tara te (_of those that_), the depend. verb often takes sg. instead of pl. (Dietrich, Haupt XI., 444 seqq.): wundor-si車na fela secga ge-hwylcum tara te on swylc starae (to each of those that look on such), 997; so, 844, 1462, 2384, 2736. Strengthened by se, se車, t?t: s?gde se te c?ee (said he that knew), 90; w?s se grimma g?st Grendel haten, se te m?ras he車ld (_the grim stranger hight Grendel, he that held the moors_), 103; here-byrne ... se車 te ban-cofan beorgan c?ee (the corselet that could protect the body), 1446, etc.; t?r ge-lyfan sceal dryhtnes d?me se te hine de芍e nimee (_he shall believe in God's judgment whom death carrieth off_), 441; so, 1437, 1292 (cf. Heliand I., 1308).
t?s te. See t?t.
te芍h te. See te芍h.
for tam te. See for-tam.
ty, t那, the, by that, instr. of se: ahte ic holdra ty l?s ... te de芍e for-nam (I had the less friends whom death snatched away), 488; so, 1437.
teccan, w. v., to cover (thatch), cover over: inf. ta sceal brond fretan, ?led teccean (fire shall eat, flame shall cover, the treasures), 3016; pret. pl. t?r git e芍gor-stre芍m earmum tehton (in swimming), 513.
tegn, st. m., thane, liegeman, king's higher vassal; knight: nom. sg., 235, 494, 868, 2060, 2710; (Be車wulf), 194; (W?glaf), 2722; acc. sg. tegen (Be車wulf, MS. tegn), 1872; dat. sg. tegne, 1342, 1420; (Hengest), 1086; (W?glaf), 2811; gen. sg. tegnes, 1798; nom. pl. tegnas, 1231; acc. pl. tegnas, 1082, 3122; dat. pl. tegnum, 2870; gen. pl. tegna, 123, 400, 1628, 1674, 1830, 2034, etc.--Comp.: ambiht-, ealdor-, heal-, magu-, sele-tegn.
tegnian, t那nian, w. v., to serve, do liege service: pret. sg. ic him t那node de車ran sweorde (I served them with my good sword, i.e. slew them with it), 560.
tegn-sorh, st. f., thane-sorrow, grief for a liegeman: acc. sg. tegn-sorge, 131.
tegu, st. f., taking: in comp.: be芍h-, be車r-, sinc-tegu.
tel, st. n., deal-board, board for benches: in comp. benc-tel, 486, 1240.
tencan, w. v.: 1) to think: absolutely: pres. sg. III. se te wel tencee, 289; so, 2602. With depend. clause: pres. sg. n?nig heora t?hte t?t he ... (none of them thought that he), 692.--2) w. inf., to intend: pres. sg. III. ta and-sware ... te me se g?da a-gifan tencee (_the answer that the good one intendeth to give me_), 355; (bl?dig w?l) byrgean tencee, 448; tonne he ... gegan tencee longsumne lof (if he will win eternal fame), 1536; pret. sg. ne t?t agl?ca yldan t?hte (_the monster did not mean to delay that_), 740; pret. pl. wit unc wie hronfixas werian t?hton, 541; (hine) on healfa ge-hwone he芍wan t?hton, 801.
a-tencan, to intend, think out: pret. sg. (he) tis ellen-weorc ana a-t?hte t? ge-fremmanne, 2644.
ge-tencan, w. acc.: 1) to think of: t?t he his selfa ne m?g ... ende ge-tencean (so that he himself may not think of, know, its limit), 1735.--2) to be mindful: imper. sg. ge-tenc nu ... hw?t wit ge車 spr?con, 1475.
tenden: 1) adv., at this time, then, whilst: nalles facen-stafas Te車d-Scyldingas tenden fremedon (_not at all at this time had the Scyldings done foul deeds_), 1020 (referring to 1165; cf. W?ds?e, 45 seqq.); tenden re芍fode rinc ?eerne (whilst one warrior robbed another, i.e. Eofor robbed Ongente車w), 2986.--2) conj., so long as, whilst, 30, 57, 284, 1860, 2039, 2500, 3028;--whilst_, 2419. With subj., _whilst, as long as: tenden tu m?te, 1178; tenden tu lifige, 1255; tenden hyt sy (_whilst the heat lasts_), 2650.
tengel, st. m., prince, lord, ruler: acc. sg. hringa tengel (Be車wulf), 1508.
tes (m.), te車s (f.), tis (n.), demons. pron., this: nom. sg. 411, 432, 1703; f., 484; nom. acc. neut., 2156, 2252, 2644; tys, 1396; acc. sg. m. tisne, 75; f. tas, 1682; dat. sg. neut. tissum, 1170; tyssum, 2640; f. tisse, 639; gen. m. tisses, 1217; f. tisse, 929; neut. tysses, 791, 807; nom. pl. and acc. tas, 1623, 1653, 2636, 2641; dat. tyssum, 1063, 1220.
t那. See t?t.
t那h. See te芍h.
tearf, st. f., need: nom. sg. tearf, 1251, 2494, 2638; ta him w?s manna tearf (as he was in need of men), 201; acc. sg. tearfe, 1457, 2580, 2850; fremmae ge nu le車da tearfe (do ye now what is needful for the folk), 2802; dat. sg. ?t tearfe, 1478, 1526, 2695, 2710; acc. pl. se for andrysnum ealle beweotede tegnes tearfe (_who would supply in courtesy all the thane's needs_), 1798 (cf. sele-tegn, 1795).--Comp.: firen-, nearo-, ofer-tearf.
tearf. See turfan.
ge-tearfian, w. v., = necessitatem imponere: pret. part. ta him swa ge-tearfod w?s (since so they found it necessary), 1104.
tearle, adv., very, exceedingly, 560.
te芍h, t那h, conj., though, even though_ or _if: 1) with subj. te芍h, 203, 526, 588, 590, 1168, 1661, 2032, 2162. Strengthened by te: te芍h te, 683, 1369, 1832, 1928, 1942, 2345, 2620; te芍h ... eal (although), 681.--2) with indic.: te芍h, 1103; t那h, 1614.--3) doubtful: te芍h he ?ee wel, 2856; swa te芍h (nevertheless), 2879; n? ... swa te芍h (not then however), 973; n?s te forht swa t那h (he was not, though, afraid), 2968; hw?ere swa te芍h (yet however), 2443.
te芍w, st. m., custom, usage: nom. sg., 178, 1247; acc. sg. te芍w, 359; instr. pl. te芍wum (in accordance with custom), 2145.
te車d, st. f.: 1) war-troop, retainers: nom. sg., 644, 1231, 1251.--2) nation, folk: nom. sg., 1692; gen. pl. te車da, 1706.--Comp.: sige-, wer-te車d.
te車d-cyning, st. m., (=folc-cyning), warrior-king, king of the people: nom. sg. (Hr?egar), 2145; (Ongente車w), 2964, 2971; ti車d-cyning (Be車wulf), 2580; acc. sg. te車d-cyning (Be車wulf), 3009; gen. sg. te車d-cyninges (Be車wulf), 2695; gen. pl. te車d-cyninga, 2.
te車den, st. m., lord of a troop, war-chief, king; ruler: nom. sg., 129, 365, 417, 1047, 1210, 1676, etc.; ti車den, 2337, 2811; acc. sg. te車den, 34, 201, 353, 1599, 2385, 2722, 2884, 3080; ti車den, 2789; dat. sg. te車dne, 345, 1526, 1993, 2573, 2710, etc.; te車den, 2033; gen. sg. te車dnes 798, 911, 1086, 1628, 1838, 2175; ti車dnes, 2657; nom. pl. te車dnas, 3071.
te車den-le芍s, adj., without chief_ or _king: nom. pl. te車den-le芍se, 1104.
te車d-gestre車n, st. n., people's-jewel, precious treasure: instr. pl. te車d-ge-stre車num, 44; gen. pl. te車d-ge-stre車na, 1219.
te車dig, adj., appertaining to a te車d: in comp. el-te車dig.
te車d-scaea, w. m., foe of the people, general foe: nom. sg. te車d-sceaea (the dragon), 2279, 2689.
te車d-tre芍, st. f. m., popular misery, general distress: dat. pl. wie te車d-tre芍um, 178.
te車f, st. m., thief: gen. sg. te車fes cr?fte, 2221.
te車n, st. v.: 1) to grow, ripen, thrive: pret. sg. weoremyndum tah (_grew in glory_), 8.--2) to thrive in, succeed: pret. sg. h?ru t?t on lande lyt manna tah (that throve to few), 2837. See Note, l. 901.
ge-te車n, to grow, thrive; increase in power and influence: imper. ge-te車h tela, 1219; inf. lof-d?dum sceal ... man gete車n, 25; t?t t?t te車dnes bearn ge-te車n scolde, 911.
on-te車n? to begin, undertake, w. gen.: pret. he t?s ?r ontah, 901. [In MS. Emended in text.--KTH] See Note, l. 901.
teon (for te車wan), w. v., to oppress, restrain: inf. n?s se folc-cyning ymb-sittendra ?nig tara te mec ... dorste egesan te車n (_that durst oppress me with terror_), 2737.
te車stor, adj., dark, gloomy: instr. pl. te車strum ge-toncum, 2333.
ticgan, st. v. w. acc., to seize, attain, eat, appropriate: inf. t?t he (Grendel) ma m?ste manna cynnes ticgean ofer ta niht, 737; symbel ticgan (take the meal, enjoy the feast), 1011; pret. pl. t?t hie me t那gon, 563; t?r we medu t那gun, 2634.
ge-ticgan, w. acc., to grasp, take: pret. sg. (symbel and sele-ful, ful) ge-teah, 619, 629; Be車wulf ge-tah ful on flette, 1025; pret. pl. (medo-ful manig) ge-t?gon, 1015.
tider, tyder, adv., thither: tyder, 3087, 379, 2971.
tihtig, tyhtig, adj., doughty, vigorous, firm: acc. sg. neut. sweord ... ecgum tyhtig, 1559.--Comp. hyge-tihtig.
tincan. See tyncan.
ting, st. n.: 1) thing: gen. pl. ?nige tinga (ullo modo), 792, 2375, 2906.--2) affair, contest, controversy: nom. sg. me weare Grendles ting ... undyrne c?e (Grendel's doings became known to me), 409.--3) judgment, issue, judicial assembly(?): acc. sg. sceal ... ana gehegan ting wie tyrse (_shall bring the matter alone to an issue against the giant_: see hegan), 426.
ge-ting, st. n.: 1) terms, covenant: acc. pl. ge-tingo, 1086.--2) _fate, providence, issue_: gen. sg. ge-tinges, 398, 710; (ge-tingea, MS.), 525.
ge-tingan, st. v., to grow, mature, thrive (Dietrich, Haupt IX., 430): pret. part. cw那n m?de ge-tungen (mature-minded, high-spirited, queen), 625. See wel-tungen.
ge-tingan (see ge-ting), w. v.: 1) to conclude a treaty: w. refl. dat, enter into a treaty: pres. sg. III. gif him tonne Hr那er?c t? hofum Ge芍ta ge-tingee _(if H. enters into a treaty_ (seeks aid at?) _with the court of the Ge芍tas_, referring to the old German custom of princes entering the service or suite of a foreign king), 1838. Leo.--2) to prepare, appoint: pret. part. wiste [?t] t?m ahl?can ... hilde ge-tinged, 648; hraee w?s ... m那ce ge-tinged, 1939.
tingian, w. v.: 1) to speak in an assembly, make an address: inf. ne hyrde ic snotor-l?cor on swa geongum feore guman tingian (_I never heard a man so young speak so wisely_), 1844.--2) to compound, settle, lay aside: inf. ne wolde feorh-bealo ... fe車 tingian (_would not compound the life-bale for money_), 156; so, pret. sg. ta f?hee fe車 tingode, 470.
t?han. See te車n.
tin, possess, pron., thy, thine, 267, 346, 353, 367, 459, etc.
ge-t?ht, st. m., thought, plan: acc. sg. an-fealdne ge-t?ht, 256; f?st-r?dne ge-t?ht, 611.
tolian, w. v. w. acc.: 1) to endure, bear: inf. (inwid-sorge) tolian, 833; pres. sg. III. tre芍-nyd tolae, 284; pret. sg. tolode tryeswye, 131.--2) to hold out, stand, survive: pres. sg. (intrans.) tenden tis sweord tolae (as long as this sword holds out), 2500; pret. sg. (se車 ecg) tolode ?r fela hand-gem?ta, 1526.
ge-tolian: 1) to suffer, bear, endure: gerund. t? ge-tolianne, 1420; pret. sg. earfoe-lice trage ge-tolode..., t?t he ... dre芍m gehyrde (_bore ill that he heard the sound of joy_), 87; torn ge-tolode (_bore the misery_), 147.--2) to have patience, wait: inf. t?r he longe sceal on t?s waldendes w?re ge-tolian, 3110.
ton (Goth, tan) = tum, then, now, 504; ?fter ton (after that), 725; ?r ton d?g cw?me (ere day came), 732; n? ton lange (_it was not long till then_), 2424; n?s ta long t? ton (it was not long till then), 2592, 2846; w?s him se man t? ton le車f t?t ... _(the man was to that degree dear to him that ..._), 1877.
tonne: 1) adv., there, then, now, 377, 435, 525, 1105, 1456, 1485, 1672, 1823, 3052, 3098(?).--2) conj., if, when, while: a) w. indic., 573, 881, 935, 1034, 1041, 1043, 1144, 1286, 1327, 1328, 1375, etc.; t?t ic gum-cystum g?dne funde be芍ga bryttan, bre芍c tonne m?ste (_that I found a good ring-giver and enjoyed him whilst I could_), 1488. b) w. subj., 23, 1180, 3065; tonne ...tonne (then ... when), 484-85, 2447-48; gif tonne ...tonne (if then ... then), 1105-1107. c) than after comparatives, 44, 248, 469, 505, 534, 679, 1140, 1183, etc.; a comparative must be supplied, l. 70, before tone: t?t he ... hatan wolde medo-?rn micel men ge-wyrcean tone yldo bearn ?fre ge-frunon (a great mead-house (greater) _than men had ever known_).
tracu, st. f., strength, boldness: in comp. m?d-tracu; = impetus in ecg-tracu.
trag, st. f., period of time, time: nom. sg. ta hine si車 trag be-cwom (when the [battle]-hour befell him), 2884; acc. sg. trage (_for a time_), 87; longe (lange) trage, 54, 114.--Comp. earfoe-trag.
ge-tr?c, st. n., multitude, crowd: in comp. searo-ge-tr?c.
trec-wudu, st. m., (might-wood), spear (cf. m?gen-wudu): acc. sg., 1247.
tre芍, st. m. f., misery, distress: in comp. te車d-tre芍, tre芍-n那dla, -nyd.
tre芍-n那dla, w. m., crushing distress, misery: dat. sg. for tre芍-n那dlan, 2225.
trea-nyd, st. f., oppression, distress: acc. sg. tre芍-nyd, 284; dat. pl. tre芍-nydum, 833.
tre芍t, st. m., troop, band: dat. sg. on tam tre芍te, 2407; dat. pl. sceaeena tre芍tum, 4.--Comp. ?ren-tre芍t.
tre芍tian, w. v. w. acc., to press, oppress: pret. pl. mec ...tre芍tedon, 560.
treot-teoea, num. adj. w. m., thirteenth: nom. sg. treot-teoea secg, 2407.
tre車, num. (neut.), three: acc. tri車 wicg, 2175; tre車 hund wintra, 2279.
tridda, num. adj. w. m., third: instr. triddan s?ee, 2689.
ge-tring, st. n., eddy, whirlpool, crush: acc. on holma ge-tring, 2133.
tringan, st. v., to press: pret. sg. wergendra t? lyt trong ymbe te車den (too few defenders pressed round the prince), 2884; pret. pl. syeean Hr那elingas t? hagan trungon (_after the Hrethlingas had pressed into the hedge_), 2961.
for-tringan, to press out; rescue, protect: inf. t?t he ne mehte ...ta we芍-lafe w?ge for-tringan te車dnes tegne (_that he could not rescue the wretched remnant from the king's thane by war_), 1085.
ge-tringan, to press: pret. sg. ce車l up getrang (the ship shot up), i.e. on the shore in landing), 1913.
tritig, num., thirty (neut. subst.): acc. sg. w. partitive gen.: tritig tegna, 123; gen. trittiges (XXXtiges MS.) manna, 379.
tr?st-hydig, adj., bold-minded, valorous: nom. sg. ti車den tr?st-hydig (Be車wulf), 2811.
trowian, w. v. w. acc., to suffer, endure: inf. (hat, gnorn) trowian, 2606, 2659; pret. sg. trowade, 1590, 1722; trowode, 2595.
trye, st. f., abundance, multitude_, _excellence, power: instr. pl. tryeum (excellently, extremely; excellent in strength?), 494.
trye-?rn, st. n., excellent house, royal hall: acc. sg. (of Heorot), 658.
tryel?c, adj., excellent, chosen: nom. sg. trye-l?c tegna he芍p, 400, 1628; superl. acc. pl. trye-l?cost, 2870.
trye-swye, st. n.?, great pain (?): acc., 131, 737 [? adj., _very powerful, exceeding strong_].
trye-word, st. n., bold speech, choice discourse: nom. sg., 644. (Great store was set by good table-talk: cf. Lachmann's Nibelunge, 1612; R?gsmal, 29, 7, in M?bius, p. 79b, 22.)
trym, st. m.: 1) power, might, force: nom. sg. yea trym, 1919; instr. pl. = adv. trymmum (powerfully), 235.--2) glory, renown: acc. sg. trym, 2.--Comp. hyge-trym.
trym-l?c, adj., powerful, mighty: nom. sg. trec-wudu trym-l?c (_the mighty spear_), 1247.
tu, pron., thou, 366, 407, 445, etc.; acc. sg. tec (poetic), 948, 2152, etc.; te, 417, 426, 517, etc.; after compar. s那lran te (_a better one than thee_), 1851. See ge.
tunca, w. m. See ?f-tunca.
ge-tungen. See ge-tingan, st. v.
turfan, pret.-pres. v., to need: pres. sg. II. n? tu ne tearft ... sorgian (needest not care), 450; so, 445, 1675; III. ne tearf ... onsittan (need not fear), 596; so, 2007, 2742; pres. subj. t?t he ... s那cean turfe, 2496; pret. sg. torfte, 157, 1027, 1072, 2875, 2996; pl. nealles Hetware hr那mge torfton (i.e. wesan) f那ee-w?ges (_needed not boast of their foot-fight_), 2365.
ge-turen. See tweran.
turh, prep. w. acc. signifying motion through, hence: I. local, _through, throughout_: w?d ta turh tone w?l-r那c (_went then through the battle-reek_), 2662.--II. causal: l) _on account of, for the sake of, owing to_: turh sl?ene n?e (through fierce hostility, heathenism), 184; turh holdne hige (from friendliness), 267; so, turh r?mne sefan, 278; turh s?dne sefan, 1727; e車wee turh egsan unc?ene n?e (_shows unheard-of hostility by the terror he causes_), 276; so, 1102, 1336, 2046. 2) _by means of, through_: heaeo-r?s for-nam mihtig mere-de車r turh m?ne hand, 558; turh anes cr?ft, 700; so, 941, 1694, 1696, 1980, 2406, 3069.
tus, adv., so, thus, 238, 337, 430.
tunian, w. v., to din, sound forth: pret. sg. sund-wudu tunede, 1907.
t?send, num., thousand: 1) fem. acc. ic te t?senda tegna bringe t? helpe, 1830.--2) neut. with measure of value (sceat) omitted: acc. seofan t?sendo, 2196; gen. hund-t?senda landes and locenra be芍ga (100,000 _sceattas' worth of land and rings_), 2995.--3) uninflected: acc. t?send wintra, 3051.
tw?re, adj., affable, mild: in comp. man-tw?re.
ge-tw?re, adj., gentle, mild: nom. pl. ge-tw?re, 1231.
ge-tweran, st. v., to forge, strike: pret. part. heoru ... hamere ge-turen (for ge-tworen) (hammer-forged sword), 1286.
tyhtig. See tihtig.
ge-tyld (see tolian), st. f.: 1) patience, endurance: acc. sg. ge-tyld, 1396.--2) steadfastness: instr. pl. = adv.: ge-tyldum (_steadfastly, patiently_), 1706.
tyle, st. m., spokesman, leader of the conversation at court: nom. sg., 1166, 1457.
tyncan, tincean, w. v. w. dat. of pers., to seem, appear: pres. sg. III. tincee him t? lytel (it seems to him too little), 1749; ne tyncee me gerysne, t?t we _(it seemeth to me not fit that we_ ...), 2654; pres. pl. hy ... wyree tinceae eorla ge-?htlan (they seem worthy contenders with (?) earls_; or, _worthy warriors), 368; pres. subj. swa him ge-met tince, 688; inf. tincean, 1342; pret. sg. t?hte, 2462, 3058; n? his l?f-gedal sar-l?c t?hte secga ?nigum (his death seemed painful to none of men), 843; pret. pl. t?r him fold-wegas f?gere t?hton, 867.
of-tincan, to displease, offend: inf. m?g t?s tonne of-tyncan te車den (dat.) Heaeo-beardna and tegna gehwam tara le車da, 2033.
tyrs, st. m., giant: dat. sg. wie tyrse (Grendel), 426.
tys-l?c, adj., such, of such a nature: nom. sg. fem. tys-l?cu tearf, 2638.
ty. See t?t.
tywan (M.H.G. diuhen, O.H.G. duhan), w. v., to crush, oppress: inf. gif tec ymb-sittend egesan tywae (if thy neighbors oppress thee with dread), 1828.
tystru, st. f., darkness: dat. pl. in tystrum, 87.
ge-tywe, adj., customary, usual: nom. sg. swa him ge-tywe ne w?s (_as was not his custom_), 2333.
U
ufan, adv., from above_, 1501; _above, 330.
ufera (prop. higher), adj., later: dat. pl. ufaran d?grum, 2201, 2393.
ufor, adv., higher, 2952.
uhte, w. f., twilight_ or _dawn: dat. or acc. on uhtan, 126.
uht-floga, w. m., twilight-flier, dawn-flier (epithet of the dragon): gen. sg. uht-flogan, 2761.
uht-hlem, st. m., twilight-cry, dawn-cry: acc. sg., 2008.
uht-sceaea, w. m., twilight-_ or _dawn-foe: nom. sg., 2272.
umbor, st. n., child, infant: acc. sg., 46; dat. sg., 1188.
un-bl?ee, adv.(?), unblithely, sorrowfully, 130, 2269; (adj., nom. pl.?), 3032.
un-byrnende, pres. part., unburning, without burning, 2549.
unc, dat. and acc. of the dual wit, us two, to us two, 1784, 2138, 2527; gen. hw?eer ... uncer twega (which of us two), 2533; uncer Grendles (_of us two, G. and me_), 2003.
uncer, poss. pron., of us two: nom. sg. [uncer], 2002(?); dat. pl. uncran eaferan, 1186.
un-c?e, adj.: 1) unknown: nom. sg. st?g ... eldum unc?e, 2215; acc. sg. neut. unc?e ge-lad (unknown ways), 1411.--2) _unheard-of, barbarous, evil_: acc. sg. un-c?ene n?e, 276; gen. sg. un-c?ees (of the foe, Grendel), 961.
under, I. prep. w. dat. and acc.: 1) w. dat., answering question where? = under (of rest), contrasted with over: bat (w?s) under beorge, 211; ta cwom Wealhte車 fore gan under gyldnum be芍ge (_W. walked forth under a golden circlet_, i.e. decked with), 1164; sieean he under segne sine ealgode (under his banner), 1205; he under rande ge-cranc (_sank under his shield_), 1210; under wolcnum, 8, 1632; under heofenum, 52, 505; under roderum, 310; under helme, 342, 404; under here-gr?man, 396, 2050, 2606; so, 711, 1198, 1303, 1929, 2204, 2416, 3061, 3104.--2) w. acc.: a) answering question whither? = under (of motion): ta secg w?sode under Heorotes hr?f, 403; sieean ?fen-le車ht under heofenes hador be-holen weoreee, 414; under sceadu bregdan, 708; fle車n under fen-hleoeu, 821; hond alegde ... under ge芍pne hr?f, 837; te車n in under eoderas, 1038; so, 1361, 1746, 2129, 2541, 2554, 2676, 2745; so, h?fde ta for-s?eod sunu Ecg-te車wes under gynne grund, 1552 (for-s?eian requires acc.). b) after verbs of venturing and fighting, with acc. of object had in view: he under harne stan ...ana ge-n那ede fr那cne d?de, 888; ne dorste under yea ge-win aldre ge-n那ean, 1470. c) indicating extent, with acc. after expressions of limit, etc.: under swegles begong (as far as the sky extends), 861, 1774; under heofenes hwealf (as far as heaven's vault reaches), 2016.
II. Adv., beneath, below: st?g under l?g (a path lay beneath, i.e. the rock), 2214.
undern-m?l, st. n., midday: acc. sg., 1429.
un-dyrne, un-derne, adj., without concealment, plain, clear: nom. sg., 127, 2001; un-derne, 2912.
un-dyrne, adv., plainly, evidently; un-dyrne c?e, 150, 410.
un-f?ger, adj., unlovely, hideous: nom. sg. le車ht un-f?ger, 728.
un-f?cne, adj., without malice, sincere: nom. sg., 2069.
un-f?ge, adj., not death-doomed_ or "_fey": nom. sg., 2292; acc. sg. un-f?gne eorl, 573.
un-flitme, adv., solemnly, incontestably: Finn Hengeste elne unflitme aeum benemde (F. swore solemnly to H. with oaths) [if an adj., elne un-f. = unconquerable in valor], 1098.
un-forht, adj., fearless, bold: nom. sg., 287; acc. pl. unforhte (adv.?), 444. See Note.
un-from, adj., unfit, unwarlike: nom. sg., 2189.
un-fr?d, adj., not aged, young: dat sg. guman un-fr?dum, 2822.
un-ged那fel?ce, adv., unjustly, contrary to right and custom, 2436.
un-gemete, adv., immeasurably, exceedingly, 2421, 2722, 2729.
un-gemetes, adv. gen. sg., the same, 1793.
un-geara, adv., (not old), recently, lately_, 933; _soon, 603.
un-gifeee, adj., not to be granted; refused: nom. sg., 2922.
un-gle芍w, adj., regardless, reckless: acc. sg. sweord ... ecgum ungle芍w (of a sharp-edged sword), 2565.
un-har, adj., very gray: nom. sg., 357; (bald?).
un-h?lo, st. f., mischief, destruction: gen. sg. wiht un-h?lo (_the demon of destruction_, Grendel), 120.
un-he車re, un-hyre, adj., monstrous, horrible: nom. sg. m., weard un-hi車re (the dragon), 2414; neut. w?f un-hyre (Grendel's mother), 2121; nom. pl. neut. hand-sporu ... unhe車ru (of Grendel's claws), 988.
un-hlytme, un-hlitme, adv. (cf. A.S. hlytm = lot_; O.N. hluti = part division_), undivided, unseparated_, _united, 1130 [unless = un-flitme, 1098]. See Note.
un-le車f, adj., hated: acc. pl. seah on un-le車fe, 2864.
un-lifigende, pres. part., unliving, lifeless: nom. sg. un-lifigende, 468; acc. sg. un-lyfigendne, 1309; dat. sg. un-lifgendum, 1390; gen. sg. un-lyfigendes, 745.
un-lytel, adj., not little, very large: nom. sg. dugue un-lytel (_a great band of warriors_? or great joy?), 498; d?m un-lytel (no little glory), 886; acc. sg. torn un-lytel (very great shame, misery), 834.
un-murnl?ce, adv., unpityingly, without sorrowing, 449, 1757.
unnan, pret.-pres. v., to grant, give; wish, will: pret.-pres. sg. I. ic te an tela sinc-gestre車na, 1226; weak pret. sg. I. ?ee ic sw?eor t?t tu hine selfne ge-se車n m?ste, 961; III. he ne ?ee t?t ...(_he granted not that ..._), 503; him god ?ee t?t ... he hyne sylfne ge-wr?c (_God granted to him that he avenged himself_), 2875; te芍h he ?ee wel (though he well would), 2856.
ge-unnan, to grant, permit: inf. gif he ?s ge-unnan wile t?t we hine ... gr那tan m?ton, 346; me ge-?ee ylda waldend, t?t ic ... ge-seah hangian (_the Ruler of men permitted me to see hanging ..._), 1662.
un-nyt, adj., useless: nom. sg., 413, 3170.
un-riht, st. n., unright, injustice, wrong: acc. sg. unriht, 1255, 2740; instr. sg. un-rihte (unjustly, wrongly), 3060.
un-r?m, st. n., immense number: nom. sg., 1239, 3136; acc. sg., 2625.
un-r?me, adj., countless, measureless: nom. sg. gold un-r?me, 3013.
un-r?t, adj., sorrowing: nom. pl. un-r?te, 3149.
un-snyttru, st. f., lack of wisdom: dat. pl. for his un-snyttrum (_for his unwisdom_), 1735.
un-softe, adv., unsoftly, with violence (hardly?), 2141; scarcely, 1656.
un-swyee, adv., not strongly_ or _powerfully: compar. (ecg) bat unsw?eor tonne his ti車d-cyning tearfe h?fde (_the sword bit less sharply than the prince of the people needed_), 2579; fyr unsw?eor we車ll, 2882.
un-synnig, adj., guiltless, sinless: acc. sg. un-synnigne, 2090.
un-synnum, adv. instr. pl., guiltlessly, 1073.
un-t?le, adj., blameless: acc. pl. un-t?le, 1866.
un-tyder, st. m., evil race, monster: nom. pl. un-tydras, 111. [Cf. Ger. un-mensch.]
un-wacl?c, adj., that cannot be shaken; firm, strong: acc. sg. ad ... un-wacl?cne, 3139.
un-wearnum, adv. instr. pl., unawares, suddenly; (unresistingly?), 742.
un-wrecen, pret. part., unavenged, 2444.
up, adv., up, upward, 224, 519, 1374, 1620, 1913, 1921, 2894; (of the voice), ta w?s ... w?p up ahafen, 128; so, 783.
up-lang, adj., upright, erect: nom. sg., 760.
uppe (adj., ?fe, ?ffe), adv., above, 566.
up-riht, adj., upright, erect: nom. sg., 2093.
uton. See wuton.
?
?e-genge, adj., transitory, evanescent, ready to depart, (fled?): t?r w?s ?sc-here ... feorh ?e-genge, 2124.
?s, pers. pron. dat. and acc. of we (see we), us, to us, 1822, 2636, 2643, 2921, 3002, 3079; acc. (poetic), ?sic, 2639, 2641, 2642;--gen. ?re: ?re ?g-hwylc (each of us), 1387; ?ser, 2075.
?ser, possess, pron.: nom. sg. ?re man-drihten, 2648; dat. sg. ?ssum hlaforde, 2635; gen. sg. neut. ?sses cynnes, 2814; dat. pl. ?rum ... bam (to us both, two) (for unc bam), 2660.
?t, adv., out, 215, 537, 664, 1293, 1584, 2082, 2558, 3131.
?tan, adv., from without, without, 775, 1032, 1504, 2335.
?t-f?s, adj., ready to go: nom. sg. hringed-stefna ?sig and ?t-f?s, 33.
?t-weard, adj., outward, outside, free: nom. sg. eoten (Grendel) w?s ?t-weard, 762.
?tan-weard, adj., without, outward, from without: acc. sg. hl?w ... ealne ?tan-weardne, 2298.
W
*wacan, st. v., to awake, arise, originate: pret. sg. tanon (from Cain) w?c fela ge車-sceaft-gasta, 1266; so, 1961; pl. tam fe車wer bearn ... in worold w?cun, 60.
*on-wacan: 1) to awake (intrans.): pret. sg. ta se wyrm on-w?c (_when the drake awoke_), 2288.--2) to be born: pret. sg. him on-w?c he芍h Healfdene, 56; pl. on-w?con, 111.
wacian, w. v., to watch: imper. sg. waca wie wraeum! 661.
wadan, st. v., (cf. wade, waddle) to traverse; stride, go: pret. sg. w?d turh tone w?l-r那c, 2662; w?d under wolcnum (stalked beneath the clouds), 715.
ge-wadan, to attain by moving, come to, reach: pret. part. ?e t?t ... wunden-stefna ge-waden h?fde, t?t ta l?eende land ge-sawon (_till the ship had gone so far that the sailors saw land_), 220.
on-wadan, w. acc., to invade, befall: pret. sg. hine fyren on-w?d(?), 916.
turh-wadan, to penetrate, pierce: pret. sg. t?t swurd turh-w?d wr?t-l?cne wyrm, 891; so, 1568.
wag, st. m., wall: dat. sg. on wage, 1663; dat. pl. ?fter wagum (_along the walls_), 996.
wala, w. m., boss: nom. pl. walan, 1032 (cf. Bouterwek in Haupt XI., 85 seqq.).
walda, w. m., wielder, ruler: in comp. an-, eal-walda.
wald-swaeu, st. f., forest-path: dat. pl. ?fter wald-swaeum (_along the wood-paths_), 1404.
wam, wom, st. m., spot, blot, sin: acc. sg. him be-beorgan ne con wom (cannot protect himself from evil_ or _from the evil strange orders, etc.; wom = wogum? = crooked?), 1748; instr. pl. wommum, 3074.
wan, won, adj., wan, lurid, dark: nom. sg, ye-geblond ... won (_the dark waves_), 1375; se wonna hrefn (the black raven), 3025; wonna l那g (_lurid flame_), 3116; dat. sg. f. on wanre niht, 703; nom. pl. neut. scadu-helma ge-sceapu ... wan, 652.
wang, st. m., mead, field; place: acc. sg. wang, 93, 225; wong, 1414, 2410, 3074; dat. sg. wange, 2004; wonge, 2243, 3040; acc. pl. wongas, 2463.--Comp.: freoeo-, grund-, medo-, s?-wang.
wang-stede, st. m., (locus campestris), spot, place: dat. sg. wong-stede, 2787.
wan-hyd (for hygd), st. f., heedlessness, recklessness: dat. pl. for his won-hydum, 434.
wanian, w. v.: 1) intrans., to decrease, wane: inf. ta t?t sweord ongan ... wanian, 1608.--2) w. acc., to cause to wane_ or _lessen: pret. sg. he t? lange le車de m?ne wanode, 1338.
ge-wanian, to decrease, diminish: pret. part. is m?n flet-werod ... ge-wanod, 477.
wan-s?lig, adj., unhappy, wretched: nom. sg. won-s?lig wer (Grendel), 105.
wan-sceaft, st. f., misery, want: acc. sg. won-sceaft, 120.
warian, w. v. w. acc., to occupy, guard, possess: pres. sg. III. t?r he h?een gold warae (where he guards heathen gold), 2278; pl. III. hie (Grendel and his mother) dygel land warigeae, 1359; pret. sg. (Grendel) goldsele warode, 1254; (Cain) w那sten warode, 1266.
waroe, st. m., shore: dat. sg. t? waroee, 234; acc. pl. wide waroeas, 1966.
waru, st. f., inhabitants, (collective) population: in comp. land-waru.
wa, interj., woe! wa bie t?m te... (woe to him that...), 183.
waeu, st. f., way, journey: in comp. gamen-waeu.
wanian, w. v., to weep, whine, howl, w. acc.: inf. gehyrdon ... sar wanigean helle h?ftan (_they heard the hell-fastened one lamenting his pain_), 788; pret. sg. [wanode], 3152(?).
wat. See witan.
w?cean, w. v., to watch: pret. part w?ccende, 709, 2842; acc. sg. m. w?ccendne wer, 1269. See wacian.
w?cnan, w. v., to be awake, come forth: inf., 85.
w?d, st. n., (the moving) sea, ocean: nom. wado weallende, 546; wadu weallendu, 581; gen. pl. wada 508.
w?fre, adj., wavering (like flame), _ghostlike, without distinct bodily form_: nom. sg. w?l-g?st w?fre (of Grendel's mother), 1332;--_flickering, expiring_: nom. sg. w?fre m?d, 1151; him w?s ge?mor sefa, w?fre and w?l-f?s, 2421.
be-w?gnan, w. v., to offer: pret part, him w?s ... fre車nd-laeu wordum be-w?gned, 1194.
w?l, st. n., battle, slaughter, the slain in battle: acc. sg. w?l, 1213, 3028, bl?dig w?l, 448; oeee on w?l crunge (_or in battle, among the slain, fall_), 636; dat. sg. sume on w?le crungon (some fell in the slaughter), 1114; dat. sg. in Fr...es w?le (proper name in MS. destroyed), 1071; nom. pl. walu, 1043.
w?l-bed, st. n., slaughter-bed, deathbed: dat. sg. on w?l-bedde, 965.
w?l-bend, st. f., death-bond: acc. sg. or pl. w?l-bende ... hand-gewrieene, 1937.
w?l-ble芍t, adj., deadly, mortal, cruel: acc. sg. wunde w?l-ble芍te, 2726.
w?l-de芍e, st. m., death in battle: nom. sg., 696.
w?l-dre車r, st. m., battle-gore: instr. sg. w?l-dre車re, 1632.
w?l-fah, adj., slaughter-stained, blood-stained: acc. sg. w?l-fagne winter, 1129.
w?l-f?he, st. f., deadly feud: gen. pl. w?l-f?hea, 2029.
w?l-feall, st. m., _(fall of the slain), death, destruction_: dat. sg. t? w?l-fealle, 1712.
w?l-f?s, adj., ready for death, foreboding death: nom. sg., 2421.
w?l-fyllo, st. f., fill of slaughter: dat. sg. mid t?re w?l-fulle (i.e. the thirty men nightly slaughtered at Heorot by Grendel), 125; w?l-fylla? 3155.
w?l-fyr, st. n.: 1) deadly fire: instr. sg. w?l-fyre (of the fire-spewing dragon), 2583.--2) corpse-consuming fire, funeral pyre: gen. pl. w?l-fyra m?st, 1120.
w?l-g?st, st. m., deadly sprite (of Grendel and his mother): nom. sg. w?l-g?st, 1332; acc. sg. tone w?l-g?st, 1996.
w?l-hlem, st. m., death-stroke: acc. sg. w?l-hlem tone, 1996.
w?lm, st. m., flood, whelming water: nom. sg. t?re burnan w?lm, 2547; gen. sg. t?s w?lmes (of the surf), 2136.--Comp. cear-w?lm.
w?l-n?e, st. m., deadly hostility: nom. sg., 3001; dat. sg. ?fter w?l-n?ee, 85; nom. pl. w?l-n?eas, 2066.
w?l-rap, st. m., flood-fetter, i.e. ice: acc. pl. w?l-rapas, 1611; (cf. w?ll, wel, wyll = well, flood: leax sceal on w?le mid sce車te scr?ean, Gnom. Cott. 39).
w?l-r?s, st. m., deadly onslaught: nom. sg., 2948; dat. sg. w?l-r?se, 825, 2532.
w?l-rest, st. f., death-bed, acc. sg. w?l-reste, 2903.
w?l-r那c, st. m., deadly reek_ or _smoke: acc. sg. w?d ta turh tone w?l-r那c, 2662.
w?l-re芍f, st, n., booty of the slain, battle-plunder: acc. sg., 1206.
w?l-re車w, adj., bold in battle: nom. sg., 630.
w?l-sceaft, st. m., deadly shaft, spear: acc. pl. w?l-sceaftas, 398.
w?l-seax, st. n., deadly knife, war-knife: instr. sg. w?ll-seaxe, 2704.
w?l-stenge, st. m., battle-spear: dat. sg. on tam w?l-stenge, 1639.
w?l-st?w, st. f., battle-field: dat. sg. w?l-st?we, 2052, 2985.
w?stm, st. m., growth, form, figure: dat. sg. on weres w?stmum (_in man's form_), 1353.
w?ter, st. n., water: nom. sg., 93, 1417, 1515, 1632; acc. sg. w?ter, 1365, 1620; de車p w?ter (the deep), 509, 1905; ofer w?d w?ter (_over the high sea]_, 2474; dat. sg. ?fter w?tere _(along the Grendel-sea_), 1426; under w?tere (at the bottom of the sea), 1657; instr. w?tere, 2723; w?tre, 2855; gen. sg. ofer w?teres hrycg (over the surface of the sea), 471; on w?teres ?ht, 516; turh w?teres wylm (through the sea-wave), 1694; gen. = instr. w?teres weorpan (to sprinkle with water), 2792.
w?ter-egesa, st. m., water-terror_, i.e. _the fearful sea: acc. sg., 1261
w?ter-ye, st. f., water-wave, billow: dat. pl. w?ter-yeum, 2243.
w?d, st. f., _(weeds), garment_: in comp. here-, hilde-w?d.
ge-w?de, st. n., clothing_, especially _battle-equipments: acc. pl. gew?du, 292.--Comp. eorl-gew?de.
w?g, st. m., wave: acc. sg. w?g, 3133.
w?g-bora, w. m., wave-bearer, swimmer (bearing or propelling the waves before him): nom. sg. wundorl?c w?g-bora (of a sea-monster), 1441.
w?g-flota, w. m., sea-sailer, ship: acc. sg. w那g-flotan, 1908.
w?g-holm, st. m., the wave-filled sea: acc. sg. ofer w?g-holm, 217.
w?ge, st. n., cup, can: acc. sg. f?ted w?ge, 2254, 2283.--Comp.: ealo-, l?e-w?ge.
w?g-l?eend, pres. part., sea-farer: dat. pl. w?g-l?eendum (et l?eendum, MS.), 3160.
w?g-sweord, st. n., heavy sword: acc. sg., 1490.
w?n, st. m., wain, wagon: acc. sg. on w?n, 3135.
w?pen, st. n., weapon; sword: nom. sg., 1661; acc. sg. w?pen, 686, 1574, 2520, 2688; instr. w?pne, 1665, 2966; gen. w?pnes, 1468; acc. pl. w?pen, 292; dat. pl. w?pnum, 250, 331, 2039, 2396. --Comp.: hilde-, sige-w?pen.
w?pned-man, st. m., warrior, man: dat. sg. w?pned-men, 1285.
w?r, st. f., covenant, treaty: acc. sg. w?re, 1101;--protection, care: dat. sg. on fre芍n (on t?s waldendes) w?re (into God's protection), 27, 3110.--Comp.: frioeo-w?r.
w?sma, w. m., fierce strength, war-strength: in comp. here-w?sma, 678.
we, pers. pron., we, 942, 959, 1327, 1653, 1819, 1820, etc.
web, st. n., woven work, tapestry:, nom. pl. web, 996.
webbe, w. f., webster, female weaver: in comp. freoeu-webbe.
weccan, weccean, w. v. w. acc., to wake, rouse; recall: inf. w?g-bealu weccan (to stir up strife), 2047; nalles hearpan sw那g (sceal) w?gend weccean (the sound of the harp shall not wake up the warriors), 3025; ongunnon ta ... b?l-fyra m?st w?gend weccan (_the warriors then began to start the mightiest of funeral pyres_), 3145; pret. sg. wehte hine w?tre (roused him with water, i.e. W?glaf recalled Be車wulf to consciousness), 2855.
t?-weccan, to stir up, rouse: pret, pl. h? ta folc mid him (_with one another_), f?hee t?-wehton, 2949.
wed, st. n., (cf. wed-ding), pledge: dat. sg. hyldo t? wedde (_as a pledge of his favor_), 2999.
weder, st. n., weather: acc. pl. wuldor-torhtan weder, 1137; gen. pl. wedera cealdost, 546.
ge-wef, st. n., woof, weaving: acc. pl. w?g-sp那da ge-wiofu (_the woof of war-speed_: the battle-woof woven for weal or woe by the Walkyries; cf. Njals-saga, 158), 698.
weg, st. m., way: acc. sg. on weg (away, off), 264, 764, 845, 1431, 2097; gyf tu on weg cymest (if thou comest off safe, i.e. from the battle with Grendel's mother), 1383.--Comp.: feor-, fold-, fore-, w?d-weg.
wegan, st. v. w. acc., to bear, wear, bring, possess: subj. pres. nah hwa sweord wege (I have none that may bear the sword), 2253; inf. nalles (sceal) eorl wegan maeeum t? ge-myndum (_no earl shall wear a memorial jewel_), 3016; pret. ind. he ta fr?twe w?g ... ofer yea ful (_bore the jewels over the goblet of the waves_), 1208; w?l-seaxe ... t?t he on byrnan w?g, 2705; heortan sorge w?g (bore heart's sorrow); so, 152, 1778, 1932, 2781.
?t-wegan = auferre, to carry off: syeean Hama ?t-w?g t? t?re byrhtan byrig Brosinga mene (_since H. bore from the bright city the Brosing-collar_), 1199.
ge-wegan (O.N. wega), to fight: inf. te he wie tam wyrme ge-wegan sceolde, 2401.
wel, adv.: 1) well: wel bie t?m te ... (well for him that ...!), 186; se te wel tencee (he that well thinketh, judgeth), 289; so, 640, 1046, 1822, 1834, 1952, 2602; well, 2163, 2813.--2) very, very much: Ge芍t ungemetes wel ... restan lyste (the Geat longed sorely to rest), 1793.--3) indeed, to be sure, 2571, 2856.
wela, w. m., wealth, goods, possessions: in comp. ?r-, burg-, hord-, maeeum-wela.
wel-hwylc, indef. pron., = quivis, any you please, any (each, all): gen. pl. wel-hwylcra wilna, 1345; w. partitive gen.: nom. sg. witena wel-hwylc, 266;--substantively: acc. neut. wel-hwylc, 875.
welig, adj., wealthy, rich: acc. sg. w?c-stede weligne W?gmundinga, 2608.
wel-tungen, pres. part., well-thriven (in mind), mature, high-minded: nom. sg. Hygd (w?s) sw?ee geong, w?s, wel-tungen, 1928.
wenian, w. v., to accustom, attract, honor: subj. pret. t?t ... Folcwaldan sunu ... Hengestes he芍p hringum wenede (sh. honor), 1092.
be-(bi-)wenian, entertain, care for, attend: pret. sg. m?g t?s tonne of-tyncan te車den Heaeo-beardna ... tonne he mid f?mnan on flet g?e, dryht-bearn Dena duguea bi-wenede (_may well displease the prince of the H.... when he with the woman goes into the hall, that a noble scion of the Danes should entertain, bear wine to, the knights_, cf. 494 seqq.; or, _a noble scion of the Danes should attend on her?_), 2036; pret. part. nom. pl. w?ron her tela willum be-wenede, 1822.
wendan, w. v., to turn: pres. sg. III. him eal worold wendee on willan (all the world turns at his will), 1740.
ge-wendan, w. acc.: l) to turn, turn round: pret. sg. wicg gewende (turned his horse), 315.--2) to turn (intrans.), change: inf. wa bie t?m te sceal ... fr?fre ne w那nan, wihte ge-wendan (_woe to him that shall have no hope, shall not change at all_), 186.
on-wendan, to avert, set aside: 1) w. acc.: inf. ne mihte snotor h?lee we芍n on-wendan, 191.--2) intrans.: sibb ?fre ne m?g wiht on-wendan tam te wel tencee (_in, to, him that is well thinking friendship can not be set aside_), 2602.
wer, st. m., man, hero: nom. sg. (Grendel), 105; acc. sg. wer (Be車wulf), 1269, 3174; gen. sg. on weres w?stmum (in man's form), 1353; nom. pl. weras, 216, 1223, 1234, 1441, 1651; dat. pl. werum, 1257; gen. pl. wera, 120, 994, 1732, 3001; (MS. weora), 2948.
wered, st. n., (as adj. = sweet), a sort of beer (probably without hops or such ingredients): acc. sg. sc?r wered, 496.
were-feohte, f., defensive fight, fight in self-defence: dat. pl. for were-fyhtum (fere fyhtum, MS.), 457.
werheo, st. f., curse, outlawry, condemnation: acc. sg. tu in helle scealt werheo dre車gan, 590.
werian, to defend, protect: w. vb., pres. sg. III. beaduscr?da ... t?t m?ne bre車st weree, 453; inf. wit unc wie hron-fixas werian t?hton, 541; pres. part. w. gen. pl. wergendra t? lyt (too few defenders), 2883; pret. ind. w?l-re芍f werede (guarded the battle-spoil), 1206; se hw?ta helm hafelan werede (the shining helm protected his head), 1449; pl. hafelan weredon, 1328; pret. part. nom. pl. ge ... byrnum werede (ye ... corselet-clad), 238, 2530.
be-werian, to protect, defend: pret. pl. t?t hie ... le車da land-geweorc laeum be-weredon scuccum and scinnum (_that they the people's land-work from foes, from monsters and demons, might defend_), 939
werig, adj., accursed, outlawed: gen. sg. wergan gastes (Grendel), 133; (of the devil), 1748.
werod, weorod, st. n., band of men, warrior-troop: nom. sg. werod, 652; weorod, 290, 2015, 3031; acc. sg. werod, 319; dat. instr. sg. weorode, 1012, 2347; werede, 1216; gen. sg. werodes, 259; gen. pl. wereda, 2187; weoroda, 60.--Comp.: eorl-, flet-werod.
wer-te車d, st. f., people, humanity: dat. sg. ofer wer-te車de, 900.
wesan, v., to be: pres. sg. I. ic eom, 335, 407; II. tu eart, 352, 506; III. is, 256, 272, 316, 343, 375, 473, etc.; nu is t?nes m?genes bl?d ane hw?le (_the prime [fame?] of thy powers lasteth now for a while_), 1762; ys, 2911, 3000, 3085; pl. I. we synt, 260, 342; II. syndon, 237, 393; III. syndon, 257, 361, 1231; synt, 364; sint, 388; subj. pres. s?e, 435, 683, etc.; sy, 1832, etc.; sig, 1779, etc.; imper. sg. II. wes, 269 (cf. wassail, wes h?l), 407, 1171, 1220, 1225, etc.; inf. wesan, 272, 1329, 1860, 2709, etc. The inf. wesan must sometimes be supplied: nealles Hetware hr那mge torfton (i.e. wesan) f那ee-w?ges, 2364; so, 2498, 2660, 618, 1858; pres. part. wesende, 46; dat. sg. wesendum, 1188; pret. sg. I., III. w?s, 11, 12, 18, 36, 49, 53, etc.; w?s on sunde (was a-swimming), 1619; so, 848, 850(?), 970, 981, 1293; progressive, w?s secgende (for s?de), 3029; II. w?re, 1479, etc.; pl. w?ron, 233, 536, 544, etc.; w?ran (w. reflex, him), 2476; pret. subj. w?re, 173, 203, 594, 946, etc.; progressive, myndgiend w?re (for myndgie), 1106.--Contracted neg. forms: , nis = ne + is, 249, 1373, etc.; n?s = ne + w?s, 134, 1300, 1922, 2193, etc. (cf. uncontracted: ne w?s, 890, 1472); n?ron = ne + w?ron, 2658; n?re = ne + w?re, 861, 1168. See cniht-wesende.
w那g. See w?g.
w那n, st. f., expectation, hope: nom. sg., 735, 1874, 2324; nu is le車dum w那n orleg-hw?le (gen.) (now the people have weening of a time of strife), 2911; acc. sg. t?s ic w那n h?bbe (as I hope, expect), 383; so, t?s te ic [w那n] hafo, 3001; w那n ic talige, 1846; dat. pl. bega on w那num _(in expectation of both_, i.e. the death and the return of Be車wulf), 2896. See or-w那na.
w那nan, w. v., to ween, expect, hope: 1) absolutely; pres. sg. I. t?s ic w那ne (as I hope), 272; swa ic te w那ne t? _(as I hope thou wilt_: Be車wulf hopes Hr?egar will now suffer no more pain), 1397.--2) w. gen. or acc. pres. sg. I. tonne w那ne ic t? te wyrsan ge-tinges, 525; ic t?r heaeu-fyres hates w那ne, 2523; III. secce ne w那nee to Gar Denum (_weeneth not of contest with the Gar-Danes_), 601; inf. (beorhtre b?te) w那nan (_to expect, count on, a brilliant_ [? a lighter penalty] atonement), 157; pret. pl. t?s ne w那ndon ?r witan Scyldinga t?t ... _the wise men of the Scyldings weened not of this before, that_...), 779; t?t hig t?s ?eelinges eft ne w那ndon t?t he ... s那cean c?me _(that they looked not for the atheling again that he_ ... would come to seek ...), 1598.--3) w. acc. inf.: pret. sg. w那nde, 934.--4) w. depend, clause: pres. sg. I. w那ne ic t?t..., 1185; w那n' ic t?t..., 338, 442; pret. sg. w那nde, 2330; pl. w那ndon, 938, 1605.
w那pan, st. v., to weep: pret. sg. [we車p], 3152 (?).
werig, adj., weary, exhausted, w. gen.: nom. sg. siees w那rig (_weary from the journey, way-weary_), 579; dat. sg. siees w那rgum, 1795;--w. instr.: acc. pl. wundum w那rge _(wound-weary_), 2938.--Comp.: de芍e-, fyl-, g?e-w那rig.
ge-werigean, w. v., to weary, exhaust: pret. part. ge-w那rgad, 2853.
w那rig-m?d, adj., _weary-minded (animo defessus)_: nom. sg., 845, 1544.
w那ste, adj., waste, uninhabited: acc. sg. win-sele w那stne, 2457.
w那sten, st. n., waste, wilderness: acc. sg. w那sten, 1266.
w那sten, st. f., waste, wilderness: dat. sg. on t?re w那stenne, 2299.
weal, st. m.: 1 wall, rampart: dat. instr. sg. wealle, 786, 892, 3163; gen. sg. wealles, 2308.--2) elevated sea-shore: dat. sg. of wealle, 229; acc. pl. windige weallas, 572, 1225.--3) wall of a building: acc, sg. wie t?s recedes weal, 326; dat. sg. be wealle, 1574; hence, the inner and outer rock-walls of the dragon's lair (cf. Heyne's essay: Halle Heorot, p. 59): dat. sg., 2308, 2527, 2717, 2760, 3061, 3104; gen. sg. wealles, 2324.--Comp.: bord-, eore-, s?-, scyld-weal.
ge-wealc, st. n., rolling: acc. sg. ofer yea ge-wealc, 464.
ge-weald, st. n., power, might: acc. sg. on fe車nda ge-weald _(into the power of his foes_), 809, 904; so, 1685; geweald agan, h?bban, a-be車dan (w. gen. of object = _to present) = to have power over_, 79, 655, 765, 951, 1088, 1611, 1728. See on-weald.
wealdan, st. v., to wield, govern, rule over, prevail: 1) absolutely or with depend, clause: inf. gif he wealdan m?t (if he may prevail), 442; t?r he ... wealdan m?ste swa him Wyrd ne ge-scraf (_if [where?] he was to prevail, as Weird had not destined for him_), 2575; pres. part. waldend (God), 1694; dat. wealdende, 2330; gen. waldendes, 2293, 2858, 3110.--2) with instr. or dat.: inf. tam w?pnum wealdan (_to wield, prevail with, the weapons_), 2039; Ge芍tum wealdan (_to rule the Ge芍tas_), 2391; te芍h-hordum wealdan (to rule over, control, the treasure of rings), 2828; w?l-st?we wealdan (to hold the field of battle), 2985; pret. sg. we車ld, 465, 1058, 2380, 2596; tenden wordum we車ld wine Scyldinga (_while the friend of the S. ruled the G._), 30; pl. we車ldon, 2052.--3) with gen.: pres. sg. I. tenden ic wealde w?dan r?ces, 1860; pres. part. wuldres wealdend(waldend), 17, 183, 1753; weard, 2514; the 'dragon is called ylda waldend, 1662; waldend fira, 2742; sigora waldend, 2876 (designations of God); pret. sg. we車ld, 703, 1771.
ge-wealdan, to wield, have power over, arrange: 1) w. acc.: pret. sg. halig god ge-we車ld w?g-sigor, 1555.--2) w. dat.: pret. cyning ge-we車ld his ge-witte (the king possessed his senses), 2704.--3) w. gen.: inf. he ne mihte n? ... w?pna ge-wealdan, 1510.
ge-wealden, pret. part., subject, subjected: acc. pl. ged那e him swa gewealdene worolde d?las, 1733.
weallan, st. v.: 1) to toss, be agitated (of the sea): pres. part. nom. pl. wadu weallende (weallendu), 546, 581; nom. sg. brim weallende, 848; pret. ind. we車l, 515, 850, 1132; we車ll, 2139.--2) figuratively (of emotions), to be agitated: pres. pl. III. syeean Ingelde weallae w?l-n?eas (deadly hate thus agitates Ingeld), 2066; pres. part. weallende, 2465; pret. sg. hreeer inne we車ll (_his heart was moved within him_), 2114; hreeer ?eme we車ll (his breast [the dragon's] _swelled from breathing, snorting_), 2594; bre車st innan we車ll te車strum ge-toncum, 2332; so, we車ll, 2600, 2715, 2883.
weall-clif, st. n., sea-cliff: acc. sg. ofer weall-clif, 3133.
weallian, w. v., to wander, rove about: pres. part. in comp. heoro-weallende, 2782.
weard, st. m., warden, guardian; owner: nom. sg. weard Scyldinga (_the Scyldings' warden of the march_), 229; weard, 286, 2240; se weard, sawele hyrde, 1742; the king is called be芍h-horda weard, 922; r?ces weard, 1391; folces weard, 2514; the dragon is called weard, 3061; weard un-hi車re, 2414; beorges weard, 2581; acc. sg, weard, 669; (dragon), 2842; beorges weard (dragon), 2525, 3067.--Comp.: bat-, 那eel-, gold-, he芍fod-, hord-, hye-, land-, r那n-, sele-, yrfe-weard.
weard, st. m., possession (Dietrich in Haupt XI., 415): in comp. eore-weard, 2335.
weard, st. f., watch, ward: acc. sg. wearde healdan, 319; wearde he車ld, 305.--Comp. ?g-weard.
weard, adj., _-ward_: in comp. and-, innan-, ?t-weard, 1288, etc.
weardian, w. v. w. acc.: 1) to watch, guard, keep: inf. he his folme forl那t t? l?f-wraee, last weardian (_Grendel left his hand behind as a life-saver, to guard his track_ [Kemble]), 972; pret. sg. him si車 sw?ere swaee weardade hand on Hiorte (his right hand kept guard for him in H., i.e. showed that he had been there), 2099; sg. for pl. hyrde ic t?t tam fr?twum fe車wer mearas lungre gel?ce last weardode (_I heard that four horses, quite alike, followed in the traces of the armor_), 2165.--2) _to hold, possess, inhabit_: pret. sg. f?fel-cynnes eard ... weardode (_dwelt in the abode of the sea-fiends_), 105; reced weardode un-r?m eorla (_an immense number of earls held the hall_), 1238; pl. t?r we gesunde s?l weardodon, 2076.
wearh, st. m., the accursed one; wolf: in comp. heoro-wearg, 1268.
wearn, st. f.: 1) resistance, refusal, 366.--2) warning?, resistance? See un-wearnum, 742.
weaxan, st. v., to wax, grow: pres. sg. III. ?e t?t him on innan ofer-hygda d?l weaxee (till within him pride waxeth), 1742; inf. weaxan, 3116; pret. sg. we?x, 8.
ge-weaxan, to grow up: pret. sg. oft t?t se車 geogoe ge-we?x, 66.
ge-weaxan to, to grow to_ or _for something: pret. sg. ne ge-we?x he him to willan (grew not for their benefit), 1712.
we芍, w. m., woe, evil, misfortune: nom. sg., 937; acc. sg. wean, 191, 423, 1207, 1992, 2293, 2938; gen. pl. we芍na, 148, 934, 1151, 1397.
we芍-laf, st. f., wretched remnant: acc. pl. ta we芍-lafe (_the wretched remnant_, i.e. Finn's almost annihilated band), 1085, 1099.
we芍-spel, st. n., woe-spell, evil tidings: dat. sg. we芍-spelle, 1316.
ge-weoldum. See ge-wild.
weorc, st. n.: 1) work, labor, deed: acc. sg., 74; (war-deed), 1657; instr. sg. weorce, 1570; dat. pl. weorcum, 2097; wordum ne (and) worcum, 1101, 1834; gen. pl. worda and worca, 289.--2) work, trouble, suffering: acc. sg. t?s gewinnes weorc (misery on account of this strife), 1722; dat. pl. adv. weorcum (with labor), 1639.--Comp.: b?do-, ellen-, heaeo-, niht-weorc.
ge-weorc, st. n.: 1) work, deed, labor: nom. acc. sg., 455, 1563, 1682, 2718, 2775; gen. sg. ge-weorces, 2712. Comp.: ?r-, fyrn-, g?e-, hond-, n?e-ge-weorc.--2) fortification, rampart: in comp. land-geweorc, 939.
weorce, adj., painful, bitter: nom. sg., 1419.
weore, st. n., precious object, valuable: dat. sg. weoree, 2497.
weore, adj., dear, precious: nom. sg. weore Denum ?eeling (_the atheling dear to the Danes_, Be車wulf), 1815; compar. nom. sg. t?t he syeean w?s ... maeme ty weorera (more honored from the jewel), 1903; cf. wyree.
weorean, st. v.: 1) to become: pres. sg. III. beholen weoreee (_is concealed_), 414; underne weoreee (becomes known), 2914; so, pl. III. weoreae, 2067; wureae, 282; inf. weorean, 3179; wurean, 808; pret. sg. I., III. weare, 6, 77, 149, 409, 555, 754, 768, 819, 824, etc.; pl. wurdon, 228; subj. pret. wurde, 2732.--2) inf. to fr?fre weorean (_to become a help_), 1708; pret. sg. weare he Heaeolafe t? hand-bonan, 460; so, weare, 906, 1262; ne weare Herem?d swa (i.e. to fr?fre) eaforum Ecgwelan, 1710; pl. wurdon, 2204; subj. pret. sg. II. wurde, 588.--3) pret. sg. t?t he on fylle weare (that he came to a fall), 1545.--4) to happen, befall: inf. unc sceal weorean ... swa unc Wyrd ge-te車e (_it shall befall us two as Fate decrees_), 2527; turh hw?t his worulde gedal weorean sceolde, 3069; pret. sg. ta t?r s?na weare ed-hwyrft eorlum (_there was soon a renewal to the earls_, i.e. of the former perils), 1281.
ge-weorean: 1) to become: pret. sg. ge-weare, 3062; pret. part. cearu w?s geniwod ge-worden (care was renewed), 1305; swa us ge-worden is, 3079.--2) to finish; complete?: inf. t?t tu ... l那te S?e-Dene sylfe ge-weorean g?ee wie Grendel (_that thou wouldst let the S. D. put an end to their war with Grendel_), 1997.--3) impersonally with acc., _to agree, decide_: pret. sg. ta t?s monige ge-weare t?t ... (since many agreed that ...), 1599; pret. part. hafae t?s ge-worden wine Scyldinga, r?ces hyrde, and t?t r?d talae t?t he ... (_therefore hath it so appeared(?) advisable to the friend of the S., the guardian of the realm, and he counts it a gain that_ ...), 2027.
weore-ful, adj., glorious, full of worth: nom. sg. weore-fullost, 3100.
weoreian, w. v., to honor, adorn: pret. sg. t?r ic ... t?ne le車de weoreode weorcum (there honored I thy people by my deeds), 2097; subj. pret. (t?t he) ?t feoh-gyftum ... Dene weoreode (_that he would honor the Danes at, by, treasure-giving_), 1091.
ge-weoreian, ge-wureian, to deck, ornament: pret. part. hire syeean w?s ?fter be芍h-tege bre車st ge-weoreod, 2177; w?pnum ge-weoread, 250; since ge-weoread, 1451; so, ge-wuread, 331, 1039, 1646; wide ge-weoread (_known, honored, afar_), 1960.
weore-l?ce, adv., worthily, nobly: superl. weore-l?cost, 3163.
weore-mynd, st. f. n., dignity, honor, glory: nom. sg., 65; acc. sg. geseah ta eald sweord ..., w?gena weoremynd (_saw an ancient sword there, the glory of warriors_), 1560; dat. instr. pl. weore-myndum, 8; t? wore-myndum, 1187; gen. pl. weore-mynda d?l, 1753.
weoreung, st. f., ornament: in comp. bre車st-, ham-, heorft-, hring-, w?g-weoreung.
weorod. See werod.
weorpan, st. v.: 1) to throw, cast away, w. acc.: pret. sg. wearp ta wunden-m?l wr?ttum gebunden yrre oretta, t?t hit on eorean l?g (_the wrathful warrior threw the ornamented sword, that it lay on the earth_), 1532.--2) to throw around_ or _about, w. instr.: pret. sg. beorges weard . .. wearp w?l-fyre (threw death-fire around), 2583.--3) to throw upon: inf. he hine eft ongan w?teres (instr. gen.) weorpan (_began to cast water upon him again_), 2792.
for-weorpan, w. acc., to cast away, squander: subj. pret. t?t he genunga g?e-gew?du wraee for-wurpe (_that he squandered uselessly the battle-weeds_, i.e. gave them to the unworthy), 2873.
ofer-weorpan, to stumble: pret. sg. ofer-wearp ta ... w?gena strongest, 1544.
weotian, w. v., to provide with, adjust(?): pret. part. acc. pl. w?l-bende weotode, 1937.
be-weotian, be-witian, w. v. w. acc., to regard, observe, care for: pres. pl. III. be-witiae, 1136; pret. sg. tegn ... se te ... ealle be-weotede tegnes tearfe (who would attend to all the needs of a thane), 1797; draca se te ... hord be-weotode (the drake that guarded a treasure), 2213;--_to carry out, undertake_: pres. pl. III. ta ... oft be-witigae sorh-fulne s?e on segl-rade, 1429.
wicg, st. n., steed, riding-horse: nom. sg., 1401; acc. sg. wicg, 315; dat. instr. sg. wicge, 234; on wicge, 286; acc. pl. wicg, 2175; gen. pl. wicga, 1046.
ge-widor, st. n., storm, tempest: acc. pl. lae ge-widru (_loathly weather_), 1376.
wie prep. w. dat. and acc., with fundamental meanings of division and opposition: 1) w. dat., against, with (in hostile sense), from: ta wie gode wunnon, 113; ana (wan) wie eallum, 145; ymb feorh sacan, lae wie laeum, 440; so, 426, 439, 550, 2372, 2521, 2522, 2561, 2840, 3005; t?t him holt-wudu ... helpan ne meahte, lind wie l?ge, 2342; hw?t ... s那lest w?re wie f?r-gryrum t? ge-fremmanne, 174; t?t him gast-bona ge車ce gefremede wie te車d-tre芍um, 178; wie rihte wan (strove against right), 144; h?fde ... sele Hr?egares ge-nered wie n?ee (had saved H.'s hall from strife), 828; (him dyrne langae ...) beorn wie bl?de (_the hero longeth secretly contrary to his blood_, i.e. H. feels a secret longing for the non-related Be車wulf), 1881; sundur ge-d?lan l?f wie l?ce (to sunder soul from body), 2424; stre芍mas wundon sund wie sande (_the currents rolled the sea against the sand_), 213; l?g-yeum forborn bord wie ronde (rond, MS.) (_with waves of flame burnt the shield against, as far as, the rim_), 2674; holm storme we車l, won wie winde (the sea surged, wrestled with the wind), 1133; so, hiora in anum we車ll sefa wie sorgum (_in one of them surged the soul with sorrow_ [against?, Heyne]), 2601; t?t hire wie healse heard grapode (that the sharp sword bit against her neck), 1567.--2) w. acc.: a) against, towards: wan wie Hr?egar (fought against H.), 152; wie fe車nda gehwone, 294; wie wrae werod, 319; so, 540, 1998, 2535; hine halig god ?s on-sende wie Grendles gryre, 384; t?t ic wie tone g?e-flogan gylp ofer-sitte (_that I refrain from boastful speech against the battle-flier_), 2529; ne wolde wie manna ge-hwone ... feorh-bealo feorran (would not cease his life-plotting against any of the men_; or, withdraw life-bale from_, etc.? or, _peace would not have with any man..., mortal bale withdraw_?, Kemble), 155; ic ta le車de wat ge wie fe車nd ge wie fre車nd f?ste geworhte (towards foe and friend), 1865; he車ld he芍h-lufan wie h?leea brego (cherished high love towards the prince of heroes), 1955; wie ord and wie ecge ingang forst?d (_prevented entrance to spear-point and sword-edge_), 1550. b) against, on, upon, in: setton s?de scyldas ... wie t?s recedes weal (against the wall of the hall), 326; wie eorean f?em (eardodon) (in the bosom of the earth), 3050; wie earm ge-s?t (_sat on, against, his arm_), 750; so, st?e-m?d ge-st?d wie ste芍pne rond, 2567; [wie duru healle eode] (went to the door of the hall), 389; wie Hrefna-wudu (over against, near, H.), 2926; wie his sylfes sunu setl ge-t?hte (showed me to a seat with, near, beside, his own son), 2014. c) _towards, with_ (of contracting parties): t?t hie healfre ge-weald wie Eotena bearn agan m?ston (_that they power over half the hall with the Eotens' sons were to possess_), 1089; tenden he wie wulf w?l re芍fode (_whilst with the wolf he was robbing the slain_), 3028.--3) Alternately with dat. and acc., against: nu wie Grendel sceal, wie tam agl?can, ana gehegan ting wie tyrse, 424-426;--with, beside: ge-s?t ta wie sylfne..., m?g wie m?ge, 1978-79.
wieer-gyld, st. n., compensation: nom. sg., 2052, [proper name?].
wieer-r?htes, adv., opposite, in front of, 3040.
wiere, st. n., resistance: gen. sg. wieres ne tr?wode, 2954.
wig-weoreung, st. f., idol-worship, idolatry, sacrifice to idols: acc. pl. -weoreunga, 176.
wiht, st. f.: 1) wight, creature, demon: nom. sg. wiht unh?lo (_the demon of destruction_, Grendel), 120; acc. sg. syll?cran wiht (the dragon), 3039.--2) thing, something, aught: nom. sg. w. negative, ne hine wiht dwelee (nor does aught check him), 1736; him wiht ne spe車w (_it helped him naught_), 2855; acc. sg. ne him t?s wyrmes w?g for wiht dyde (_nor did he count the worm's warring for aught_), 2349; ne meahte ic ... wiht gewyrcan _(I could not do aught_ ...), 1661;--w. partitive gen.: n? ... wiht swylcra searo-niea, 581;--the acc. sg. = adv. like Germ. nicht: ne hie h?ru wine-drihten wiht ne l?gon (_did not blame their friendly lord aught_), 863; so, ne wiht = naught, in no wise, 1084, 2602, 2858; n? wiht, 541; instr. sg. wihte (in aught, in any way), 1992; ne ... wihte (by no means), 186, 2278, 2688; wihte ne, 1515, 1996, 2465, 2924.--Comp.: a-wiht (aht = aught), ?l-wiht, ?-wiht.
wil-cuma, w. m., one welcome (qui gratus advenit): nom. pl. wil-cuman Denigea le車dum (welcome to the people of the Danes), 388; so, him (the lord of the Danes) wil-cuman, 394; wil-cuman Wedera le車dum (_welcome to the Ge芍tas_), 1895.
ge-wild, st. f., free-will? dat. pl. nealles mid ge-weoldum (_sponte, voluntarily_, Bugge), 2223.
wil-de車r (for wild-de車r), st. n., wild beast: acc. pl. wil-de車r, 1431.
wil-ges?e, st. m., chosen_ or _willing companion: nom. pl. -ge-s?eas, 23.
wil-geofa, w. m., ready giver (= voti largitor: princely designation), joy-giver?: nom. sg. wil-geofa Wedra le車da, 2901.
willa, w. m.: 1) will, wish, desire, sake: nom. sg. 627, 825; acc. sg. willan, 636, 1740, 2308, 2410; instr. sg. anes willan (_for the sake of one_), 3078; so, 2590; dat. sg. t? willan, 1187, 1712; instr. pl. willum (according to wish), 1822; sylfes willum, 2224, 2640; gen. pl. wilna, 1345.--2) desirable thing, valuable: gen. pl. wilna, 661, 951.
willan, aux. v., will_: in pres. also _shall (when the future action is depend. on one's free will): pres. sg. I. wille ic a-secgan (_I will set forth, tell out_), 344; so, 351, 427; ic t? s? wille (I will to sea), 318; wylle, 948, 2149, 2513; sg. II. tu wylt, 1853; sg. III. he wile, 346, 446, 1050, 1182, 1833; wyle, 2865; wille, 442, 1004, 1185, 1395; ?r he in wille (ere he will in, i.e. go or flee into the fearful sea), 1372; wylle, 2767; pl. I. we ... wyllae, 1819; pret. sg. I., III. wolde, 68, 154, 200, 646, 665, 739, 756, 797, 881, etc.; n? ic fram him wolde (i.e. fle車tan), 543; so, swa he hira ma wolde (i.e. a-cwellan), 1056; pret. pl. woldon, 482, 2637, 3173; subj. pret., 2730.--Forms contracted w. negative: pres. sg. I. nelle (= ne + wille, I will not, nolo), 680, 2525(?); pret. sg. III. nolde (= ne + wolde), 792, 804, 813, 1524; w. omitted inf. ta metod nolde, 707, 968; pret. subj. nolde, 2519.
wilnian, w. v., to long for, beseech: inf. wel bie t?m te m?t ... t? f?der f?emum freoeo wilnian (_well for him that may beseech protection in the Father's arms_), 188.
wil-s?e, st. m., chosen journey: acc. sg. wil-s?e, 216.
ge-win, st. n.: 1) strife, struggle, enmity, conflict: acc. sg., 878; ta hie ge-win drugon (endured strife), 799; under yea ge-win (_under the tumult of the waves_), 1470; gen. sg. t?s ge-winnes weorc (_misery for this strife_), 1722.--2) suffering, oppression: nom. sg., 133, 191; acc. sg. eald ge-win, 1782.--Comp.: fyrn-, ye-ge-win.
w?n-?rn, st. n., hall of hospitality, hall, wine-hall: gen. sg. w?n-?rnes, 655.
wind, st. m., wind, storm: nom. sg., 547, 1375, 1908; dat. instr. sg. winde, 217; wie winde, 1133.
windan, st. v.: 1) intrans., to wind, whirl: pret. sg. wand t? wolcnum w?l-fyra m?st, 1120.--2) w. acc., to twist, wind, curl: pret. pl. stre芍mas wundon sund wie sande, 212; pret. part. wunden gold (_twisted, spirally-twined, gold_), 1194, 3135; instr. pl. wundnum (wundum, MS.) golde, 1383.
?t-windan, to wrest one's self from, escape: pret. sg. se t?m fe車nde ?t-wand, 143.
be-windan, to wind with_ or _round, clasp, surround, envelop (involvere): pret. sg. te hit (the sword) mundum be-wand, 1462; pret. part. w?rum be-wunden (wound with wires) 1032; feorh ... fl?sce be-wunden (flesh-enclosed), 2425; gar ... mundum be-wunden (_a spear grasped with the hands_), 3023; i?-manna gold galdre be-wunden (spell-encircled gold), 3053; (astah ...) l那g w?pe be-wunden (_uprose the flame mingled with a lament_), 3147.
ge-windan, to writhe, get loose, escape: inf. w?dre ge-windan (_to flee further_), 764; pret. sg. on fle芍m ge-wand, 1002.
on-windan, to unwind, loosen: pres. sg. (tonne f?der) on-windee w?l-rapas, 1611.
win-d?g, st. m., day of struggle_ or _suffering: dat. pl. on tyssum win-dagum (in these days of sorrow, i.e. of earthly existence), 1063.
wind-bland (blond), st. n., wind-roar: nom. sg., 3147.
wind-gereste, f., resting-place of the winds: acc. sg., 2457.
windig, adj., windy: acc. pl. windige (weallas, n?ssas), 572, 1359; windige weallas (wind geard weallas, MS.), 1225.
wine, st. m., friend, protector_, especially the _beloved ruler: nom. sg. wine Scyldinga, le車f land-fruma (Scyld), 30; wine Scyldinga (Hr?egar), 148, 1184. As vocative: m?n wine, 2048; wine m?n, Be車wulf (Hunfere), 457, 530, 1705; acc. sg. holdne wine (Hr?egar), 376; wine Deniga, Scyldinga, 350, 2027; dat. sg. wine Scyldinga, 170; gen. sg. wines (Be車wulf), 3097; acc. pl. wine, 21; dat. pl. Denum eallum, winum Scyldinga, 1419; gen. pl. winigea le芍sum, 1665; winia bealdor, 2568.--Comp.: fre芍-, fre車-, gold-, g?e-, m?g-wine.
wine-dryhten, st. m., (dominus amicus), friendly lord, lord and friend: acc. sg. wine-drihten, 863, 1605; wine-dryhten, 2723, 3177; dat. sg. wine-drihtne, 360.
wine-ge?mor, adj., friend-mourning: nom. sg., 2240.
wine-le芍s, adj., friendless: dat. sg. wine-le芍sum, 2614.
wine-m?g, st. m., dear kinsman: nom. pl. wine-magas, 65.
ge-winna, w. m., striver, struggler, foe: comp. eald-, ealdor-gewinna.
winnan, st. v., to struggle, fight: pret. sg. III. wan ana wie eallum, 144; Grendel wan ... wie Hr?egar, 151; holm ... won wie winde (_the sea fought with the wind_: cf. wan wind endi water, Heliand, 2244), 1133; II. eart tu se Be車wulf, se te wie Brecan wunne, 506; pl. wie gode wunnon, 113; t?r ta graman wunnon (where the foes fought), 778.
w?n-reced, st. n., wine-hall, guest-hall, house for entertaining guests: acc. sg., 715, 994.
w?n-sele, st. m., the same, wine-hall: nom. sg., 772; dat. sg. w?n-sele, 696 (cf. Heliand Glossary, 369 [364]).
winter, st. m. n.: 1) winter: nom. sg., 1133, 1137; acc. sg. winter, 1129; gen. sg. wintres, 516.--2) year (counted by winters): acc. pl. f?ftig wintru (neut.), 2210; instr. pl. wintrum, 1725, 2115, 2278; gen. pl. wintra, 147, 264, 1928, 2279, 2734, 3051.
wintre, adj., so many winters (old): in comp. syfan-wintre.
ge-wisl?ce, adv., certainly, undoubtedly: superl. gewisl?cost, 1351.
wist, st. f., fundamental meaning = existentia, hence: 1) _good condition, happiness, abundance_: dat. sg. wunae he on wiste, 1736.--2) food, subsistence, booty: dat. sg. ta w?s ?fter wiste w?p up a-hafen (_a cry was then uplifted after the meal_, i.e. Grendel's meal of thirty men), 128.
wist-fyllo, st. f., fulness_ or _fill of food, rich meal: gen. sg. wist-fylle, 735.
wit, st. n., (wit), understanding: nom. sg., 590.--Comp.: fyr-, in-wit.
ge-wit, st. n.: 1) consciousness. dat. sg. ge-we車ld his ge-witte, 2704.--2) heart, breast: dat. sg. fyr unsw?eor we車ll (_the fire surged less strongly from the dragon's breast_), 2883.
wit, pers. pron. dual of we, we two, 535, 537, 539, 540, 544, 1187, etc. See unc, uncer.
wita, weota, w. m., counsellor, royal adviser_; pl., the king's council of nobles_: nom. pl. witan, 779: gen. pl. witena, 157, 266, 937 weotena, 1099.--Comp.: fyrn-, r?n-wita.
witan, pret.-pres. v., to wot, know. 1) w. depend, clause: pres. sg. I., III. wat, 1332, 2657; ic on Higelace wat t?t he ... (_I know as to H., that he_ ...), 1831; so, god wat on mec t?t ...(God knows of me, that ...), 2651; sg. II. tu wast, 272; weak pret. sg. I., III. wiste, 822; wisse, 2340, 2726; pl. wiston, 799, 1605; subj. pres. I. gif ic wiste, 2520.--2) w. acc. and inf.: pres. sg. I. ic wat, 1864.--3) w. object, predicative part, or adj.: pret. sg. III. t? t?s he win-reced ... gearwost wisse, f?ttum fahne, 716; so, 1310; wiste t?m ahl?can hilde ge-binged, 647.--4) w. acc., to know: inf. witan, 252, 288; pret. sg. wisse, 169; wiste his fingra ge-weald on grames grapum, 765; pl. II. wisson, 246; wiston, 181.
nat = ne + wat, I know not: 1) elliptically with hwylc, indef. pronoun = some or other: sceaea ic nat hwylc.--2) w. gen. and depend. clause: nat he tara g?da, t?t he me on-ge芍n sle芍, 682.
ge-witan, to know, perceive: inf. t?s te hie gewis-l?cost ge-witan meahton, 1351.
be-witian. See be-weotian.
witig, adj., wise, sagacious: nom. sg. witig god, 686, 1057; witig drihten (God), 1555; wittig drihten, 1842.
ge-wittig, adj., conscious: nom. sg. 3095.
ge-witnian, w. v., to chastise, punish: wommum gewitnad (_punished with plagues_), 3074.
w?c, st. n., dwelling, house: acc. sg. w?c, 822, 2590;--often in pl. because houses of nobles were complex: dat. w?cum, 1305, 1613, 3084; gen. w?ca, 125, 1126.
ge-w?can, st. v., to soften, give way, yield (here chiefly of swords): pret. sg. ge-wac, 2578, 2630.
w?c-stede, st. m., dwelling-place: nom. sg. 2463; acc. sg. w?c-stede, 2608.
w?d, adj., wide, extended: 1) space: acc. sg. neut. ofer w?d w?ter, 2474; gen. sg. w?dan r?ces, 1860; acc. pl. w?de s?eas, waroeas, 878, 1966.--2) temporal: acc. sg. w?dan feorh (acc. of time), 2015; dat. sg. t? w?dan feore, 934.
w?de, adv., widely, afar, 18, 74, 79, 266, 1404, 1589, 1960, etc.; w?de c?e (widely, universally, known), 2136, 2924; so, underne w?de, 2914; w?de geond eorean (over the whole earth, widely), 3100;--modifier of superl.: wreccena w?de m?rost (the most famous of wanderers, exiles), 899.--Compar. w?dre, 764.
w?d-c?e, adj., widely known, very celebrated: nom. sg. neut., 1257; acc. sg. m. w?d-c?ene man (Be車wulf), 1490; w?d-c?ene we芍n, 1992; w?d-c?ees (Hr?egar), 1043.
w?de-ferhe, st. m. n., (long life), great length of time: acc. sg. as acc. of time: w?de-ferhe (down to distant times, always), 703, 938; ealne w?de-ferhe, 1223.
w?d-floga, w. m., wide-flier (of the dragon): nom. sg., 2831; acc. sg. w?d-flogan, 2347.
w?d-scofen, pret. part., wide-spread_? _causing fear far and wide? 937.
w?d-weg, st. m., wide way, long journey: acc. pl. w?d-wegas, 841, 1705.
w?f, st. n., woman, lady, wife: nom. sg. fre車-l?c w?f (Queen Wealhte車w), 616; w?f un-hyre (Grendel's mother), 2121; acc. sg. drihtl?ce w?f (Finn's wife), 1159; instr. sg. mid ty w?fe (Hr?egar's daughter, Fre芍waru), 2029; dat. sg. tam w?fe (Wealhte車w), 640; gen. sg. w?fes (as opposed to man), 1285; gen. pl. wera and w?fa, 994.--Comp.: agl?c-, mere-w?f.
w?f-lufe, w. f., wife-love, love for a wife, woman's love: nom. pl. w?f-lufan, 2066.
w?g, st. m.: 1) war, battle: nom. sg., 23, 1081, 2317, 2873; acc. sg., 686, 1084, 1248; dat. sg. w?ge, 1338, 2630; as instr., 1085; (wigge, MS.), 1657, 1771; gen. sg. w?ges, 65, 887, 1269.--2) valor, warlike prowess: nom. sg. w?s his m?d-sefa manegum ge-cyeed, w?g and w?sd?m, 350; w?g, 1043; w?g ... eafoe and ellen, 2349; gen. sg. w?ges, 2324.--Comp. f那ee-w?g.
w?ga, w. m., warrior, fighter: nom. sg., 630; dat. pl. w?gum, 2396; gen. pl. w?gena, 1544, 1560, 3116.--Comp.: ?sc-, byrn-, gar-, g?e-, lind-, rand-, scyld-w?ga.
w?gan, st. v., to fight: pres. sg. III. w?gee, 600; inf., 2510.
w?gend, pres. part., fighter, warrior: nom. sg., 3100; nom. pl. w?gend, 1126, 1815, 3145; acc. pl. w?gend, 3025; gen. pl. w?gendra, 429, 900, 1973, 2338.--Comp. garw?gend.
w?g-bealu, st. n., war-bale, evil contest: acc. sg., 2047.
w?g-bil, st. n., war-bill, battle-sword: nom. sg., 1608.
w?g-bord, st. n., war-board_ or _shield: acc. sg., 2340.
w?g-cr?ft, st. m., war-power: acc. sg., 2954.
w?g-cr?ftig, adj., vigorous in fight, strong in war: acc. sg. w?g-cr?ftigne (of the sword Hrunting), 1812.
w?g-freca, w. m., war-wolf, war-hero: acc. sg. w?g-frecan, 2497; nom. pl. w?g-frecan, 1213.
w?g-fruma, w. m., war-chief_ or _king: nom. sg., 665; acc. sg. w?g-fruman, 2262.
w?g-geatwe, st. f. pl., war-ornaments, war-gear: dat. pl. on w?g-geatwum (-getawum, MS.), 368.
w?g-ge-weoread, pret. part., war-honored, distinguished in war, 1784? See Note.
w?g-gryre, st. m., war-horror_ or _terror: nom. sg., 1285.
w?g-hete, st. m., war-hate, hostility: nom. sg., 2121.
w?g-heafola, w. m., war head-piece, helmet: acc. sg. w?g-heafolan, 2662.--Leo.
w?g-he芍p, st. m., war-band: nom sg., 447.
w?g-hryre, st. m., war-ruin, slaughter, carnage: acc. sg., 1620.
w?g-sigor, st. m., war-victory: acc. sg., 1555.
w?g-sped, st. f.?, war-speed, success in war: gen. pl. w?g-sp那da, 698.
w?n, st. n., wine: acc. sg., 1163, 1234; instr. w?ne, 1468.
w?r, st. n., wire, spiral ornament of wire: instr. pl. w?rum, 1032; gen. pl. w?ra, 2414.
w?s, adj., wise, experienced, discreet: nom. sg. m. w?s (_in his mind, conscious_), 3095; f. w?s, 1928; in w. form, se w?sa, 1401, 1699, 2330; acc. sg. tone w?san, 1319; gen. pl. w?sra, 1414; w. gen. nom. sg. w?s wordcwida (wise of speech), 1846.
w?sa, w. m., guide, leader: nom. sg. werodes w?sa, 259.--Comp.: brim-, here-, hilde-w?sa.
w?scte. See wyscan.
w?s-d?m, st. m., wisdom, experience: nom. sg., 350; instr. sg. w?s-d?me, 1960.
w?se, w. f., fashion, wise, custom: acc. sg. (instr.) ealde w?san (_after ancient custom_), 1866.
w?s-f?st, adj., wise, sagacious (sapientia firmus): nom. sg. f., 627.
w?s-hycgende, pres. part. wise-thinking, wise, 2717.
w?sian, w. v., to guide_ or _lead to, direct, point out: 1) w. acc.: inf. he芍n wong w?sian, 2410; pret. sg. secg w?sade land-gemyrcu, 208.--2) w. dat.: pres. sg. I. ic e車w w?sige (I shall guide you), 292, 3104; pret. sg. se t?m heaeo-rincum hider w?sade, 370; s?na him sele-tegn ... fore w?sade _(the hall-thane led him thither forthwith_, i.e. to his couch), 1796; st?g w?sode gumum ?t-g?dere, 320; so, 1664.--3) w. prep.?: pret. sg. ta secg w?sode under Heorotes hr?f (_when the warrior showed them the way under Heorot's roof_, [but under H.'s hr?f depends rather on snyredon ?tsomne]), 402.
w?tan, st. v., properly _to look at; to look at with censure, to blame, reproach, accuse_, w. dat. of pers. and acc. of thing: inf. for-tam me w?tan ne tearf waldend fira moreor-bealo maga, 2742.
?t-w?tan, to blame, censure (cf. 'twit), w. acc. of thing: pret. pl. ?t-witon we芍na d?l, 1151.
ge-w?tan, properly spectare aliquo; to go (most general verb of motion): 1) with inf. after verbs of motion: pret. sg. tanon eft ge-wat ... t? ham faran, 123; so, 2570; pl. tanon eft gewiton ... mearum r?dan, 854. Sometimes with reflex, dat.: pres. sg. him ta Scyld ge-wat ... f那ran on fre芍n w?re, 26; gewat him ... r?dan, 234; so, 1964; pl. ge-witon, 301.--2) associated with general infinitives of motion and aim: imper. pl. ge-w?tae fore beran w?pen and gew?du, 291; pret. sg. ge-wat ta ne車sian he芍n h?ses, 115; he ta fag ge-wat ... man-dre芍m fle車n, 1264; nyeer eft gewat dennes ni車sian, 3045; so, 1275, 2402, 2820. So, with reflex, dat.: him eft gewat ... hames ni車san, 2388; so, 2950; pl. ge-witon, 1126.--3) without inf. and with prep, or adv.: pres. sg. III. t?r firgen-stre芍m under n?ssa genipu nieer ge-w?tee, 1361; ge-w?tee on sealman, 2461; inf. on fl?des ?ht feor ge-w?tan, 42; pret. sg. ge-wat, 217; him ge-wat, 1237, 1904; of l?fe, ealdre ge-wat (died), 2472, 2625; fyrst fore ge-wat (time went on), 210; him ge-wat ?t of healle, 663; ge-wat him ham, 1602; pret. part. dat. sg. me fore-ge-witenum (me defuncto, I dead), 1480.
?e-w?tan, to blame, censure, reproach: inf. ne torfte him ta le芍n ?e-w?tan mon on middan-gearde, 2997.
wlanc, wlonc, adj., proud, exulting: nom. sg. wlanc, 341; w. instr. ?se wlanc (proud of, exulting in, her prey, meal), 1333; wlonc, 331; w. gen. maem-?hta wlonc (proud of the treasures), 2834; gen. sg. wlonces, 2954.--Comp. gold-wlanc.
wlatian, w. v., to look_ or _gaze out, forth: pret. sg. se te ?r ... feor wlatode, 1917.
wlenco, st. f., pride, heroism: dat. sg. wlenco, 338, 1207; wlence, 508.
wlite, st. m. form, noble form, look, beauty: nom. sg., 250.
wlite-beorht, adj., beauteous, brilliant in aspect: acc. sg. wlite-beorhtne wang, 93.
wlite-se車n, st. n. f., sight, spectacle: acc. sg., 1651.
wlitig, adj., beautiful, glorious, fair in form: acc. sg. wlitig (sweord), 1663.
wl?tan, st. v., to see, look, gaze: pret. sg. he ?fter recede wlat (looked along the hall), 1573; pret. pl. on holm wliton (_looked on the sea_), 1593; wlitan on W?glaf, 2853.
geond-wl?tan, w. acc., to examine, look through, scan: inf. wr?te giond-wl?tan, 2772.
woh-bogen, pret. part., (_bent crooked), crooked, twisted_: nom. sg. wyrm woh-bogen, 2828.
wolcen, st. n. m., cloud (cf. welkin): dat. pl. under wolcnum (_under the clouds, on earth_), 8, 652, 715, 1771; t? wolcnum, 1120, 1375.
wollen-te芍r, adj., tear-flowing, with flowing tears: nom. pl. wollen-te芍re, 3033.
wom. See wam.
won. See wan.
worc. See weorc.
word, st. n.: 1) word, speech: nom. sg., 2818; acc. sg. t?t word, 655, 2047; word, 315, 341, 390, 871, 2552; instr. sg. worde, 2157; gen. sg. wordes, 2792; nom. pl. ta word, 640; word, 613; acc. pl. word (of an alliterative song), 871; instr. pl, wordum, 176, 366, 627, 875, 1101, 1173, 1194, 1319, 1812, etc.; ge-saga him wordum (_tell them in words, expressly_), 388. The instr. wordum accompanies biddan, tancian, be-w?gnan, secgan, h那rgan, to emphasize the verb, 176, 627, 1194, 2796, 3177; gen. pl. worda, 289, 398, 2247, 2263(?), 3031.--2) command, order: gen. sg. his wordes geweald habban (to rule, reign), 79; so, instr. pl. wordum we車ld, 30.--Comp.: be車t-, gylp-, meeel-, trye-word.
word-cwide, st. m., (word-utterance), speech: acc. pl. word-cwydas, 1842; dat. pl. word-cwydum, 2754; gen. pl. word-cwida, 1846.
word-gid, st. m, speech, saying: acc. sg. word-gyd, 3174.
word-hord, st. n., word-hoard, treasury of speech, mouth: acc. sg. word-hord on-le芍c (unlocked his word-hoard, opened his mouth, spoke), 259.
word-riht, st. n., right speech, suitable word: gen. pl. W?glaf maeelode word-rihta fela, 2632.
wore-mynd. See weore-mynd.
woreig (for weoreig), st. m., palace, estate, court: acc. sg. on woreig (into the palace), 1973.
worn, st. n., multitude, number: acc. sg. worn eall (very many), 3095; wintra worn (many years), 264; tonne he wintrum fr?d worn ge-munde (_when he old in years thought of their number_), 2115. Used with fela to strengthen the meaning: nom. acc. sg. worn fela, 1784; hw?t tu worn fela ... spr?ce (how very much thou hast spoken!), 530; so, eal-fela eald-gesegena worn, 871; gen. pl. worna fela, 2004, 2543.
woruld, worold, st. f., humanity, world, earth: nom. sg. eal worold, 1739; acc. sg. in worold (wacan) (to be born, come into the world), 60; worold ofl?tan, of-gifan (die), 1184, 1682; gen. sg. worolde, 951, 1081, 1388, 1733; worulde, 2344; his worulde ge-dal (_his separation from the world, death_), 3069; worolde br?can (to enjoy life, live), 1063; worlde, 2712.
worold-ar, st. f., worldly honor_ or _dignity: acc. sg. worold-are, 17.
woruld-candel, st. f., world-candle, sun: nom. sg., 1966.
worold-cyning, st. m., world king, mighty king: nom. sg., 3182; gen. pl. worold-cyninga, 1685.
woruld-ende, st. m., world's end: acc. sg., 3084.
worold-r?den, st. f., usual course, fate of the world, customary fate: dat. sg. worold-r?denne, 1143?
w?p, st. m., (whoop), cry of grief, lament: nom. sg., 128; acc. sg. w?p, 786; instr. sg. w?pe, 3147.
wracu, st. f., persecution, vengeance, revenge: nom. sg. wracu (MS, uncertain), 2614; acc. sg. wr?ce, 2337.--Comp.: gyrn-, nyd-wracu.
wraeu, st. f., protection, safety: in comp. l?f-wraeu.
wrae, adj., wroth, furious, hostile: acc. sg. neut. wrae, 319; dat. sg. wraeum, 661, 709; gen. pl. wraera, 1620.
wraee, adv., contemptibly, disgracefully, 2873.
wrae-l?ce, adv., wrathfully, hostilely (in battle), 3063.
wrasn, st. f., circlet of gold for the head, diadem, crown: in comp. fre芍-wrasn.
wr?c-last, st. m., exile-step, exile, banishment: acc. sg. wr?c-lastas tr?d (trod exile-steps, wandered in exile), 1353.
wr?c-m?cg, st. m., exile, outcast: nom. pl. wr?c-m?cgas, 2380.
wr?c-s?e, st. m., exile-journey, banishment, exile, persecution: acc. sg., 2293; dat. sg. -s?eum, 338.
wr?t, st. f., ornament, jewel: acc. pl. wr?te (wr?ce, MS.), 2772, 3061; instr. pl. wr?ttum, 1532; gen. pl. wr?tta, 2414.
wr?t-l?c, adj.: 1) artistic, ornamental; valuable: acc. sg. wr?t-l?cne wundur-maeeum, 2174; wr?t-l?c w?g-sweord, 1490; w?g-bord wr?t-l?c, 2340.--2) wondrous, strange: acc. sg. wr?t-l?cne wyrm [from its rings or spots?], 892; wlite-se車n wr?t-l?c, 1651.
wr?c, st. f., persecution_; hence, _wretchedness, misery: nom. sg., 170; acc. sg. wr?c, 3079.
wrecan, st. v. w. acc.: 1) to press, force: pret. part. t?r w?s Ongente車 ... on b?d wrecen, 2963.--2) to drive out, expel: pret. sg. ferh ellen wr?c, 2707.--3) to wreak_ or _utter: gid, spel wrecan (_to utter words or songs_); subj. pres. sg. III. he gyd wrece, 2447; inf. wrecan spel ge-rade, 874; word-gyd wrecan, 3174; pret. sg. gyd ?fter wr?c, 2155; pres. part. t?r w?s ... gid wrecen, 1066.--4) to avenge, punish: subj. pres. t?t he his fre車nd wrece, 1386; inf. wolde hire m?g wrecan, 1340; so, 1279, 1547; pres. part. wrecend (an avenger), 1257; pret. sg. wr?c Wedera n?e, 423; so, 1334, 1670.
a-wrecan, to tell, recount: pret. sg. ic tis gid be te a-wr?c (_I have told this tale for thee_), 1725; so, 2109.
for-wrecan, w. acc., to drive away, expel; carry away: inf. ty l?s him yea trym wudu wyn-suman for-wrecan meahte (_lest the force of the waves might carry away the winsome ship_), 1920; pret. sg. he hine feor for-wr?c ... man-cynne fram, 109.
ge-wrecan, w. acc., to avenge, wreak vengeance upon, punish: pret. sg. ge-wr?c, 107, 2006; he ge-wr?c (i.e. hit, this) cealdum cear-s?eum, 2396; he hine sylfne ge-wr?c (avenged himself), 2876; pl. ge-wr?can, 2480; pret. part. ge-wrecen, 3063.
wrecca, w. m., (wretch), exile, adventurer, wandering soldier, hero: nom. sg. wrecca (Hengest), 1138; gen. pl. wreccena w?de m?rost (Sigemund), 899.
wreoeen-hilt, adj., wreathen-hilted, with twisted hilt: nom. sg., 1699.
wridian, w. v., to flourish, spring up: pret. sg. III. wridae, 1742.
wriea, w. m., band: in comp. be芍g-wriea (bracelet), 2019.
wrixl, st. n., exchange, change: instr. sg. wyrsan wrixle (_in a worse way, with a worse exchange_), 2970.
ge-wrixle, st. n., exchange, arrangement, bargain: nom. sg. ne w?s t?t ge-wrixle til (it was not a good arrangement, trade), 1305.
wrixlan, w. v., to exchange: inf. wordum wrixlan (_to exchange words, converse_), 366; 875 (tell).
wr?ean, st. v. w. acc.: 1) to bind, fasten, wreathe together: inf. ic hine (him, MS.) ... on w?l-bedde wr?ean t?hte, 965.--2) to bind up (a wounded person, a wound): pret. pl. ta w?ron monige te his m?g wrieon, 2983. See hand-gewrieen.
wr?tan, st. v., to incise, engrave: pret. part. on t?m (hilte) w?s ?r writen fyrn-gewinnes (_on which was engraved the origin of an ancient struggle_), 1689.
for-wr?tan, to cut to pieces_ or _in two: pret. sg. for-wrat Wedra helm wyrm on middan, 2706.
wr?ht, st. m. f., blame, accusation, crime_; here strife, contest, hostility_: nom. sg., 2288, 2474, 2914.
wudu, st. m., wood: 1) material, timber: nom. pl. wudu, 1365; hence, the wooden spear: acc. pl. wudu, 398.--2) forest, wood: acc. sg. wudu, 1417.--3) wooden ship: nom. sg. 298; acc. sg. wudu, 216, 1920.--Comp.: b?l-, bord-, gamen-, heal-, holt-, m?gen-, s?-, sund-, trec-wudu.
wudu-r那c, st. m., wood-reek_ or _smoke: nom. sg., 3145.
wuldor, st. n., glory: nom. sg. kyninga wuldor (God), 666; gen. sg. wuldres wealdend, 17, 183, 1753; wuldres hyrde, 932, (designations of God).
wuldor-cyning, st. m., king of glory, God. dat. sg. wuldur-cyninge, 2796
wuldor-torht, adj., glory-bright, brilliant, clear: acc. pl. wuldor-torhtan weder, 1137.
wulf, st. m., wolf: acc. sg., 3028.
wulf-hlie, st. n., _wolf-slope, wolf's retreat, slope whereunder wolves house_: acc. pl. wulf-hleoeu, 1359.
wund, st. f., wound: nom. sg., 2712, 2977; acc. sg. wunde, 2532, 2907; acc. sg. wunde, 2726; instr. pl. wundum, 1114, 2831, 2938.--Comp. feorh-wund.
wund, adj., wounded, sore: nom. sg., 2747; dat. sg. wundum, 2754; nom. pl. wunde, 565, 1076.
wunden-feax, adj., curly-haired (of a horse's mane): nom. sg., 1401.
wunden-heals, adj., with twisted_ or _curved neck_ or _prow: nom. sg. wudu wunden-hals (the ship), 298.
wunden-heorde?, curly-haired?: nom. sg. f., 3153.
wunden-m?l, adj., damascened, etched, with wavy ornaments(?): nom. sg. neut., 1532 (of a sword).
wunden-stefna, w. m. curved prow, ship: nom. sg., 220.
wundor, st. n.: 1) wonder, wonderwork: nom. sg., 772, 1725; wundur, 3063; acc. sg. wundor, 841; wunder, 932; wundur, 2760, 3033, 3104; dat. sg. wundre, 932; instr. pl. wundrum (wondrously), 1453, 2688; gen. pl. wundra, 1608.--2) portent, monster: gen. pl. wundra, 1510.--Comp.: hand-, n?e-, searo-wundor.
wundor-bebod, st. n., wondrous command, strange order: instr. pl. -bebodum, 1748.
wundor-de芍e, st. m., wonder-death, strange death: instr. sg. wundor de芍ee, 3038.
wundor-f?t, st. n., wonder-vat, strange vessel: dat. pl. of wundor-fatum (from wondrous vessels), 1163.
wundor-l?c, adj., wonder like, remarkable: nom. sg., 1441.
wundor-maeeum, st. m., wonder-jewel, wonderful treasure: acc. sg., 2174.
wundor-smie, st. m., _wonder-smith, skilled smith, worker of marvellous things_: gen. pl. wundor-smiea geweorc (the ancient giant's sword), 1682.
wundor-se車n, st. f., wondrous sight: gen. pl. wunder-si車na, 996.
wunian, w. v.: 1) to stand, exist, remain: pres. sg. III. tenden t?r wunae on he芍h-stede h?sa s那lest (_as long as the best of houses stands there on the high place_), 284; wunae he on wiste (lives in plenty), 1736; inf. on sele wunian (to remain in the hall), 3129; pret. sg. wunode mid Finne (remained with F.), 1129.--2) w. acc. or dat., _to dwell in, to inhabit, to possess_: pres. sg. III. wunae w?l-reste (_holds his death-bed_), 2903; inf. w?ter-egesan wunian scolde..., stre芍mas, 1261; w?cum wunian, 3084; w. prep.: pres. sg. Higelac t?r ?t ham wunae, 1924.
ge-wunian, w. acc.: 1) to inhabit: inf. ge-[wunian], 2276.--2) _to remain with, stand by_: subj. pres. t?t hine on ylde eft ge-wunigen wil-ge-s?eas, 22.
wurean. See weorean.
wuton, v. from w?tan, used as interj., let us go! up! w. inf.: wutun gangan t? (let us go to him!), 2649; uton hraee f那ran! 1391; uton nu 那fstan, 3102.
wylf, st. f., she-wolf: in comp. brim-wylf.
wylm, st. m., surge, surf, billow: num. sg. fl?des wylm, 1765; dat. wintres wylme (with winter's flood), 516; acc. sg. turh w?teres wylm, 1694; acc. pl. heortan wylmas, 2508.--Comp.: bre車st-, brim-, byrne-, cear-, fyr-, heaeo-, holm-, s?-, sorh-wylm. See w?lm.
wyn, st. f., pleasantness, pleasure, joy, enjoyment: acc. sg. m?ste ... worolde wynne (the highest earthly joy), 1081; eorean wynne (_earth-joy, the delightful earth_), 1731; heofenes wynne (heaven's joy, the rising sun), 1802; hearpan wynne (harp-joy, the pleasant harp), 2108; t?t he ... ge-drogen h?fde eorean wynne (that he had had his earthly joy), 2728; dat. sg. weorod w?s on wynne, 2015; instr. pl. m?genes wynnum (_in joy of strength_), 1717; so, 1888.--Comp.: 那eel-, hord-, l?f-, lyft-, symbel-wyn.
wyn-le芍s, adj., joyless: acc. sg. wyn-le芍sne wudu, 1417; wyn-le芍s w?c, 822.
wyn-sum, adj., winsome, pleasant: acc. sg. wudu wyn-suman (the ship), 1920; nom. pl. word w?ron wyn-sume, 613.
wyrcan, v. irreg.: 1) to do, effect, w. acc.: inf. (wundor) wyrcan, 931.--2) to make, create, w. acc.: pret. sg. t?t se ?l-mihtiga eorean worh[te], 92; swa hine _(the helmet_) worhte w?pna smie, 1453.--3) _to gain, win, acquire_, w. gen.: subj. pres. wyrce, se te m?te, d?mes ?r de芍ee, 1388.
be-wyrcan, to gird, surround: pret. pl. bronda betost wealle be-worhton, 3163.
ge-wyrcan: 1) intrans., to act, behave: inf. swa sceal geong guma g?de gewyrcean ... on f?der wine t?t ... (_a young man shall so act with benefits towards his father's friends that_ ...), 20.--2) w. acc., _to do, make, effect, perform_: inf. ne meahte ic ?t hilde mid Hruntinge wiht ge-wyrcan, 1661; sweorde ne meahte on tam agl?can ... wunde ge-wyrcean, 2907; pret. sg. ge-worhte, 636, 1579, 2713; pret. part. acc. ic ta le車de wat ... f?ste ge-worhte. 1865.--3) to make, construct: inf. (medo-?rn) ge-wyrcean, 69; (w?g-bord) ge-wyrcean, 2338; (hl?w) ge-wyrcean, 2803; pret. pl. II. ge-worhton, 3097; III. ge-worhton, 3158; pret. part. ge-worht, 1697.--4) to win, acquire: pres. sg. ic me mid Hruntinge d?m ge-wyrce, 1492.
Wyrd, st. f., Weird (one of the Norns, guide of human destiny; mostly weakened down = fate, providence): nom. sg., 455, 477, 572, 735, 1206, 2421, 2527, 2575, 2815; acc. sg. wyrd, 1057, 1234; gen. pl. wyrda, 3031. (Cf. Weird Sisters of Macbeth.)
wyrdan, w. v., to ruin, kill, destroy: pret. sg. he t? lange le車de mine wanode and wyrde, 1338.
a-wyrdan, w. v., to destroy, kill: pret. part.: ?eeling monig wundum a-wyrded, 1114.
wyree, adj., noble; worthy, honored, valued: acc. sg. m. wyrene (ge-d?n) (to esteem worthy), 2186; nom. pl. wyree, 368; compar. nom. sg. r?ces wyrera (worthier of rule), 862.--Comp. fyrd-wyree. See weore.
wyrgen, st, f., throttler [cf. sphinx], she-wolf; in comp. grund-wyrgen.
ge-wyrht, st. n., work; desert; in comp. eald-gewyrht, 2658.
wyrm, st. m., worm, dragon, drake: nom. sg., 898, 2288, 2344, 2568, 2630, 2670, 2746, 2828; acc. sg. wyrm, 887, 892, 2706, 3040, 3133; dat. sg. wyrme, 2308, 2520; gen. wyrmes, 2317, 2349, 2760, 2772, 2903; acc. pl. wyrmas, 1431.
wyrm-cyn, st. m., worm-kin, race of reptiles, dragons: gen. sg. wyrm-cynnes fela, 1426.
wyrm-fah, adj., dragon-ornamented, snake-adorned (ornamented with figures of dragons, snakes, etc.: cf. Dietrich in Germania X., 278): nom. sg. sweord ... wreoeen-hilt and wyrm-fah, 1699.
wyrm-hord, st. n., dragon-hoard: gen. pl. wyrm-horda, 2223.
for-wyrnan, w. v., to refuse, reject: subj. pres. II. t?t tu me n? for-wyrne, t?t... (that thou refuse me not that...), 429; pret. sg. he ne for-wyrnde worold-r?denne, 1143.
ge-wyrpan, w. v. reflex., to refresh one's self, recover: pret. sg. he hyne ge-wyrpte, 2977.
wyrpe, st. m., change: acc. sg. ?fter we芍-spelle wyrpe ge-fremman (_after the woe-spell to bring about a change of things_), 1316.
wyrsa, compar. adj., worse: acc. sg. neut. t?t wyrse, 1740; instr. sg. wyrsan wrixle, 2970; gen. sg. wyrsan getinges, 525; nom. acc. pl. wyrsan w?g-frecan, 1213, 2497.
wyrt, st. f., [_-wort_], root: instr. pl. wudu wyrtum f?st, 1365.
wyscan, w. v., to wish, desire: pret. sg. w?scte (rihde, MS.) t?s yldan (wished to delay that_ or _for this reason, 2440, 1605(?). See Note.
Y
yfel, st n., evil: gen. pl. yfla, 2095.
yldan, w. v., to delay, put off: inf. ne t?t se agl?ca yldan t?hte, 740; weard wine-ge?mor w?scte t?s yldan, t?t he lytel f?c long-gestre車na br?can m?ste, 2240.
ylde, st. m. pl., men: dat. pl. yldum, 77, 706, 2118; gen. pl. ylda, 150, 606, 1662. See elde.
yldest. See eald.
yldo, st. f., _age (senectus), old age_: nom. sg., 1737, 1887; atol yldo, 1767; dat. sg. on ylde, 22.--2) _age (?tas), time, era_: gen. sg. yldo bearn, 70. See eldo.
yldra. See eald.
ylf, st. f., _elf (incubus, alp_): nom. pl. ylfe, 112.
ymb, prep. w. acc.: 1) local, around, about, at, upon: ymb hine (_around, with, him_), 399. With prep, postponed: hine ymb, 690; ymb brontne ford (around the seas, on the high sea), 568; ymb ta gif-healle (_around the gift-hall, throne-hall_), 839; ymb t?s helmes hr?f (_around the helm's roof, crown_), 1031.--2) temporal, about, after: ymb an-t?d ?eres d?gores (about the same time the next day), 219; ymb ane niht (after a night), 135.--3) causal, about, on account of, for, owing to: (fr?nan) ymb t?nne s?e (on account of, concerning?, thy journey), 353; hw?t tu ... ymb Brecan spr?ce (hast spoken about B.), 531; so, 1596, 3174; na ymb his l?f cearae (careth not for his life), 1537; so, 450; ymb feorh sacan, 439; sundor-nytte behe車ld ymb aldor Dena, 669; ymb sund (_about the swimming, the prize for swimming_), 507.
ymbe, I. prep. w. acc. = ymb: 1) local, 2884, 3171; hl?w oft ymbe hwearf (prep, postponed), 2297. 2) causal, 2071, 2619.--II. adv., around: him ... ymbe, 2598.
ymb-sittend, pres. part., neighbor gen. pl. ymb-sittendra, 9.
ymbe-sittend, the same: nom. pl. ymbe-sittend, 1828; gen. pl. ymbe-sittendra, 2735.
yppe, w. f., high seat, dais, throne: dat. sg. eode ... t? yppan, 1816.
yrfe, st. n., bequest, legacy: nom. sg., 3052.
yrfe-laf, st. f., sword left as a bequest: acc. sg. yrfe-lafe, 1054; instr. sg. yrfe-lafe, 1904.
yrfe-weard, st. m., heir, son: nom. sg., 2732; gen. sg. yrfe-weardes, 2454. (-as, MS.)
yrmeo, st. f., misery, shame, wretchedness: acc. sg. yrmee, 1260, 2006.
yrre, st. n., anger, ire, excitement: acc. sg. godes yrre, 712; dat. sg, on yrre, 2093.
yrre, adj., angry, irate, furious: nom. sg. yrre oretta (Be車wulf), 1533; tegn yrre (the same), 1576; g?st yrre (Grendel), 2074; nom. pl. yrre, 770. See eorre.
yrringa, adv., angrily, fiercely, 1566, 2965.
yrre-m?d, adj., wrathful-minded, wild: nom. sg., 727.
ys, he is. See wesan.
Y
ye (O.H.G. unda), st. f., wave; sea: nom. pl. yea, 548; acc. pl. yee, 46, 1133, 1910; dat. pl. yeum, 210, 421, 534, 1438, 1908; yeum weallan (_to surge with waves_), 515, 2694; gen. pl. yea, 464, 849, 1209, 1470, 1919.--Comp: fl?d-, l?g-, w?ter-ye.
yean, w. v., to ravage, devastate, destroy: pret. sg. yede eotena cyn, 421 (cf. ?eende = depopulating, Bosworth, from ?lfric's Glossary; pret. yede, Wanderer, 85).
yee. See e芍ee.
yee-l?ce, adv., easily: yee-l?ce he eft a-st?d (_he easily arose afterwards_), 1557.
ye-gebland, st. n., mingling_ or _surging waters, water-tumult: nom. sg. -geblond, 1374, 1594; nom. pl. -gebland, 1621.
ye-gewin, st. n., strife with the sea, wave-struggle, rushing of water: dat. sg. ye-gewinne, 2413; gen. sg. -gewinnes, 1435.
ye-lad, st. f., water-journey, sea-voyage: nom. pl. ye-lade, 228.
ye-laf, st. f., _water-leaving, what is left by the water (undarum reliquiae), shore_: dat. sg. be ye-lafe, 566.
ye-lida, w. m., wave-traverser, ship: acc. sg. ye-lidan, 198.
ye-naca, w. m., sea-boat: acc. sg. [ye-]nacan, 1904.
ye-ges那ne. See 那e-gesyne.
ywan, w. v. w. acc., to show: pret. sg. an-syn ywde (_showed itself, appeared_), 2835. See e芍wan, e車wan.
ge-ywan, w. acc. of thing, dat. of pers., to lay before, offer: inf., 2150.
GLOSSARY TO FINNSBURH.
abrecan, st. v., to shatter: part. his byrne abrocen w?re (_his byrnie was shattered_).
anyman, st. v., to take, take away.
ban-helm, st. m., bone-helmet; skull, [shield, Bosw.].
buruh-telu, st. f., castle-floor.
c那lod, part, (adj.?), keeled, i.e. boat-shaped or hollow.
dagian, w. v., to dawn: ne tis ne dagiae e芍stan (_this is not dawning from the east_).
de車r-m?d, adj., brave in mood: de車r-m?d h?lee.
driht-ges?e, st m., companion, associate.
e芍stan, adv., from the east.
eore-b?end, st. m., earth-dweller, man.
f那r, st. m. fear, terror.
fyren, adj., flaming, afire: nom. f. swylce eal Finns-buruh fyrenu w?re (as if all Finnsburh were afire).
gehlyn, st. n., noise, tumult.
gellan, st. v., to sing (i.e. ring or resound): pres. sg. gyllee gr?g-hama (the gray garment [byrnie] rings); (_the gray wolf yelleth_?).
genesan, st. v., to survive, recover from: pret. pl. ta w?gend hyra wunda gen?son (the warriors were recovering from their wounds).
gold-hladen, adj., laden with gold (wearing heavy gold ornaments).
gr?g-hama, w. m., gray garment, mail-coat; (wolf?--Brooke).
g?e-wudu, st. m., war-wood, spear.
h?g-steald, st. m., one who lives in his lord's house, a house-carl.
heaeo-geong, adj., young in war.
here-sceorp, st. n., war-dress, coat of mail.
hleoerian, w. v., to speak, exclaim: pret. sg. hleoerode ... cyning (_the prince exclaimed_).
hr?w, st. n., corpse.
hr?r, adj., strong: here-sceorpum hr?r (strong [though it was] _as armor_, Bosw.).
lac (lae?)? for flacor, fluttering?
oncweean, st. v., to answer: pres. sg. scyld scefte oncwye (_the shield answers the spear_).
onwacnian, w. v., to awake, arouse one's self: imper. pl. onwacnigeae..., w?gend mine (awake, my warriors!).
sceft (sceaft), st. m., spear, shaft.
sealo-br?n, adj., dusky-brown.
sige-beorn, st. m., victorious hero, valiant warrior.
sw?eer (swa hw?eer), pron., which of two, which.
swan, st. m., swain, youth; warrior.
sweart, adj., swart, black.
sw那t, adj., sweet: acc. m. sw那tne medo ... forgyldan (_requite the sweet mead_, i.e. repay, by prowess in battle, the bounty of their chief).
swurd-le車ma, w. m., sword-flame, flashing of swords.
tyrl, adj., pierced, cloven.
undearninga, adv., without concealment, openly.
wandrian, w. v., to fly about, hover: pret. sg. hr?fn wandrode (_the raven hovered_).
waeol, st. m., the full moon [Grein]; [adj., wandering, Bosw.].
w?l-sliht (-sleaht), st. m., combat, deadly struggle: gen. pl. w?l-slihta gehlyn (the din of combats)
wea-d?d, st. f., deed of woe: nom. pl. arisae wea-d?da.
witian (weotian), w. v., to appoint, determine: part. te is ... witod.
wurel?ce (weorel?ce), adv., worthily, gallantly: compar. wure-l?cor.
w?g, weg, st. m., way.
CORRECTIONS MADE TO THE SOURCE TEXT:
ARGUMENT, recals = recalls?POEM:?ll. 131, 737 trye-swye = trye-swye?l. 256 ?fest = ?fost?l. 303 sci車non = scionon?l. 706 buton = b?ton?l. 1115 at = ?t?l. 1133 w?e = wie?ll. 1304, 1560, 1616 missing caesuras supplied?l. 1436 here-str?l = here-str?l?l. 1642 fe?wer- = fe車wer?l. 1747 str?le = str?le?l. 1828 tywae = tywae?l. 1926 betlic = betl?c?l. 2224 gesce車d = gesce?d?ll. 2288, 3036 was = w?s?l. 2453 to = t??l. 2503 Huga = H?ga?l. 2586 niee = n?ee?l. 2587 sie = s?e?l. 2684 irenna = ?renna?l. 2915 Hugas = H?gas?l. 2956 he芍eo-lieendum = heaeo-l?eendum?l. 3000 Tat = T?t; fe?nd- = fe車ndl.?3056 s車e = s?e?l. 3137 Hr?nes = Hrones?list of names, under:?Dene, Sceden?gge = Scedenigge?E芍dgils, Ohthere = ?hthere?Fre芍waru, Freawaru = Fre芍waru?Hr?egar, Hr?e-gare = Hr?egare?Hygelac, H?ree = H?ree?NOTES for?l. 31, of l. 31 = of l. 30?l. 1441, w?e- = w?gl.?1916, le?fra = le車fra?GLOSSARY, under headword??eele, Beowulf's = Be車wulf's?an, gehwilces = gehwylces??g-hwa, ?gh-w?s = ?ghw?s??t-beran, beadolace = beadulace?beadu-lac, beado- = beadu- (twice)?be芍g, beages = be芍ges?beorh, he芍ford- = he芍fod?be車dan, leodum = le車dum?be車n, cw那nlic = cw那nl?c?biddan, bliene = bl?ene?bitter, str?le = str?le?ge-b?dan, therefor = therefore?on-b?dan, earf?el?ce = earfoel?ce?brecan, l那tdse = l那t se?burne, of of = of?b?tan, sw?ce = swice?cempa, Huga = H?ga?ge-ce車san, usic = ?sic?on-cirran, wealdendas = wealdendes?coreer, t? = ta?cunnan, te芍we = te芍w?c?e, w?e- = w?dd??gor, gehwam = gehwam?d?n, ymbsittend = ymbesittend; hettend = hetend; tywae = tywae dr?fan, feoran = feorran?dryhten, fre芍h- = fre芍-?dryht-scipe, drihtscipe = drihtscype?ge-dygan, wr?csie = wr?cs?e?eal, oncyeee = oncyeee?ealdor, herestr?l = herestr?l?e芍cen-cr?ftig, i迆manna = i迆monna?eofor-spre車t, hocyhtum = h?cyhtum?eorl?c, eorlic [ellen] = eorl?c?fah, waldre車re = w?ldre車re??e-ferian, panon = tonan?fela, maeeum- = maeeum?f那ran, w?re = w?re?fe車nd, feonda = fe車nda?fle車n, fenh?pu = fenhopu?floga, w?e- = w?dfolc?-toga, Hr?egar = Hr?egar?for, wonhydum = wonhydum; handgeweorc = hondgeweorc?f?t-gemearc, long = lang?ge-frignan, teodcyninga = te車dcyninga?ge-fyreran, fratwum = fr?twum?ge-fysan, to s那canne = t? s那ceanne?gan, swa = swa; [or] giong = gi車ng; flore = fl?re; s?ttan = sittan ge-gan, W?glaf = W?glaf?gar-w?ga, W?glaf = W?glaf?g?st, f那de- = f那eegegn?-cwide, tinra = t?nra?ge-gyrwan, yelidan = yelidan?ge車c, g芍st = gast?ge?more-l?c, [bie] ge?morlic = ge?morl?c?for-gildan, therefor = therefore?gold-wlanc, guerinc = g?erinc?gr那tan, walg?st = w?lg?st?grim, searo-grimm = searo-grim?habban, gecorene = gecorone?wie-habban, winsele = w?nsele?hatan, s?lieend = s?l?eend?hatian, gue-sceaea = g?e-sceaea?har, heare = he芍re?here-str?l, -str?l = str?l?heard, -str?l = -str?l; regen- = regnheorte,?starc- = stearc?heoro-dre車r, heoro-dreore (citation) = heoro-dre車re?hlie, hlieu = hlieo (twice)?h?p, h?p = hop (twice)?hreow, tat = t?t?hr?f, gese芍h = geseah?hw?l, seo = se車?hyran, ?ghwilc = ?ghwylc?inne, abe芍d = abe芍d??ren, drihtl?c = dryhtl?c?lae, gewieru = gewidru; scynnum = scinnum?be-le芍n, belean = bele芍n?m那tan, Aescheres = ?scheres?mearcian, m?rh?pu = m?rhopu?ge-mearian, hwam = hwam?moreor-bed, stred = str那d?m?d, stie- = st?e-?n?nig, hore-maeum = hord-maeeum?on, he芍ee = heoee; willen = willan?r?d, f?st- = f?st?reccan, hu = h??r?dan, gealgan = galgan?sang, -leasne = le芍sne?sceapan, Hugas = H?gas (twice)?scanan, sci車non = scionon?sc?nan, sc?non = scinon?secg, synnigne = sinnigne?ge-s那can, -cyeee = cyeee?ge-s?gan, ?ts?cce = ?t s?cce?ge-sle芍n, ge-sl?gan = ge-sl?gon?standan, str?l = str?l?stapan, fureor = fureur?ge-steppan, Ohtheres = ?hteres?stincan, t? = ta?styrian, ge-wieru = ge-widru?sweord, maeeum- = maeeum?ge-sw?can, teodne = te車dne?te車n (w. v.), nal?s = nalas; teodan = te車dan?t?, h?lum = h?lum; sitte = site; Eofore = Jofore?ge-tr?wan, -w?re = w?re?ge-tw?fan, ?eee = oeee?t?r, snotera = snottra?te, gimf?stan = ginf?stan?of-tincan, gehwam = gehwam?ge-tolian, tat = t?t?tu, s?lran = selran?t?send, se車fon = seofan?un-he車re, -speru = -sporu??s, ?g-hwilc = ?g-hwylc?wacan, w?con = w?cun?werian, beaduscr?d = beaduscr?da?be-werian, scynnum = scinnum?w那n, orl那g = orleg; ?r-wena = or-w那na?weoreian, le?de = le車de?willa, wyllum = willum?wilnian, f?eer = f?der?nat, hwilc = hwylc (twice)?ge-w?tan, w?re = w?re
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